the elements of language (sounds)

8/13/2019 The Elements of Language (Sounds)

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Teaching theElements ofLanguageA. SOUNDS (Phonology)

Aileen Pacayra



is "the study of sound pertaining to the system of language”.

is "the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech." ( Ni olai !ru et# oy

in Grundzüge der Phonologie )

!he %ays in %hich languages use sounds or signs to construct meaning are studied in phonology .!he study of ho% humans produce and percei&e &ocal sounds is called phonetics .

('i ipedia)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy



!he amily of onsonant

Soundsonsonant sounds can e classifiedaccording to three dimensions*

+.&oicing (&oiceless or &oiced),.the place of articulation (%here the

sound is made)

-.the manner of articulation (ho% thesound is made)



oi ing

A sound is voiced if thevocal chords vibrate, whereasa sound is voiceless if thevocal cords are not vibratingupon the production ofsounds.



Place or Point of Articulation

1.Bilabial - two lips touching eachother 2. Labio dental - lower lip touches

the upper teeth3.Dental - tip of the tongue and

the inner edge of the upper teeth4. Alveolar - tip of the tongue and

hard palate



5. Palatal - the tongue andhard palate6. Velar - dorsal tongueand soft palate7. Glottal - throat passage



Manner ofArticulation1. Stops/Plosives - These are the sounds

produced when the air stream is blockedcompletely before it is abruptly released.The sounds P,T,K, ,!,", are themembers of this family.

2. Fricatives - These are the soundsproduced when the air stream iscompressed and passes through a smallopening creating friction. The sounds



#,$,%,&,T' ()oiced* and

()oiceless*, %', &' are members ofthis group.+. Affricates- These are thesounds produced when a plosi)e isfollowed by a fricati)e. ' and arethe members of this group. Nasals - These are the sounds

produced when the oral ca)ity isblocked, and so the air passesthrough the nose. /, 0 and /" are

nasal sounds.



5. Liquid/Lateral- %ounds areproduced when air stream mo)esaround the tongue in an obstructedmanner. %ounds like 1 and 2 aree3amples.6. Glides- %ounds that are close to)owel sounds. %ounds like 4 and .



Vowel

$owel sounds are produced withone s mouth open. t is also a fact that

all )owel sounds are )oiced sounds.$owel sounds can be classifiedaccording to the height of the tongue

and 8aw, and the way the mouthopens.



What You Need to Know forVowels

• FRONT/CENTRAL/BACK 9 These three refersto the position of the tongue from front toback of the mouth during the production ofthe sound.

• HIGH/MID/LO ! This designation refers towhether the lips are rounded (: shape* orspread (no rounding* when the sound isbeing made.



;TEN"E #"$ LA% 9 <lso important in

describing )owel sounds are thedesignations T=/%= and 1<>, whichrefer to the relati)e tenseness of the)ocal muscles.



International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)

; n order to represent the sounds of theworld?s languages in writing, linguists ha)ede)eloped thenternational Phonetic <lphabet , designedto represent all of the discrete sounds thatare known to contribute to meaning in

human languages.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet



$oiced onsonant %ounds

P< symbol %ound P< symbol %ound /b/ b /ŋ/ ng /d/ d /l/ l /ð/ th /r/ r /g/ g /w/ w /z/ @ /j/ y / / @h

/d / 8 /v/ ) /m/ m /n/ n



$oiceless onsonant %ounds

P< symbol %ound

/s/ s / / sh /θ/ th

/f/ f / / h /! / ch

/"/ k /!/ t /#/ p



%hort $owels %chwa %ounds

P< symbol %ound P< symbol %ound

short i /$/ %ns!resseds&llable

/3/ eh / / er

A'/ ae

/ / ah

/ / ohABaweB

/ / uh

/ /s!resseds&llable



1ong $owel %ounds !iphthongs

P<symbol %ound P<symbol %ound

AiA long i Aa / awAuA ooh Aa / ay

/ / oyAo / owAe / ey



Activities



Consonant sound

IPA Voicing Place ofArticulation

Manner ofArticulation

ssh

th

thch

zh

j

ng

y

t



Consonant sound

IPA Voicing Place ofArticulation

Manner ofArticulation

s s Voiceless Alveolar Fricative

sh Voiceless Palatal Fricative

th θ Voiceless Dental Fricative

th ð Voiced Dental Fricativech t Voiceless Palatal affricative

zh Voiced Palatal Fricative

j d Voiced Palatal Affricativeng ŋ Voiced Velar Nasal

y j Voiced Palatal Glides

t t Voiceless Alveolar Stops

Vowel IPA Placement Position of "enseness $i%



VowelSound

IPA Placementof thetongue fromroof to floorof the mouth

Position ofthe tonguefrom front toac! of themouth

ensenessof the #ocalmuscles

$i%rounding

&'short e

('eh

)'aah

*'ah

+'oh

,'ey

-'#oicedschwa .'un#oicedschwa /'long e

&0'ooh

V l IPA Pl P i i f " $i%



VowelSound

IPA Placementof thetongue fromroof to floorof the mouth

Position ofthe tonguefrom front toac! of themouth

"ensenessof the #ocalmuscles

$i%rounding

&'short e High Front Lax Unrounded

('eh Mid Front Lax Unrounded

)'aah 1 Lo Front Lax Unrounded

*'ah Lo !ac" Lax Unrounded

+'oh Mid !ac" Lax #ounded

,'ey e Mid Front $ense Unrounded

-'#oiced

schwa

Mid %entral Lax #ounded

.'un#oicedschwa

$ Mid %entral Lax #ounded

/'long e i High Front $ense Unrounded

&0'ooh u High !ac" $ense #ounded

the elements of language (sounds)

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