© Kamla-Raj 2015 Anthropologist, 20(3): 643-650 (2015)

The Effect of Women Entrepreneur Problemson Self-entrepreneurship Characteristics

Mustafa Turkmen

School of Physical Education and Sports, Celal Bayar University, 45040, Manisa, TurkeyTelephone: 90-(236) 231 4645-6545; E-mail: mustafa.turkmen@cbu.edu.tr

KEYWORDS Entrepreneur. Sports. Management. Sports Business. Women

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine whether the problems of women entrepreneurs have an effecton women entrepreneurs’ self-entrepreneurships in terms of how active they are in the sports sector, and todetermine the levels to which this effect occurs, if such an effect is in question. The study consists of 279 activewomen sports entrepreneurs who were selected in accordance with the method of convenience sampling, in Izmirand Manisa.Correlation and regression analyses were done in order to introduce this relationship. According to theresults, the problems faced by women entrepreneurs in the negative direction on self-entrepreneurial characteristicswere concluded to have an impact.

INTRODUCTION

Entrepreneurship can be defined as using anopportunity by taking risks and integratingsources or creating an economic profit by actu-alizing the ideas (Jansen and VanWess 1994;Muzyk et al. 1995; Shane and Vankataraman 2000;Casson 2005; Kurt et al. 2006; Zhao 2006). Self-entrepreneurship characteristics play a signifi-cant role in the success of enterprising individu-als. Self-entrepreneurship is defined as entrepre-neurship characteristics that are available withinthe entrepreneur’s structure. Entrepreneur char-acteristics consist of special qualities such asleadership, creativeness, innovativeness, visionorientation, taking risks, competitive thinking,social communication, business ethics, capitalmanagement, and product and market focality(Armagan 2013).

Although entrepreneurship is considered amasculine activity, it has recently been observedthat women also have global crucial roles in thedevelopment and improvement of economies(Thébaud 2010). It is important for economies tohave women who represent half of the world’spopulation and who occupy roles within busi-ness organizations by bringing their character-istic adjectives into the forefront, such as up-tight, risk-bearing (Zapalska and Fogel 1998),success-focused, social (Ismail 2014), dynamic,independent, competitive, highly poised,andable to discover own skills and potentials (Za-hao 2005). Therefore, countries need to make aninvestment in women entrepreneurs in order to

grow and develop economical means. Moreover,governments have very important roles to playwithin the scope of this investment. Governmentsshould incorporate women entrepreneurs in theeconomy as a propellant for economic growthand alleviating poverty (Kain and Sharma 2013).

Since the first half of 1990, the number ofwomen entrepreneurs has soared in Turkey, andwith this ascent, important studies on womenentrepreneurs have also evolved. For these stud-ies, European Union, Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development and United Na-tions and their supportive policies towards wom-en entrepreneurs have played a great role in in-creasing the number and importance of womenentrepreneurs. When powerful economies areexamined, the correctness of this conclusionbecomes obvious. For this reason, in order tomake economies grow, develop and make them apart of the global economy, policies that supportwomen entrepreneurs should be established andresearch should be conducted in order to over-come the obstacles that women entrepreneurscome across too. Within this scope, the aim ofthis study is to investigate the problems thatwomen entrepreneurs in the sports sector en-counter, while trying to establish and maintaintheir business, and to determine the effects ofthese problems on their self-entrepreneurshipcharacteristics.

In accordance with this description, the hy-pothesis of the research scope under test aregiven below:

644 MUSTAFA TURKMEN

H0:Women entrepreneurs’ problems do notaffect their self-entrepreneurship characteristics.

H1:Women entrepreneurs’ problems affecttheir self-entrepreneurship characteristics.

METHODOLOGY

Participants

The target population of the study compris-es of 312 women entrepreneurs, from Manisa andIzmir, who are active in the sports sector. Themaximum limit of those 312 women entrepreneurswere reached, however, for several reasons thesampling group is limited to 279 women entre-preneurs. The sample group of the study repre-sents ninety percent of the target population.

Data Collection Tool

With the aim of reaching women entrepre-neurs who comprise the research group, a con-venience sampling method is preferred, with sup-port from Izmir and Manisa Chamber of Indus-try, Chamber of Commerce and women’s associ-ations. Within the scope of this current study,data was collected between November 2013 andMarch 2014. Face-to-face conversations andquestionnaireswere carried out on women dur-ing the data collection process. The absoluteamount of the applied questionnaires is evaluat-ed in the study.

In the current study, data was collectedthrough a “Women Entrepreneurs Question-naire” developed by Cici (2013) and used in stud-ies by Sekerler (2006), Ilter (2008) and Sosyal(2010). The questionnaire form consists of threesections. In the first section, there exist 10 multi-ple-choice questions related to demographiccharacteristics of women entrepreneurs. In thesecond section, there is a Likert scale consistingof 8 lower dimensions and 32 expression ques-tions oriented to determine the problems facedby women entrepreneurs. Lower dimensions aresocial environment (5 questions), micro-environ-ment (4 questions), economic environment (4questions), bureaucratic environment (5 ques-tions), communication and coordination (4 ques-tions), financial environment (4 questions), edu-cation (3 questions) and organization (4 ques-tions). In the third section, there is a Likert scalethat aims to determine the self-entrepreneurshipskills of women, consisting of 14 questions. Re-

sponds to the questions are measured in accor-dance with a 5-point Likert scale, as “1= Strong-ly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Neutral, 4= Agree,5= Strongly Agree”.

Factor Analysis and Reliability Analysis

For testing the factor analysis convenienceof the dataset, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)sample sufficiency test and Bartlett test was ap-plied. The consequence of factor analysis forthe women entrepreneurs’ problems, the factorloading of 32 expressions was between 0.691 and0.901, total variance of 8 factors was 72.56, KMOvalue was 0.807 and the result of Bartlett testwas 1901.690. Internal consistency value of fac-tors (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0.881. The result offactor analysis of self-sntrepreneurship charac-teristics include, factor loading of 14 expressionswas between 0.634 and 0.880, total variance was79.02, KMO value was 0.735 and the result ofBarlett test was 1165.319. The internal consis-tent value of factors (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0.895.As a result of this current study, the KMO valueof the scales accepted by literature was over 0.50,Marlett test was meaningful with a 0.05 signifi-cance level and all the reliabilities were over 0.70Cronbach’s alpha level.

Data Analysis

For the analysis of the data, the SPSS statis-tic program was used. In the study, frequencyanalysis, factor analysis, correlation and multi-ple repression analysis were used among theanalyzed methods.

RESULTS

Frequency Analysis on Socio-demographicCharacteristics

Information in obedience to socio-demo-graphic variables of women entrepreneurs isshown in Table 1.

When the data in Table 1 is taken into ac-count, the participants fell between the ages of31 to 41 (43.7%), 154 people (55.2%) were single,99 (35.5%) of them had two children, 167 (59.9%)of them were university graduates, 147 (52.7%)of the participants had been in a business life for5 years at best, 143 people (51.3%) received 6001–10000 Turkish Liras (TLs) per month, 101 (36.2%)of the participants’ establishments had been ac-

THE EFFECT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR PROBLEMS 645

tive for 2 to 4 years, 99 people (35.5%) managedsports facilities, 227 (81.4%) participants em-ployed 1-5 portions of personnel and 117(41.9%) of the participants stated that they don’thave any business partners.

Correlation is significant at a 0.01 level (2-tailed).

When the data in Table 2 is analyzed, a rela-tionship between problems of women entrepre-neurs and their self-entrepreneurship character-istics was observed (p<.01).When examining therelationship between women entrepreneurs’problems of self-entrepreneurship characteristicsof size, self-entrepreneurship, social environment(r = -. 114, p <.01), the microenvironment (r = -.108, p <.01), economic environment (r = -. 079, p<.01), bureaucratic environment (r = -.086, p <.01),communication and coordination (r = -. 066, p<.01), financial environment (r = -. 072, p <.01),education (r = -. 106, p <.01) and organization (r =-. 115, p <.01), a statistically significant negativecorrelation was found between the scores.

When data in Table 3 is taken into account,the alternate hypothesis is accepted in terms ofa cause and effect relationship between prob-lems faced by women entrepreneurs and theirself-entrepreneurship characteristics. F value ofthis procured multiple regression model is 24.517,thus p=0.00 is meaningful.

When Table 4 is taken into account, R and R2

values revealed the power of the research mod-el. Consequently, current regression analysis,and the explanation rate of variants with respectto the problems of women entrepreneurs and theirself-entrepreneurship skills,is found to be 40.1percent. When parameters of the tables are seen,it is obvious that variant of social environment(β=. -202; p<0.05) is the one that maximally con-tributes to this explanatoriness.

DISCUSSION

When the global and Turkish sports litera-ture is analyzed, the studies procured for women

Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of women entrepreneurs

N % N %

Age 20-30 age 37 13.3 Monthly 3001-6000 TL 42 15.131-40 age 122 43.7 Income 6001-10000 TL 143 51.341-50 age 73 26.2 10001 TL and above 94 33.751-60 age 47 16.8 Total 279 100.0Total 279 100.0

Marital Married 88 31.5 Business 0-1 year 37 13.3Status Single 154 55.2 Year 2-4 year 101 36.2

Dicorved 37 13.3 5-7 year 61 21.9Total 279 100.0 8-10 year 38 13.6

11 year and above 42 15.1Total 279 100.0

Number of No 76 27.2 Business Sports wear 74 26.5Children 1 75 26.9 District Sports supplies 9 3.2

2 99 35.5 Sports facility 99 35.53 29 10.4 Sports school 10 3.6

Sports courses 87 31.2Total 279 100.0

Edicational Primary edeucation 2 0.7 Number of 1-5 person 227 81.4Status High School 59 21.1 employes 6-10 person 24 8.6

Associate 33 11.8 11-15 person 20 7.2Degree 167 59.9 21 person and above 8 2.9Undergraduate 18 6.5 Total 279 100.0Postgraduate 279 100.0Total

Work 5 years and under 147 52.7 Business My wife 50 17.9Experience 6-10 years 95 34.1 partner My friend 37 13.3

11-15 years 27 9.7 Mother,father,brother 48 17.216 years and above 10 3.6 My relatives 27 9.7Total 279 100.0 No 117 41.9

Total 279 100.0

646 MUSTAFA TURKMEN

entrepreneurs who are active in the sports sec-tor is quite limited. But the current study, how-ever, shows that the problems of women entre-preneurs have negative effects on the women’sself-entrepreneurship characteristics.

When statements related to the social envi-ronment were analyzed, the most important prob-lem is said to be the negative effects of the factthat women entrepreneurs live in a patriarchalsociety. In Turkey and many other developingcountries, it is generally believed that the loca-tion of women should be their home (Kocacikand Gokkaya 2005) because in such societies, itis expected that women principally should fulfilltheir domestic duties. In patriarchal societies, itis very difficult for women to participate in entre-preneurship activities without the permission ofthe man of the house (Celik and Ozdevecioglu2001). Here, due to the idea that a woman whoearns money will not be submissive to the au-thority of the man who is considered to be thehead of the family, that is why the lack of permis-sion to do business is among the problems facedby women entrepreneurs. In his study, Singh(2012) states that in India, men are in the fore-ground when they are compared to women andthe constitution of India speaks of equality be-tween sexes, but in practice women are looked atas weak in all aspects. This situation is one ofthe most important problems that are faced bywomen entrepreneurs living in India. Similar stud-ies held in Indian and Persian rural areas showthat it is important to bring women entrepreneursto the foreground for the countries’ economicdevelopment and prosperity (Yaghoubi and Ah-madi 2010; Lashgarara et al. 2011; Mehta andMehta 2011).

Women entrepreneurs state that the mostimportant problem within their microenvironmentsis the absence of other women entrepreneurswho can lead them or be a role model for them.Among the micro problems that are faced bywomen entrepreneurs in the process of their flo-tation, lack of support from family and relatives,roles that women take within their family livesand gender discrimination are also important, andit is stated that overcoming these problems willenable women entrepreneurs gain self-confi-dence (Barbieri 2003; Greve and Salaff 2003; Say-in 2011). The husband’s and family’s support isvery important for the success of women entre-preneurs as well. Such a support coming from amicroenvironment will create positive effects onthe women’s inner motivations (Alam et al. 2010).Ta

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THE EFFECT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR PROBLEMS 647

When the problems faced within the economicenvironment were examined, it was discoveredthat women entrepreneurs experience troubleswith suppliers when they buy products for theirunits. This issue is likely to affect the womendue to gender discrimination; suppliers, espe-cially male ones, experience problems with wom-en entrepreneurs because of this discrimination.Singh (2012) highlights the effects of the prob-lems procured by suppliers within his study inwhich he mentioned the problems of Indian wom-en entrepreneurs.

When statements towards bureaucratic en-vironments are taken into consideration, it isobvious that women entrepreneurs have diffi-culties in overcoming bureaucratic barriers intheir environments. Most specific problems facedwithin bureaucratic environments are the highnumber of transactions in state institutions andorganizations, duration of those transactions,compulsory backup, donations and frequentchanges in statute and regulations (Soysal 2010).Moreover, in the Turkish Industry and BusinessAssociation’s enterprising report of 2004, it issuggested that governments and states shouldsupport entrepreneurs, reduce barriers by meansof firm establishment, operation and confine-ments should be reduced, tax procedures should

be simplified, political continuity and employ-ment should be supported (Ozkaya 2009).

Furthermore, women entrepreneurs have dif-ficulties in directing male personnel when itcomes to communication and coordination.Women entrepreneurs experience the disadvan-tage of living in a patriarchal society in terms ofcoordinating their personnel, communicatingwith them and their management because maleemployees have difficulty in acknowledging andaccepting women as managers or bosses. Sayin(2011), in a way supporting the results of thecurrent study, states that women entrepreneursexperience difficulties by means of the qualityand frequency of communication that is set be-tween her and her employees.

In terms of the financial environment, wom-en entrepreneurs face more problems in findingcapital for their business when compared to maleentrepreneurs. In most societies, women entre-preneurs experience a lack of financial support(Soysal 2010). It is found within the scope ofprocured studies that women entrepreneurs finefunds for their business from their personal sav-ings, familial disposals or with help from theirrelatives (Gokakin 2000; Yetim 2002). Recently,European Union projects, bank credit schemesand government policies support women entre-

Table 3: Regression analysis results

β t p

(Constant) 10.509 .000*

Social environment -.202 -3.275 .001*

Micro environment -.154 -2.549 .011*

Economic environment -.167 -2.539 .012*

Bureaucratic environment -.146 -2.874 .010*

Communication and coordination -.112 2.194 .020*

Financial environment -.164 -2.544 .012*

Education -.173 -1.989 .041*

Organization -.137 -2.138 .033*

F 24.517R .648R2 .401

a. Dependent Variable. Self-Entrepreneurship*Value is significant at the 0.05 level .

Table 4: Summary of the research model

Model R R Adjusted Std.erros R Squaresquare R square of the change F df1 df2 Sig.F

estimate change change

1 .648a .401 .280 .40343 .301 24.517 8 270 .000

a. Predictors: (Constant), Social environment, Micro environment, Economic environment, Bureaucraticenvironment, Communication and coordination, Financial environment, Education, organization

Change statistics

648 MUSTAFA TURKMEN

preneurs in finding capitals. Despite this, wom-en entrepreneurs face more problems in obtain-ing capital for their business when compared tothe male entrepreneurs. Parallel to this study’sresults, Blanchard et al. (2008) and Singh (2008)state that there is discrimination in the issue ofgiving credits when it comes to women entrepre-neurs who run small enterprises, and this dis-crimination should be solved by taking judicialproceedings as well as paving ways for womenentrepreneurs.

In terms of education, much emphasis hasbeen laid on the fact that the syllabus of enter-prise trainings, which women entrepreneurs at-tend to, are not sufficiently rich and that thesetrainings do not help them in developing theirbusiness. Education is an important factor for awoman who will participate in the businessworld. Most women entrepreneurs want to ob-tain self-development in order to compete withmale entrepreneurs and also achieve successwithin their business lives. However, weaknessin this area of education content affects the wom-en’s entrepreneurial intentions negatively. InTurkey, “Women Entrepreneurs’ ManagementSchool” that is established with the cooperationof Garanti Bank and Bogazici University Life LongEducation Center, plays a great role in instruct-ing women entrepreneurs about entrepreneur-ship. The aim of this school is to develop entre-preneurial spirits of women who have business-es and who are expectant businesswomen, helpthem grow their business, and strengthen themby means of international markets.

Women entrepreneurs state that the mostimportant problems within their organization di-mension are that women entrepreneur organiza-tions do not work actively enough, they don’tinform members of organizations about the in-novations within the sector and they don’t givenecessary aid and support to women entrepre-neurs who wish to be active in entrepreneurshipfields. It is important for women to be in connec-tion with each other and to inform each otherabout innovative enterprises, particularly if theywork in the same business branch. However, dueto competition and an inactive position of orga-nizations, this issue is rather a problem for wom-en entrepreneurs.

Women’s entrepreneurship is giving partic-ular importance to women living in rural areasregarding their development. Fazeli et al. (2015),in their study on women entrepreneurs in rural

areas in Iran, opined that the factors affectingentrepreneurship include, economical and struc-tural factor, psychological and managerial fac-tor, cultural factor, legal and skill factor, as wellas supportive factor and investment factor.Soysal (2013), state that the women living in ru-ral areas in Turkey, are starting and continuingthe trend of their entrepreneurial activities, how-ever, the low level of education and introversionit brings, prejudices the society, as well as psy-chologically suppresses females to see them-selves as non-entrepreneurs. Others include, in-ability to organize, homework mismatch, lack ofaccess to credit resources, low income level, lackof institutional knowledge, insensitivity of localgovernment, for reasons such as gender inequal-ity to a level that can be entrepreneurial and ho-listic could not be reached. Adeel Anjum et al.’s(2012) “Problems and Prospects of Women En-trepreneurs: A Case Study of Quetta-Pakistan”is the study of factors affecting women entre-preneurs such as, family factors, social factors,economic factors, financial and political factors.

When the profits that women provide to theircountries by economic and social means andtheir future earnings were taken into consider-ation, women entrepreneurs contributed a lot tothe development of the countries’ economy (Min-niti and Arenius 2003). However, while provid-ing this contribution, we have to help our wom-en overcome the problems, which arise in a patri-archal society.

CONCLUSION

According to the results of the current study,an avoidant relationship is found between lowerdimensions of women entrepreneurs’ problemsand self-entrepreneurships (social environment,microenvironment, economic environment, bu-reaucratic environment, communication and co-ordination, financial environment, education andorganization). Since women are important for thegrowth of the national economy, those problems,which women entrepreneurs do face, should besolved and their ways should be cleared.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In accordance with the study’s results, thesesuggestions can be employed to overcome theproblems of women entrepreneurs:

THE EFFECT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR PROBLEMS 649

Women entrepreneurs should receive sup-port from their micro-environments (hus-band, child, mother, father, relatives, kith andkin),Women entrepreneurs should be sure ofthemselves, should educate themselves andbelieve in the fact that they are going to besuccessful,Women entrepreneurs should be organizedand be also in touch with each other, coor-dination should be established betweenthem,Role models should be featured as womenentrepreneur candidates,Donation amounts for supportive organiza-tions such as, the European Union and Smalland Medium Industry Development Orga-nizationshould be increased,Issues such as “capital, taxes, credits, landallocation, bureaucratic barriers” should besimplified for women entrepreneurs,Governments and states should prepareprojects and set encouraging policies forwomen entrepreneurs.

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