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“ELECTRONIC EYE”: A Ray of Vision For the Blind…

Presented by: Biswa Bandini Aastha KhamariAiswarya Lakshmi Khilar

Roll No.: 12EEE052

12EEE053

(Current Research and Future Prospects)

CONTENTS:- WHAT IS ELECTRONIC EYE ?

BLINDNESS

TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRONIC EYE

MARC

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

CONCLUSION

WHAT IS ELECTRONIC OR BIONIC EYE?

ELECTRONIC OR BIONIC EYE REFERS TO BIOELECTRONIC EYE.

THE ELECTRONIC DEVICE WHICH REPLACES FUNCTIONALITY OF A PART OR WHOLE OF THE EYE.

BLINDNESS BLINDNESS MEANS LOSS OF VISION.

A COMPLETELY BLIND INDIVISUAL UNABLE TO SEE ANYTHING EVEN WITH THE USE OF EYE GLASSES , CONTACT LENSES , MEDICINE OR SURGERY.

8O% OF BLINDNESS OCCURS IN PEOPLE OVER 50YEARS OLD.

COMMON CAUSES :- MACULAR DEGENERATION , TRAUMATIC INJURIES , GLAUCOMA etc.

LESS COMMON CAUSES :- VIT-A DEFICIENCY , RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA , RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY etc.

TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN BIONIC EYE :-

MIT – HARVARD DEVICE

ASR(ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA)

MARC(MULTI UNIT ARTIFICIAL RETINA CHIPSET SYSYEM)

ARGUS II

HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY

MIT-Harvard device Epi-Retinal Approach

Microelectrode array replaces damaged photoreceptors

Image Acquisition - Using CCD Camera

Patient spectacle holds the camera and power source

Epiretinal Approach involves a

semiconductor based device positioned

on the surface of the retina to try to simulate

the remaining overlying cells of the retina.

Subretinal Approach involves

implanting the ASR chip behind the

retina to simulate the remaining

viable cells.

ASR (ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA)

ARGUS II The Argus II epiretinal

prosthesis system allowsletter and word reading and long-term functionin patients with profound vision loss.

Test I: letter identification

Test II: letter size reduction

Test III: word recognition

HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY Computer-generated holography,

could be used in conjunction with a technique called optogenetics, which uses gene therapy to deliver light-sensitive proteins to damaged retinal nerve cells.

“The basic idea of optogenetics is to take a light-sensitive protein from another organism, typically from algae or bacteria, and insert it into a target cell, and that photosensitizes the cell,”

MARC(Multiple Unit Of Artificial Retinal Chipset System)

Photograph of MARC Chip

MARC Photoreceptor

MARC System Block Diagram

On-Going Development:Argus III

The Argus III will work by taking the image from a camera and wirelessly transmitting it to an electronics package. That package will stimulate undamaged retinal tissue using a thin film transistor electrode array.

Augmented Reality: Argus II

Sent it to the eye implant

Process the new image

Add the graphics

Take the input from the camera

Advantages Disadvantages

Compact Size – 6x6 mm

Diagnostic Capability

Reduction of stress upon retina

Costly

If a single part of the chip is damaged the total technique will be meaningless.

Conclusion Its been 40 years since Arne Larsson received the first fully implanted

cardiac pacemaker at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.

Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve people's lives with artificial, bionic devices.

Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective parts.

Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses.

Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the brain's control system pose the two great challenges for both electrical & biomedical engineering.

Scientist are now looking at devices like bionic arms, tongues, noses etc.