THE EMERGING GLOBAL RESEARCH SYSTEMFast and Open

Charles Eckman, Simon Fraser University

LIBER 2013

Munich, June 27, 2013

RESEARCH ACCELERATIONIntensification in the production environment

Worldwide R&D expenditures:1996-2009

R&D intensity: 2009

UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Investments in R&D, December 2012

Distribution of global GERD

UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Investments in R&D, December 2012

R&D sectors - Europe

UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Investments in R&D, December 2012

R&D sectors - Americas

UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Investments in R&D, December 2012

R&D sectors – Africa, Asia, Oceania

UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Investments in R&D, December 2012

STM article production: regional trends

Patents granted worldwide

WIPO, World Intellectual Property Indicators 2012

Collaboration - researchers

Coauthorship International facet

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Domestic coauthors International coauthors

Single authors

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Multiple authors Single author

NSF special tabulation data, 2011

Collaboration – cross-sector

• University• Government• Non-profit• Business

INI.TUM (Germany)

Energy Biosciences Institute (US)

Evaluation (1)

Journal Quality

• impact• immediacy index; impact

factor; SNIP

• influence• Eigenfactor

• obsolescence• cited and citing half-life

Article Level Metrics

• citations• usage (views, downloads…) • altmetricsEE

• captures (CiteULike, Mendeley…)

• mentions (blogs, comments…)• social media (tweets, LI, FB…)

�⃰service providers: ImpactStory; PLoS ALM; ReaderMeter; Research Scorecard

Evaluation (2)• Productivity

• Author: h-index (2005); g-index (2006); research income• Institution: average researcher output and recognition

• Research profiling systems and assessment tools• SciVal, Symplectic, InCites, VIVO…

• Rankings• THE; ARWU (Shanghai); QS World University Rankings• Leiden; SCImago Institutions Rankings; URAP; Webometrics

Competition for impact - aggregate“…of the top five research nations (based on article output in 2010: US, China, UK, Japan, Germany), UK researchers generate more articles per researcher, more citations per researcher, and more usage per article authored as measured by global downloads of UK article

“…the UK is the clear leader among all eight comparator countries (Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, US) on citations per unit spend on Gross Expenditure on Research & Development (GERD).

“…in the same period citations to UK articles increased at 7.2% per year, faster than the world average of 6.3% per year. As a result the UK’s share of global citations increased from 10.5% to 10.9%. The UK’s share of the world’s top 1% of most highly cited papers, which indicates its share of the highest quality published research, was 13.8% in 2010, 2nd only to the US .

“…The UK’s leading position in terms of research efficiency is…in part due to its effectiveness in attracting productive and internationally mobile researchers to work in the UK, both those that began their research careers in the UK and those that began them elsewhere.”

-International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base, 2011

Competition for impact - individual• Researchers

• desire to reduce time to publication (Mabe 2012)• impatient with access restrictions

• prefer scholarly sharing and green versions over ILL (Gaulé 2009)• prefer green version to ILL (Ithaka 2012)

• Researchers seek changes in measures of recognition• altmetric movement driven by researchers• SF Declaration on Research Assessment

• December 2012 meeting of ASCB• 18 recommendations for institutions, funders,

publishers, organizations that supply metrics, researchers

• need to eliminate the use of journal-based metrics, such as Journal Impact Factors, in funding, appointment, and promotion considerations

• need to assess research on its own merits rather than on the basis of the journal in which the research is published

• need to capitalize on the opportunities provided by online publication (such as relaxing unnecessary limits on the number of words, figures, and references in articles, and exploring new indicators of significance and impact)

“Do not use journal-based metrics, such as Journal Impact Factors, as a surrogate measure of the quality of individual research articles, to assess an individual scientist's contributions, or in hiring, promotion, or funding decisions.”

Coordination• Funding bodies

• Global Research Council (GRC)• Key agendas: open access and research integrity

• University administrators• New network of China 9; LERU; AAU; Group of 8

• Standards• Consortia Advancing Standards in Research Administration

Information (CASRAI)

Research acceleration – key aspects

1. Growth orientation• Investments and outputs• Research plus innovation yields economic growth and

development

2. Collaborative impulse• joint authorship• research teams across borders • cross-sector organizational partnerships

3. Competitive aspect

4. Evaluative focus• plethora of quality, impact and productivity measures• emphasis on efficiency and institutional benchmarking

5. International framework

RESEARCH DISSEMINATIONOpen publishing

Journal articles• Growth of open access articles

• green• 6% of biochemistry/microbiology to high 30% earth sci (Björk 2009)

• gold • 3% of physics/astronomy to high 13% medicine (Björk 2009)• annual growth rate est. at 20% (Springer; Laakso et al 2011)

• 60% of all peer reviewed journals by 2025

• Innovation in gold OA business and publishing models • steady growth of author funds (institutional, funder)

• third-party infrastructure support: https://www.openaccesskey.com/• promise of consortial licensing

• megajournals• PLoS One, Sage Open, BMJ Open, Sci Reports, AIP Advances, G3, Biology Open… (50% of

all articles by 2016 per P. Binfield)

• disciplinary initiatives• SCOAP3; Episciences

• PeerJ (lifetime publishing membership); • eLIFE (funder as publisher)

Books• Growing phenomenon of OA book publishing• Open textbooks• Technical infrastructure

• Open Monograph Press

• Innovative business models• http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/

• Subject of OA policies • Australian Research Council (2013)• Wellcome Trust (2013)

Research data• Data as publication: new form of scholarly communication• Evaluation metrics & citation standards in rapid

development• Publication of research data increases impact (Piwowar)• Research Data Alliance (EU; US; Au)• Subject of OA policy

• US OSTP Directive (February 2013)• G-8 Science Ministers Statement (June 2013)

Policy development at an institutional level

ROARMAP

Policy development at global scale• Increased profile and scope of OA policies

• RCUK Open Access Policy• US agency-wide initiative (OSTP directive)

• Implementation in fall 2013: CHORUS and SHARES

• EU Commission proposal Horizon 2020 (goal 60% OA by 2016)• Australian Research Council OA Policy (2013)

• Striving for harmonization• timing, version, locus of deposit, embargo, rights, hybrid, license• challenges of international and interdisciplinary research teams• “Researchers have busy lives…the goal should be one practice.”

(Alma Swan)

• G-8 Science Ministers Statement on OA (June 2013)• Global Research Council Action Plan (May 2013)

Research dissemination – key trends

1. Growth in open content (articles, books)

2. Emergence of new genre of publishing (data)

3. Innovative gold OA business/publishing models

4. Open access policy development at global scale

IMPLICATIONS FOR STAKEHOLDERS

Global research system

Acceleration of research

• Growth• Collaboration• Competition• Assessment• International framework

Openness in dissemination

• Open research content• New genres of publishing• New business models• Global policy

development

Address dysfunctions of toll access

• Eliminate access inequities• international research teams• inter-sectoral research teams and organizations

• Reduce access management costs• IP management• facilities• breaches• legal costs

Manage costs

• Reduce costs for certain actors?• Reduce overall costs for all actors?• Improve the cost-benefit ratio?

Maximize reach, discovery, impact of investment

Concluding observations• Research acceleration and open access are mutually

reinforcing trends• The intrinsic character of this relationship is increasingly

apparent to all stakeholders:• governments; universities; researchers; libraries; publishers;

business enterprises; advocates; international agencies

• This understanding should help frame current and future discussions regarding OA paths, policies and costs:• affirm long-term strength of OA trend• reduce risk of failure from particular choices• position stakeholders to take more risks, experimental approach• create better knowledge to inform discussions of path, policy, costs

Questions?

Thank You!