The Effect of the Code of Civil Procedure uponthe periods of prescription· laid down by the

Civil Code and· the Code of Commerce'fHE'HIH SrHMl'l'TED HY JOnOE Ii. VARGAS TO THE COLLEGE

OF I,A \Y, CXIYEHSITY OF THE J>HILlPPI!\ES, FOR THEm:GHEE OF HA('IU;LOH OF LAWS, APRIL 1, 1914, GIVENHONOIUHU: ~IEXTION FOH THE I.AWYER'S COOPERATIVEI'rm.IHHI:'\O ('mIPA~Y'S PRIZE }'OR THE .REST THESIS.

Tht' intrmhwtilln of AlIlt'ril'an Il'gislation witb its inddents of, eom.Ullin and j;tlltUtll~' IlIw has wrought mllr.y ('hangt'S both in the substantiveand prol'l'dnrlll laws l'oDtinut>d in fOl"l'e in tht'S(> Islands by }>roelamation"t' tht' Commanding Gl'm'rnl of the United States Ann~' of Occupation on.\Ilgmst 14, lS.qS. (1 Off. Gaz, 3; Amer;l'atl 1,18. Co. t·. Ca"ter, 1 Pet.lD. S,) 511; Roa I'. Collector ~f ('U810",~, 23' Phil. 315.) Some of theselaws having sim'c ~n TI'p(,IlI('d b~'·express provision (Code of tit'j1 Pr~l't'dllre, or Act 1110, j;t'('. 795) and otht'rs bS ne<'essa~' imllJieation. (Codeo{ (';1';1 1'rOl't'dllre, or Act 190.: a. O. !tio. ,:;8, re Criminal Procedure; G.o . .Yo, uS, re Jlarriage; The Corporal;'''' lAlli', or Act 14:;9 j The Ba"le.r"pll'!! Lall', or .4l't }!):;(j: Tile Se9t1tiaMe l'''QtrllDle"t3 Lmr, or .Act· 2031.)

Among thl' tW('Ilt.',-tllrl't' Imndrt>d and' tl'n A(·ts (Janual')' l, 1914))l1ISSt'dby tht' IIM':l1h'gi~lnturt> und('r tht' nl'W ri''gime, not a single one bas"rl'ah'd mllTl' imJlllrtant nad far-rea(·hin\t moditil'atiolls on the old Spanish.illri!lJlrndl'lll't' thlln' thl' JlTl'sl'nl Code of Civil Pl"lJCedure. Wbile it pur·JM.rt!!tll ht' !limpl~' a "('ode of }lJ'O('t'dllre in, eh;l a"tions aDd spt>eial pro.c·t't'(lin~'" it ('ontainK pro\'isiuns of !'UbKtllllth'e law inconsistl'nt with the)lr,'sl'rijltillllj; Ill" the Spanish ('00('1\ whil·h it has thus largely modifil'd and('\','lI TI'p"IIIt'd. This eirt>ulIl!'tan('e has pla('l'd certain bran'('hes of the lawin 1\ highl." ulllwul"d (·onditioD. Xot the least among those affeeted in this11I1I1II)('ris thllt l"l'lati\"e to tht' Iwriods of IlJ'f'lwription laid down b)' theCi\'il /Ind ('llllum'TI'ial l'od,'ll. It is the llUrlli,Sf' of this thesis to make •fl'w Sultltl'Stions towllrdj; tl\l' 1,luI'idatioD of tJais knotty pha'; of tbt' Jawat tht' III'ps•••1I tilDe.

\nUT IS l'HJo:SCHIPTION'

Ralwh('l'; Rllman II(·tim·s prt'll<'ription as "a mode of a('cluiring or 10000ngflwlwrship IlUd otlll'r •.•·/11rig-htll, or of ('xt'mptilln frolll tht' fulfllllDt'lIt of

obligations, by virtue of tIle lapl'e of time and other (oonditions·iml)osedby law." . (Saftcllez Roman, .Civil LaIC, vol. 3, p. 252.j

Under the Civil Law the term preseription is invariably used to dt'-signate both the birth of rights .and tbe extinguishment of ftt'tions bj' therunning of a predeterminNl pt'riod of time. For this. ~S$n, the com-mentators dassif)' it into adguisiti,'a or IlOSitivt',and extifltira or liberatoria,negative. This idea is embodiedin the Civil Codt', wherein the title devotedto prescription is di\;ded into (1) the pn-seription of ownership and otherrealrighis and (2) the Preseril)tion of actions. (Matlresa, ('o"",men'arieson the Spanish Cit·il ('ode, vol, 12, pp, 716, 717; Sanchez Roman, CivilLaw, \'01. 3, ,pp. 215, 252; E8criche, lJiecionario RazQJla~lo de LegisUlciorl!I Jurisprudencia, pp, .1433-1436; Civil Code, Arts, 1930-1975; De Castrov. Ec1lUrri, 20 Phil. 23; rJ. S. v. Serapio, 23 Phil. 584.)

ruder the common law, howe\'er, pn'SCril'tion is often distinguishedfrom limitation, the former being generall)' limitt'd to the Spanish "dgui-silha (acquisitive), the latter ha\'ing referenl'e to the time within whiebsuit must be brought after the right of action ItC('rued.• (U. S. v. Serupio,23 Phil. 584; Alhambra Addition Trater Co.t', Richardson, 72 Cal. 598;Billings v. Hall, 7 Cal. 1.) But as applied to easements or to the titleto propert)', espl.'t'iall)' real estate, prescription and limitation are con-vertible terms. (Murray 1.'. Scribner, 74 Wis, 602; Chure1/ill v. Louis, 135Cal. 608; Muller 1.'. Fruen, 36 Minn. 273.) As such are the words pre-scription and limitation used in this thesis.

X AITRE OF .PRE.'t('RIPTIOX

It would seem that positiw prescription, at lenst, works a cOlnplt'te u

extinclion of rights (Cil'il Code, Art, 1930), but the Suprl'lDe Court hIllSdeelared, in United Stalest'. S-erapio (23 Phil. 584) that

"By preSt'ription or limitation of actions, the right of action isnot extinguished neither undl'r the {'(lmlDonnor under the chil law.Both the Ch;l and the Penal. Codl'Sl,rovided when the action is extin-guished and when it -is preSt'ribed simply. These statutes (of pre-scription or limitation) did not destro)' the right, The)' simply pro-

. vided, in effeet, that aft.,r the lapse of the time !)reseribed by law,the defendant might object, if he d('Sired,to being sued. If the de-fendant failed, in some proper Wll)', to obj('l.'t, or, in other words,interpose the statutory defenlie, the adion Ilhould be maintained. Thestatute provided a special dl'fense simply. If the defense of presnip-tion or limitation is not expressl)" raised, it is wah'ed and is Dotavailable. It cannot be raised b)" demulTt'r. It muatbe exp1'el81)'

pleaded. (Aldeguer v. I10Ilk",n .•2 Pllil. 500; Domi"go fl. Osorio, 7 Phil405; Maxilon v. Tabotabo, 9 Phil. 390; I1arty fl. Luna, 13 Phil.' 31;811"ieo v; Ramirez, 14 PhiL 500.)"

Sre also Jlarzoll v. Udtujatl, 20 P.hil. 232; Salullga v. Et'aflgelilt.,20 Phil. 273.

ORIGIN· OF PRESCRIP'l'ION

The do<'trine of }ll'E'Sl'ription or the limitation of time within whichan aetion may be brought is J'('('ogniz<>dby the l<>gislation and jurispra-denee of all eh;lized nations (Bisllop of' Cebll '.. 1IIa"garo", 6 Phil. 286,293; S{/'nehez Romatl, Ciril Lau:, \"01. 3, p. 202; ltlatlresa, Comm~tarin,vol. 12, p.' 719; Bush1l'el1, Limitatiotl, a"d A(lurse' Possessi6n, p. 6.),exc<>pt pl'r~aps among th<>Jl'ws. (Let". XXV, 20 (providing that all· landsshould be restored to the actual owner at the jubik>e) Wood, Ci"il LGtD, 125.)I~s eonl'eption is eYel)"\\"h<>lethe s::me, h,Pving a eommon origin .both underthe .Anglo-Saxon law and the modem eh;l law in ihe Roman institute oftlslleapio (USII rem eapere), T1/"elre Tables, 1"1, :l-ii,from \vlJieh tbe Spaniardshave tak<>n and ineorporated it in all thl.'ir known colll.'Ctions of \\Tittenlaw, bl.'ing admirably de\"l'loped in the Partidlls and rl'aching its flnal" formin the pl't'Sent Spanish eodes. (Siille1'fz Hor/llln, Ci"il Law, vol. 3, p. 253;1Ilallresa, Commentaries, vol. 12, p. 719: Bus1111'1'11,Limitations and A.d-l'erse Possession, p. 2.) It did not exist l'itber in the earl)' civil or commODlaw, under whieh a riltht of aetion nen'r died by the ml.'re . lapse of time,but was of purely statutory origin. (£1. S. v. Sl'l'apio, 23 Phil. 584; M••.cheldre.y, Roman La II', sec. 213; -l Gaius, see. 128; 25 Cye. 985, II andeases eitl'd.) In the absen(~e of exprl'ss law, courts are without authorityto fix a pl'riod of preSl'ription. Limitations are legislative and not judicialaets. (U. S. v. SeraJlio, 23 Phil. 584; J/issollri v. l11i'l{)is, 200 U. S. 496;Reist t·. Ileilbrellllan, 11 Sergo tf· R. (Pa.) 131; Bmtle v. Shivers, 39 Ga.405; Bue1lmla" t'. ROldalld, 5. N.. J. I.a\\, 721; Gray v. lIartfor.d Ins. Co.,6 Fed. ('a~<>sNo. 33i5; l1'illiams t' •• Totles, 13 East (Eng.) ~39; Peopl#.".Gilbert, 18 Jolmson (N. Y.) 227; Bell 1:. JlorriJwn, 1 Pet. (U. S.) 351.)

IS THE DOCTRINE OF PRESCRIPTIOl'- JUl'TIFIABLEf

Strictly "pl.'aking, the law of pJ'eSl'ription is not founded on naturaljustice. There are jurists who contl'nd that it is nothing ,less than aDunwarranted attack upon the right of ownl.'rsbip, a legalized. deprivatiODof property without just compl'nsation. But as llanresa says (Comme ••.'aries, vol. 12, p. 218), "it is a soeialnecessity, based on public polley; iD·order to give firmness and stability to juridical relatioDs susceptible ofdoubts and contradiction, limiting the uncertainty of the same to • deter-

miDlltt> pt"rKJd of tiDlt', 1111 tbat o.·nenbip 01' 118triDXtDy and the .ts ofintt'n'Stt'CI Jll'nlUD8 ma~' not nomain indefinitl'ly uDt't'rtain:' Indet-d "aU se·c·unt~· would C·".8l', if a ril:ht of ownership E'Ould be aSSt'rtt>d without anylimitation, for.1I time to l"OIIIe." ISol,m, /n"tih,te, of Ro_a La •. , p. 318.)

Tilt' objc•••• of the la,,' is to sUI~Press doubts in the dominion of thinpalld to }lunish the nc-gligt'nt ,,·itb. the natural eon_,Ut>nees of their lat'hes ••\ 1lt'J'SC'nwho has abandoned proJlt'rty for a long time must be wnsideredto ban' n-DOl1D("('CJhis rights tht'1t'in; thl' one 1l'ho oc"('upit>8 it is rightlyPl'KUmed tu Iw the uwner. The e _Ilt'rit'nc'e uf mankind in this nogard l'8rl)'lIIanifl'Stc'" itSl'Jf in tht' Ruman maxim .,elior est cau,a pol/ide",i ••

"But the basit" princ'iplC" most gC"nC"rallynoliC"dupon by tlJl> authoritiesit! th.t statutt>8 of limitation 3n- statutes of n-JlOSl', the ubjC"Ct of whicob isto suppn-:ss fraudul ••nt and stale daims from springing up at great distanetSof time aud ~ulllrising thl' J,arties or tlll'ir n-pft'Sl'ntati\"C"S whC"n all thC"propl'r "ouehers and e,-idt'IIC·t>8an! Jost or the facots Im,'C"beeooml' obSl.'un! frOIDthe laJ~se ,,0' timl' or the defl'{"ti\"C"mC'mury, or death, or noll!0"al of witnesses."(25 Cye. 983, !JSl and c.-aSt>8c.-itt>d; StlNcllu Rom';", Ciril laIC, mi. 3,PI'. 248-257; Escrielle, /Jicl"lOllRrio, p. 1433; lJofllat, ('i"il La"., L. 8, T. 7,1lt'C0. 4; BIIshu'ell, Limit"ti,,"s aJll/ ..41lrerlle POSllesl;liolf, Pl'. 7, 8; Go",,.;;.lIed,.1 ", .-ll,,.eilla .• 15 Phil. 465: LiI"/lRffcO r. Limjuco, 19 Phil. 12.

l'pon MtDsidc·rations of puhlil' polico)', gt'nt'raJ and 1I1)l'l'ial Ja,,"s of limita-tion aft' uni\"(,J'lIUII~"suslainc-d 8S ('lInstitutional, ex("('pt lI'hl're they <"ontain"OIDt'ft'atun> spc't°iall)' liahll' to IIh.i(·tilln on otlll'r grounds. ('y",,11 1'. Fletcherf

-U Miss. 609: (;ollpel 8m"i,.t!, I". Wheeler, 2 Oallis (C." C.) 105; Saloy ~.Wood",.40 La. AnD. 585; Perry r. Turller,55 lfo. 418; Smit" 1'. ('let'ela"d.]7 Wis. 536; ])as1l r, raff Kluc1', 7 Jolms. (N. Y.) 477; Mallekn r. La,,-("Wlter (·(I(t"f/l. ti:i Fed. 252; ('altl,.rr. Ball, 3 Dall. (U. 8. 386.J

Rut t Iw pt-ricm laid dll1l"Jl1II11l1tnot he so unn>asonllblt- as to work injus-tiel' or tll lJ8r a right of ac·tilln withoul an)' alloll"alWe of time sufficientfor till' institution of Jl1'oc't'SI!in future. (Jose r. Cor,una.tIer of PhilipI)i"e.•.••l'iatlrofl, 16 Phil. 62; J"el.-_" I'. La"'lJhire, 3 Pet. (U. S.) 280; C"arlel'Hiur Brit/ge I', lJ'llrr"" Britlgef 11 Pl't. (U. 8.1 420; G".i" 1'. BrOfl:J1, 21ApI" Cas. 2!t5; ('''tfm' Ba"k r. S%",,,,,, 20 Oa. 408£ .Yorri, t'. TripP!111 l11W8, 115; ..-tllid r. Brdeller,2 KaD. 1:15; J/IU'Xiclwl· r. Spence,83 lie.H7; (WI,,.rt " • ...tel·erman,159 :So Y. 118,45 L. R. A. 118; ClIlbret" t'o Dow,,-iMfJ, 121 X. C. 205; O"bt'nI r. Lir/(lstrom,.9 N. D. 1, 46 L. R. A. 715;l'eter"on r. /lel""."r,.. ,.tc. R. roo !} Kulp (Pa.) 552; SttJddard ft. OlCi_gll.

42 S. e. 88; Soh ". Waterson, 17 Wall. (l~. S.) 591: 1't'rt'It'1I8 r. lVaier.t",c''', 19 Ft'd. Cas. No. 10,980.

As in the ('IISCof a few other SUl1j('(·tsori~nany derived by the Anglo-Saxon f'rom tl\(' Ch;1 Law, the dcwtrine of prt'lll'ription sillit in two oppositediret·tions hundrt'ds of' ~'ears a~n! IInd· ('in'U1Dwntinl!: the world, bas nowmet al':ain on ('ommon gTt)und in the Philippine Islandll. It is natural toe pe<>tthat in the eourse of its pro~ress through the agt.'ll and among sue":dift'erentl~· ('.onsitutM peopll'S liS the Teutons and the. Latins tbe law ofpJ't'S(,riptions should suffer ehanl!:t'8 ot' a radic·al natun'. ThHe are .manynotable diffl'reneC'S hetween the two s~'st('ms as tlle~' now exist in theSpanish Ch'il Code and the New C'ode of Civil ProeM Un'. The peninsularhogislator would ordinarily sanetion thl' despoliation of pri\"ate In·ollert~·throul':h pl"t'lWriptive possession onl.,' on proof' of two primordial "conditionsimp0Sl.>db~' law," nllmt-Iy, good !nit" and a just title «(,ildl Code, Art .. 1904:.l1//llrt'8a, ('omfllel/taries, vol. 12, pp. 7M et !leq.; Sftllcl/ez Bo",aN, Ciril Latr,\"Ill. 3, pp, 255 et seq.; f:~rrirl/e, J)irr;ollllrioj p. 1434.) whe:n'8s, by the Codeof ('h:i1 PrtK't'dure, title to land may be al'lJuired thrtlug}) In'l"l('~ption by"ten ~'('aJ'S.a('t\1al adw1'lle pClssessinn...... in wllllte\'t'r wa~' SU(·}) ()('('upaneymll~' ha\'e ('ommNI('ed or ,c.;ontinut'd" (S('('. 41),' alld "as to IM'rsonal pro-perty nothinlZ' whatewr iff ,nid ('x('ept that an a('tion to I'l'C'Owr it must bebroul':ht within four ~'ea~. If s\1l'h IIn al'tion is nut hrougllt 'within four~'ears it seems that the owner has lost his title uo mllttc'r wbat the title ofthc' dc·fendant may be:' (, ••mard's !.otes, .95).

111 th~ ('"nstn\('ton of statutes of limitation tbl' !Illllle lrt'Dt'ral rule asto legislath'e intent is fonow~. (Peot)le r. Xtf/ralgo, {'ir. ('t. 27 Mieb.138; Ogdm t'. Blackledf/e, 2 Cran('h 272: IJm';8 r. ,1Iillll, 121 Fed. 703.)Su(·h intent is to 1M'dc.-duI'M from the langulllrt' usedh~' the It'gitdator. indrawing the statute (T!/"afl ". Walker, :~5 ('a1. 634; StONt ". Gra," rOte,,,!,,107 Ind. 343: l,al/art r. Tl",mJl8otl, 140 Iowa, 298; Barro" r. Kate,,,,.rt .•131 K~" 642; Gooden I'. Pol;re Jury, 122 I..a. 755; G~(lr!Ql'1I t. S,ale, 42l\ld. 403; Detroit '". IJetroit Vt/ited B. ('0., 156 Mi('b. 106; St.'e r. If'ood-"cff,68 No J. L. s.(); ('or,,,,,, ". lJolatld, 2 Dal~' (N. Y.) 66; Stale r. Barco,150 N, C. 792: Slingla!f 1'. Wea,·t'r, fl6 Ohio St. 621; r,,;otl l.p, Co. r.('am. 69 Pa. St. 140; Jo;x Parte Broll'l/, 21 S. D. 515;. Sta'e fl. MorttelloSal, ('0., 3t Utah 458;' U. S. r. Goldt'"berg, 168 U. S. 95, 42 L. Ed. 319.]Iar;" r. X(J(';/H/C't'tlO, 19 Phil. 238.) and 1\'here the lll!l~ftgt' i. pneral

and no exeeptions are made, courts are not authorizc.>dto engraft thereonl'xeeptions Dot clcarly expressed in the statute itself, however equitablesuch exeeptions are alleged to be. (Howell t". llair, 15 Ala. 194; Pryorto. Ryburtf, 16 Ark. 6it; Dat"is t·. Hart, 123 Cal. 38-1; SfCif!ku;ard v:Bailey,3 Kan. 507; Toung t'. ('Qok, 30 lHss. 320; Coady I'. Reinl!, 1 llont. 424;Bwcklin v. Ford, 5 Barb. (N. V.) 393; State l"f1irersity 1.'. Campbe", 5 N.C. 185; Peak r. Buck, 3 Ba t. (Tenn.) it; lJ'oodbury v. Shackleford, 19Wis. 55; Dulles v. Jones, 9·How.(U. S.) 530; Alabama Bank v. Dalton,9 How. (U. 8.) 522; Lelcis v. Lell:is, 7 Ro1\". (U. S.) 776.)

The Code'of Civil Proeedure sets apart one chapter (III) exclusivelydevoted to the subject of "l'res('ription; time of commencing aetion,"which contains a system complete b,Y itself and sufficient to cover ch'ilaetions of aU kinds. Said Code provides:

"Sec. 38. This ehapter shall' not apply to actions alread)' eom-menced or to cases wherein the right of action has alread)' accrued;but the statutes in foree when the action or righ' of aetion accruedshall be applicable to such cases aceording to the subject of the actionand without regard to the form...... Prorided, nevertheless, That aUrights of action which have already a('erued exeept those named in thelast preceding para/,.'t"8ph must be ,-indicated b)' tbe' commencementof an aetion or proeecding to enforee the same within ten years afterthis Act comes into effect. (Qctober 1, 1901.)

"Sec. 39. Ch-il aetions ean only be eommeneed within the periodsprescri~ in this chapter after the eause of aetion a("('rues; but 1\"herea difft'rent limitation is prescribeil by this Act that shall govern.

"Sec. 44. An a<,tion for rt'lief not herein provided for can onlybe brought within ten years after the e.ause of action accrues."

The Philippine Commission .could havt' eX)lresst.>din no dearer termsan int~ntion to provide for the prescription of all civil art ions than inthe language just quoted. It is submitted that the above pro,-isions embract'the entire field of statut.ory limitat.ions, as far, at least, as the periods ofprescription are concerned. Indeed the Supreme Court has said, in theease of Seoane t'. l'rallco, (24 Phil. 309, 314) that "this section (38)evidently cowrs all rights of whate"er kind and nature except those whiehhave special limitations and are reft'rred to in subsequent sections."

If the manifest intention of the legislator is to be followed as shownby the language he has emplo)'ed in enading the law of prescription inthe new Code, it would seem that chapter 3 of Act 190 has introducedan e::baustive system of preseripth-e periods, superseding in all its parts

that found in tlie 81lanish ('<ldt'S. (J"f/,;!}all r. 110"'''11_ 3~ .'Iu. 530, 16So. 413.)

Pro\;sions of law full:,' c'tlwn'd b)" sub_luent enactments are repealedliS the lattl'r whl'n it is l'\'ident that the Il'jtislature intended to pl'~)\ide DOt••nly a substitute t'ur tll<' ('arlil'r statutt·s, hut to ('over the 1\'hole subjeet tbeD('onsidl'n'd and to pl"l.'!lt'ribl' thl' onl:,' rull'S in rl'S1lt't't thereto, e\'eD if the!"ormt-r a('ts are not in all rl'Spt'('ls n'Jlullnant to the new. acl:. . (JlllrpJay,', nler, 186 U. S. 95: 1'1IeI'aql/"'e UnlJulln, 175 U. S. 67; Fi~k ~. HeNrie,142 U, ~. 459: 1"rac'.11 I". TII//',,/ 13.J Ii. S. 206; Cook· ('OtlRty !'t.",. 8".t,', F. S" 107 U. S, .u5: r·. 8. I'. 7"!IlIf''', 11 Wall. 88; Daries, 1'. FGirIHI.b,:-l How. 6:l6; (;•••·t. 0/ Ille P. I. I'. 1l/('l/QIlsti ,f' ('0., 24 Phil. '316; P""io,'. l)e la ROlla, 8 Phil. 70: .4/ml,~o 1'• .1fllnil'iJlalit." of Placer, 5 Phil. n.)

The Supreme Court, howl'wr, has applied the fundamental requisites••t' go"d faith alld pl"l.'per title laid down by the Ci\;1 and Commercial Codes1'(1 numerous ('aSt'S ot' pr('St'ription de<'ided sinee the Code of Chil Proeed~\\'('nt int" (4'f('(·t without adwrting to the fal't that the ('8Use of aetion aeeruedIwfure O('tober 1, 1901. (F. S. 1'. ('l'rlln, 23 Phil. 144; Fortll,", t7. Co,,",,",11 Phil. 370: ('(lillie ,'. ,.,tba!lfl, 13 Phil, 249; E'lIleisa 1'. Taleolf, 12 Phil.:l36: Jlaset.'n""JO 1'. Jln.~I'''nfRpo, 11 Phil. 1; l'all'ra t', f'inHic1c,9 PhiL 482.rnJI;,~/rl/l/ll I'. (fubilltl, 8 Phil. ~35: Bllsa C'. Arquiza, 5 Pbil, 187.)

Its ,attitude on this lIul.'Stion is extremely c'onservatin (Garci" tt. l1ipo-/ilo, 5 Phil. 503; ('njlliga" t'. Nnti1'idud, 14 Phil. 734) 80 much 80, thatit has ~UDl' to 111('1(,lIgth (If llasing its dloeisioD l'lItirely on the Chi! CodeliS to t!1I' Iwriud ot' JlJ"l.'S(·riJltion that ·should govern a ease whose CIUIIe oflwtion l\("('rul'd more than tW(I :"I!ars .af"tl!r the J1aSll8ge of Act 190, merel~'h('('anse tllf' (1('1'('ndant rt·li(·d uJlon the Civil Coae instead of ul)OD tlMoc'lId(· ut' ('h'il Pro(·t·durt>. (Sillel'o I'. P"SfllD, 13 Pbil. 342.)

Thl' J11"1.·!Il'lItIlIw uf J1n'St'riptiun is tbus made mono romillirated andIIl11n' tlirt'i('nlt ut' ddimitation than it should be. Till' Ilerl'll'itinlt inquiz,')In'St'lIts itSl·lf: Undl'r the d~i8iQnll of the SUI'rl'me ('ourt,bo'" far hawtbe J11"1.1\·isiunsof tl\(' SJlanisb Cudt'S hearing 1111J1rt'Ht'ription lK't'n aft"t't'tedIIr 1"I.·11e81(·dh.\' l"I.!C't'ntlegislation'

}<'or the !iRk(· of 1'Il'arDl'SS alld t'(lI1wlIi('III'(' the articles uf tlw Ch'ilnnd Mel"l.·antill' ('o(I('s in n·lation tr. I'l'nodll lit' pl"l.'!M·ription "'ilI no,,' bt·(·xamined in thl'ir nunu:ri('al ordl'r with a \;ew to Iletermininlt 1I:Ill'ther tbe~'1Irt>fir are not in forre at the Jlrt!8ent time.

At the thrl'S1Jold uf this in'wstigation it ma~' !K. "'.,11 to c'al1 atlA'ntioutfl thl't'nct thot tl1l' Spanish ('001.'8 haw nunwrons l'1"willions C'()DUlinm,rIwrioos of fine kind or allflth('r, allll it has lxoell.follnd DeI_,,' to ('1111-

lIid~r nil ot' them, in uI"I.ll'r to distinguillll tl108l' artw.ll'R 1\·lli.·b in a l{t'IJeral

way preeeribe limitations of time within whicb actions must be broughtfrom those otben which are either simply conditions precedent to the ac-cruing of the right of action, or special periods akin to preseription, orroles of substantive iaw made necessary elements of a given juridical actor transaction, i. e., not statutes of limitations at all; in all of which caaes,it is clear thai the chapter on prescription of the Code of Civil Proeedurehas had no effect whatever. (BtletNI"entKra 11. Urbano, 5 Phil. 1; Garciat1. Diam60n, 8 Phil. 414; Alano ". Babaa, 10 Phil. 511; y tulao iI. Yadtro.•20 Phil. 260; .Liffl Tico t1. CK Unjietlg, 21 Phil. 493; Go"t. of the P. I. ti.Incha",ti If Co., 24 Phil. 315.)

UNDER THE CML COOS

ARTs.1, 7, 15, 19, 3O.-Not statutes of limitations. (U. S. ". TigKi,1 Pbil. 306 (Art. 7); RakeB 11. Atlantic Gulf If Pacific Co., 7 Phil. 362 (Art.19); Roa 11. Collector of CtutOfftB,23 Pbil. 315 (Art. 19).)

ARTS.44, 47, 48, 77~78, 83 (1) 89, 91, 96, 102 (3).-Tbese articlesestablish periods within wbich certain things should be done, but onlyarticlEll!44 and 102 (3) are in, any sense prescriptive. They are all in-operative, however,not being in fONeat the time the change of sovereigntyin these Islands W88 effected. (Benedieto 11. De la'Ilama, 3 Phil. 34; Ibanez11.Ortiz, 5 Phil. 325; 11 Op. Atty. Gen. 85; Taylor 11. M. E. R. It ? Co.,16.PbiI. 8, 26 (Art. 83); Sy Joe Lieflg 11. Sy QtIia, 16 Phil. 137, 254 (Art.102).}

With reference to preseription, the matter covered by these articlesis now governed by section 11 of G. O. No. 68.

ARTS.108, 1l0.-Not prescriptive. (MijareB 11. Nery, 3 Phil. 195, 199(Art. 106).}

ART.113.-The determinationof the present applicability of the periodsprescribed by this article is the crucial point in the solut\on of the questionunder investigation. Powerful reasons prompted the Spanish legislator inwithdrawingthe matter referred·to in article 113from the effects·of ordinaryprescription. It was rightfully conceived that the legitimacy of childrenshould not be left uncertain for any considerablelength of time, being asit is; an essential element in' the penonal f>t&lus of the citizen. The Statelooks with disfavor upon the creation of bastard children; bence, the 0-

eeedingly short and special periOdsof limitation in whicb to contest Jeri-timaey allowed to parents by the Civil Code. (Sanchez ROffIda, Ci11illAw,vol. 5, pp. 975,978.)

There is much plausibility in the argument that being founded on thebest of public policy article 113, a plOVisioaof substantive law, .houId

not be held impliedly repealed by any of the provisions ot Aet 190, a lawavowl.dly procedural, the more 80, because repeals by implication are DOt

favored. (People v. San Francisco, etc. R. Co. 28 CaL 254; SMll fl. Bridge-water Cotton Mfg. Co. 24 Pick. (Mass.) 296; People tI. Metl, 189 N. Y.550; McCool v. Smith, 1 Black (U. S.) 459, 17 L. Ed. 218; Alletl fl. U.S.40 Ct. CI. 170 (affinned'in 204 U. S. 581); Bueftaventura tI.'rlrba_, 5 Phil.1, arid other authorities too numerous to cite.) Indeed, 80 to bold would im-pute to tbe legislator an intention to -discriminate in favor of tbe parentiby lengthening the time in whicb tbey may contest legitimacy from two,tbrel'!and six m~)Dthsto four or perhaps ten years (Civil Code, Article 113;('ode of Ci1)ilProcedure, sections 43, 44), as against the children by shorten-ing the limitation of their action to claim legitimacy or compel acknowledg-ment from a lifetime to a paltry number of years (Ci"il Code, Arts. 118,137; Code of Ci'dl Procedure, sees. 43,44). wben by the most elementaryprinciples' of the substantive law of tbe family the child has always beeaconsidered a favorite .of tbe law' and should be entitled to preferentialremedies in the protection of his rights. (Manresa, Commentariu,voL 2,pp. 168, 169; Sanchez Roman, Civil Law, vol. 5, pp. 1243-1244); Tiff".",Persons and Domestic Relations, p. 381; 22 Cye. 512-519.)

Still, the language the legislator has used is· clear, unequivoceJ, im-perative-"Cnil actions can only be commenced within the periods pre-scribed by this chapter after the cause of action accrues"-and "there ••no rule better settled in the construction of statutes· of limitation, tbaDthat effect must be given to them according to their language. If tlie)'made no exceptions in favor of infants, femmes couverts, or non-resident.the courts can make none. And wben the exceptions of a statute of limita-tion are repealed, the act stands as though it had been originally paIIeC1witbout them." (Leu-ojsv. Lewis, 7 How. (U. S.) 776, and cases cited intbe statement of position.)

It cannot be doubted that the action mentione8 in article 113 of theCivil Code is within the meaning of the term "civil action." (86'"Roman, Civil Law, vol. 5, pp. 975-978; Manresa, Commentaries, Art. 113).Sucb being the case the conclusion is unavoidable that' at the presenttime the action must be exercised within the period limited by Chapter ,of the Code of Civil Procedure. If tbe action does not fall under ftb-division 3, section 43 of the said Code, fixing a limit of four Jean for"an sction for an injury to the rights of the plaintiff not srisiDg on eoD-tract and not hereinafter l'numerated," it is certainly included in the eMeb-aU clause, "an action for relief not herein provided for caQ only be brovIbtwithin ten )'ears after the cause of aetion aeerua" (See. 44).

ART. Jl8.~Tbi" artidl'iB t'OIlB«tion ,,'itJl articolfl 137, i"frtl, pftleDtsIlw greatt'llt obst~le in tbt' way of thl' posilion lakl'n and already apJaiDe4,Ihat tlte C~ of Ch'il Prot't'dure ha,'ing prcwidt'd a l'Omplete 8)'" ofstatulol')' limitations,' ha. I't'plal'tod all lM'rioos of Preseril,tioD founc1 iaIlle Spanish Codt-s, in ,·ie •. of the important deeisiOll rendered by tllto,",Ulll't'lue Court in tbe ease of ('Qtule r. ~41Ja,,,a (13 Phil. 249) in wbiehit is sail1 without cluaJifi('alion thai "Ihl' ~hl of aClion tbat dl'volves apon1he (~hild to t'laim his It'Jtitima(~~'lasts c11lring his \\'holt' lif(', ,,'hil(' tbe rightto ('laiJII the Rt'knowl(HII!IlIt'nlof II nalural ('hild lasls unb' during the liff'or hill I'n!SUDlt'd Ilal't'nt •••• (II. 251).

In III(' Spanish ,iurispnldt'n('(' anlt'rior 10 11K' (,i"il ('ctdt' Ihl' a('tion to,·Iaim Il'gilimaf';\' was NIDSidt'1't'dimpreserihahll'. (l,#'lfClf' Jlatrimflf/io Ci~il,IIrt. 6'l: Matlrf'lIa, ('o"/flwmtar;es, art. 118: .-:lill•."#'. HomaN, (';,'il Late, "01.5, p. 983.)

"J~linl8l';\'," SIt;\'SSanch('z Roman, slIpra, "whi(·h lIffl't'IS 110 mucb tlK"Ilt'rsonalil~' of th(' ·c,bild, t'onslituting as il d,)('Il, thl' l'i\'il status of bi.filialion, and tilt' basis' of all his ('h'il righls, clInnot be ,"ubjt't't 10 limitatioDnor extilJ(·tion b;\' Iht' lapSt' of timl', bc'C'au>lt',il is an essentiall;\' pl'J'lloDalright."

Thl' Ci,il COOt' lll'ls a dt'finite limil to Ihe a(·tion, l'rl'Sl'l'\ing 11OWl'\'erIht' fundaDlt'ntal idl'a of iJIIJlI't'S('ribabilit), whill' th(' .t'hild is 'not in a position10 e'l'Tl·iSt' it h;\' gi,'ing him his whole lifl'time in whi"h to bring the a••tiOiI.({'il'if Code, art. 118).

Thl' ft'gislatuJ'l' in f'na(·ling (.)lIlph·r 3 of tI••• Coclc' flf Ci\'il "roredu",must 1M'I'!'l'sum••d In h8"l' had I h•• prc"inW\ la,.- an(I the n'asnnll on 'll,hit'hit is found ••d in mind (Jo:"sl!1 r. Stute, 88 N, Eo 62 (Ind).; ."ikell r. St,LOlli", etc. H. Co. 127 110, Apl'. 236: Lilllt' ", Bflwt!rfl, 48 N, .J. I.•. 370:Stutt' ".Sfllftl't'r" R. ro;,. 145 N'. C. 495: 13 I., R. ,A. (N. 8.) 900; ,,, re Jlc-Ke"z;tI, 142 Ft'd. :i83; ,·Hzua ", Jol"/I1IIII. 21 Phil. 308.) and in puUi~ amaxilllum limitation 6f tt'ft ~'t'lIrs for "all ri~hts of whall','er kind andnatnre" (f'odf' of ('it'i' Proudure. 8('('8, 38. 40, 41. -HI, dt'termint'd be;\'ondt·he (.ontnll of tl1l' rourts the la'" and "olic';\' that must rontrol.. It is IIfamiliar rull' of stalutol')' ('onstruction that matters of polie)' are in th••"xrlu!iin' domain of the ll'llislatiloe ckopartmt'Dt. The t'Ourts are bound, toallpl)· the la\\" as tll(';\' find it and not as tl •••;\· lIIa;\' think it ought to 1M.,(]ferc"a'Il'1I BaNk t'. ('001•., 4 Pi••k, (Mass.) 405; Gorha", t' •.•'1t";wall, 10Ohin S. If· C. Pl. 1He. 131; Ros"",iller ". Sta.tt', 114 Wis, 169, 58, L. R. A.";4:0"io Sat. Ba"I' ". Berl;", 26 App, CIllI. (D. C.l 218: EUiIl ~, Barr.150 Mieb. 452; Stute r. Rat Porlilge L"",lHtr ro., 115 N. W. 162 (Minn.):'''tut,. ,', Pt'rmt'Rlt'r, 50 Wash, 164, 19 I•. 'R. A. (X, S.) 707.1 Then! IIflPID\I

to bt> un t'lSf'8Itefmm tilt' I'Unl·hllliun that if the llt'tion to daim Ipgitimaeyill a "i\'il 8t·t ion, and tht'~ ill no 'IUt'lltiun that it ill a t·hil. aetioo, ~it ean••nl~" lK· t·,mulwn,,·d within thl' Iwriudi4 "J'\'HC·rib.'llb~ this ..J18))ter" (3 of.Act 19(/).

TII•• SUJll't.'IlIl'Court in dt'('lllrinx iu ('0114/, r, A lm,I/a" sNpra, that ~8('tion to .·Iaim ll'j.,';tilllal·." Iasls duriul! tht' whol.· life ot' the .•. hild baaedits "dl'l·illiuu l'ntirdy un Ih•. civil COlIt'. It dot'l! nut 8lJJX·ar tll8t,tbe pro-~"isitln"uf tilt' Codl' of Civil Prlll't'duTt' l't.'garding tht' l'n'St'riptioo of actionsW('I't' illllillh·d Ul'"U b.\" ('lIIm",·1 on' t·ith,·r sidt·, uor was this the priocipal!,oint rur dt'll'nuinatillu h.'· th.. I'ourt. In fut·t. it was not before theC'our( at aU, th" main il;."ut' in, disJlutt' Ix·ing ,,'h•.tht'%'nn 8••tioo to compel8('knnwlt·dgnlt'Dt of 8U alll'gt'd ,natural ('hild sUT\'in'll in fa~'or of bis motherwht'n both t!ll' I'llild and thl' )ll't.'Sullltodnatuml fathl'r are dead, the formerd.';n~ during minnrit~' but aftt'r till' dt'millt' or tht' lath'r~ That part of tbt'opinion whieh Tt'lates to t!lt' Prl'llC'ript'lon of thl" artioD ('ao 001)' be anabiter dir'u';'. At all ('\'ents, the I'Tt'lIunll'd fatllt'r in this case havingdied in 1899, till' t·hiJdren must hll\'(' IJt't'n bnm before that date, aDd tbtoc'alllle of aetion had then·fore alrl'ad." a('('rued wht'n Act 190 lI'ent intoeft'e.... (1901). B~' thl' tt'nus of l;('(·tilln 38 of Sllid A•.t the periods ofJlJ'es('ription thl'rein pnl\"ided did not apl'l." to this ease. .(ArCIMIa ~.(;arrid6, 5 Phil. 137; JlagallaHt:1l r. Cuneta, j Phil. 161; Tubuco. ti.

/Jalisay, 7 Phit. 183; P(,lal'io ". Sudario, i Phil. 275; Fiaflza v. ReafJi.,i Phil. 613 (affimled in 215 U. S. 16); "ilfarru: v. Aztirraga, 15PbiI.]08; Patertw ('. o4quil", 2'.! Phil. 428; )'ilh/llut>ra r. Cluustro, 23 Phil. 54.)

And it is al\\'ays to Jxo remembered tll8t the defense of J)reseriptionDlUst be eltl'rt'llSI." plead,'ll, otlll'rwilll' it ('annot be subse<fU(mtJy raised.(See also BQlIa 1.". Arqlliza, 5 Phil. 18;).

ART~. 133 (3), 137.-}'or therl'asons statl'll undt'r urti •.••. 118 the pc.Tiodstlf presc'ription laid dOWD by these ani •.•('S ha\,(' bt't'D repealed b)' thPltro\'isions of t'hapter 3 of the Code of ('i\;1 PI"Ot'edUIr.

The Supremt' Court, howev('r, has said that artieles 129 to 141 being"de\'oted to tbe deeolaration of the subHtantiw rights of ilJegitimatt·(·hildren ..... , aTe.'in no ~'nse adj •.•·li\·e law, hul PUl'l'J)' substantive," andha\'e tbt'ft'fore not IJt't'n repealed by the Codl' of rh;1 Proet'dUft' (Bu •• •

"e"'"nr 1.". Urbano, 5,Phil. 1).Thl' language here used •.('uld ha\'e only bC'C.>nintl'lld~ to mean ill

D general way, Bnd it is not to Ix- inft'rred th,·ft'rro~ that in eaIIeI ofdirect'eonfliet Jxotween tht' provisions of the Cod(' of Civil Proeeduno andthose of the ('i\;) Cod•. till' lau •.r toOntinnC'llrnt'rely htoC'aulM'it is 8ubstantiwJaw.

TheN may be mueh wisdom in the prohibition agaiut instituting ••aetion..to compel acknowledgmentalter the death of the presumed parentfor it is said "to be inspired in the plawrible object to avoid maIi••iOUll

litigation, more probable of ~. without the intervention of the fatheror mother against whom it is directed, besides involving the imputationof nch an important personal condition u paternity or maternity, thedeclaration of which is BOught" (S6tteke.r Bolllti", Civil La"" vol,. 6, p.1039), but the Philippine CommiBSionin legislating on the same nbjeet-the prescription of civil actions-did not make any exceptions of this8Ort,and, as elsewherenoted, none can be made by the courts.

For additional cases constrnirig these artieles, see CopiBtraftO v. 0.biNO,.8 Phil. 135; Muecampo v. MU«4apo, 11 PIiiI. 1 (holding thatthe action to compel acknowledgmentnrvives where it is commencedduringthe lifetime of the presumed parent who dies pending niL)

ARTS.148, 156 (2)-Not statutes of limitation. Lenno v. Mo_ril,9 Phil. 119 (art. 148).

ARTS.173, 180.-Article 113 does not prescribe a period of limitation.Article 180 does, but besides the effect which the chapter on. prescriptionin the Code of Civil Procedure may have bad on aaid article 180, it BeeIIIIclear that both artieJes are no longer in fOIee,the whole chapter in whichthey appear in the Civil Code having been superseded by sctioDS766 to772 of the new Code, making up one division devoted exclusivelyto sdop-tion, the same matter covered by the articles in question.

ARTS.184, 186, 191, 192.-Not prescriptift.ART.197.-Tbe "time fixed for prescription" referred to in this article

is now to be found in the new Code.ARTS.240, 247 (2), 248, 249, 254,264 (3), 269 (6), 282, 285, 287,

288, 292.-Not prescriptive except article 287, hut they seem to have allbeen repealed by the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure relatingto guardianship. The new Code devotes one whole chapter (27) to guar-dianship and it is evident that the legislature intended to. provide a COM-

plete system of guardianship and administration of estates based on prin-ciples of American law and jurisprndence in substitution of the old Spanishlawa OR the subjecL Moreover these artieles are highly procedural. (CoMof Cieil Procedure, Bee.795; BuetlGve"tll". v. UrbaftO, 5 Phil. 1; .AZe.oftyv. Moretto 5 Phil. 172; Tria 17. Orti., 14 Phil. 551; BOM,,", 17. Ma"'"RtJilrOtJdCo., 22 Phil. 140; Bofo" 17. R,,/oz., 22 PhiL 236.)

ARTS.320, 321, 400 (2).-Not statutei of limitatioaa.ARTS.409 (2), 411.-The eeeoDd'paragraph of artiele 409 eltablishes

• period of prescription. It is therefore repealed. Aa waten are, under

the civil1aw, considered real estate (Ci"il Cod~,art 334 (4); Pat1i4ae V,529; Maflresa, Commentaries, vol. 3, p. 27.), the .p1'l!llleriptiveprovision ofthe article is now superseded by seetions 40 to 42 of the Code of (,'i't'ilProcedure. The rest of the artiele is in force. (M.lttatlo ". 1M. GOf1I.,12 Phil. 572; :Jlafltile 1:. Cajuco., 19 Phil. 563.) So is, the first put ofartiele 411. But the right to use publie waters may now be extinguisbeclby n'on-usageduring ten yeaJ'L

ART. 460 (4).-Paragraph 4 of this article states a period after whiehthe rig-ht of pOSl!essionmay be lost. In effeet, the term ill a limitationof the action to recover possession.

"The right acquired by the person who has been in possessionfor one year and one day," says the court in tIDeimportant eaae ofBishop of Cebu 1:. Maflgarotl (6 Phil. 286), ''is the right that theformer possessor lost by allowing the one year &lidone day to expire.The right is lost by the prescription of the actiftllOD.And· the .aetionwhich prescribes upon the expiration of the yt!lU' is 'the aetion torecover or retain possession;' that is to say, the- interdictory aetion.(Art. 1968, par. 1). Then the oally right that elIIl be acquired now,as before, by the person who "fI'asin p,ossessionfo•. one year and oDeday is that he can not be made to answer in aD interdictory action,but this is not so in a plenary action unless he had some title in goodfaith." (p. 291).

This action would have undoubtedly been eoveredh.Ychapter' 3 of theCode of Civil Procedure had not the same Code in seetion 80 thereof PJ:O-vided a special remedy by means of which the action to recover possessionmay be e:-ereisedwithin exaeUythe'same period of time as that mentioneclin this article. The Supreme Court has construed and applied this articlein conneetion with said seetion 80 of the Cod~ of Civil Procedlin! (uamended by Act 1778, Bee. l)"·and, has deelared.it in fOfte as a whole.

"So that the 10ilSof possession dealt with in art.icle 460 of theCiy;l Code may only be recovered within one year and one day bymeans of the action for the recoveryof possessionPllellCribedby eection80 of the Code of Civil Procedure, but when it, ill a question of 'realproperty its restitution may nevertheless be c1aillllllClin • Court ofFirst Instance even after one year and one day by _ns of the p~perplenary action for the recovery of possessioD,that is, the old actioaknown as pv.bliciatIG!' Rodrigue. ". Taiiio, 16 PbiL 301, 805.See also LimptJO ". Di.OtI, 1 Phil. 261, 264; Velo8o Wl. ,Aft' Bertg T.."

2 Phil. 622; Patricio 11. AmIO ••, 4 Phil. 615, 618; Alottso Wl. Mu ••• of p,..,

5 Phil. 71; Bago r. GarNa, 5 Phil. 524; MHgCO r. ll"n'i1la,7 Phil. 4989

505; Et'angelis'a 1:. rer, 8 Pliil. (i53, 661, 663, 665: Tg Lat:o Gioco fl. lltlro.9 Phil, 100, 103; Rora" t' • .llijaretl, 9 Phil. 252, 259; Priolo 1l. Priolo, 9Phil. 506; Ll'dell_ 1'. 3Iar('oll, 9 Phil, 618; Romatt Ca'holic Church r. f".-miliar, 11 Phil. 310; IJI't"l'.~aI'••.••.be.•, 13 Phil. 273, 280; Gtltierrezr. 110-Nario, 15 Phil. 116: Lao-8imbieNg I'. Pall'Ncia, 18 Phil. 325, 329-; .4r0l10"r. Ins. God., 19 Phil. 2'l:l; Pa.li" I'. Ilumphre,IIt1, 19 Phil. 25~; Gltmirnw". (,un/iran, 21 Phil. 174; Pe/ialoNlIr. T'U1son, 22 Phil. 303.

ARTS. 462, 468, 47-1.480, 513 (7\, 515, 516, 520, 521.-Not periods ofJlJ'l>8(·ription.. (Waite I'. Willia",s. ('1/Qlldler d' ('0., 5 Phil. 571 (art. 47-1);Eleizegui t'. Loll'n Te/ll/i ••. ('lUli, 2 Phil. 309, 314 (art. 513); llanila t:•

.llonte d.e Piedad, 5 Phil. 234, 23!1 (art. 51:~); ('I,inyen 1' ••• rg"e11e8, 7 Phil.297, 300 (art. 513).)

ARTS. 537, 546 (2).-EaS<'mf'nts art' rt'al )lrtl)iert~·. «('it'il ('ode, art.334 (10).) Thf':" ma:,' tllf'J'l>ftlrt·hf' IIcquiJ'l>dand f'xtinguisht'd by )lJ't'S('rill-tion or non-use during tf'n years. (Code of Ciril Procedurt>, see, 41; CorteN/', Yu-Tibo, 2 Phil. 24 (art. 537).)

ARTS. 538, 548, 598, 609.-Do not l'stllblish )ll'E'Sl'riptivl' )wriods. (rabi,.I'. Li('I/(/uco, 11 Phil. 14 (IIrt. 538.»

ARTS. 612, 615.-Tht·8(· IIrli(·11'Sin<li('ate the mllnnl'r in ",hi(·h )lri\'at('property ma:,' bt-etlme tlllllilll' again b.'· abandonml'nt after the lapse of •('ertain time without the o\\'Jl('r claimin~ the samf', The~' do not imposelimitations on civil Ilctions in the Il'~a) St'nSt' of that l'xpression and maythert'fort' be regardl'd in fort'e, «('atabian r. TlIny(',d, 11 Phil. 49; r. S.". Cerna, 21 Phil. 144: lOp .. W.'!. Gen. 158; 1 0]1, .4tt.'!. GeR. 252; lOp.Atty, GPfI, 405; 111 0Jl' Atty. (;('1/. 374.) A(·t 1147, howt'\'er; now regulatl'!'lh(' sail' of !ltra:,' nr st:>11'1J:mimals n'C'o\'I'J'('(}from thi('\·('S.

ART, 63a,-Xnt a !'tatule of limitations, (rama,qay" Lagera, 7 Phil.:197; Barreto ", ('it.,/ of ,11t1l/iltl,7 Phil. 596, 6111: Lo!'ez I'. Olbes, 15 Phil.540; J'elas']fll'z ", Biola, 1~ Phil. 2:l1; ('Ilstilltl r. ('G~li11o. 23 Phil. 364.

ART!I. 646, 652,~Th('Sf' arlil'les lire stlltufl'lI Ilf limitatinn!l, Tht')' ma:,'thl'J'l>fort' Jx. ('on!lidf'red J't')lPllled in so far as thl')' )lrt'tM-rilll' )It'riods of1'J't'S('ri)ltion, Thl' h·ml now in foJ't't' is )lrtlhllbly tf'n )'t'ars ifn'a) Prollert)·nr a gift in writin~ is thl' suhj('('t mlltt"r of thl' Il(·tion (.o4ct. 1911. _'S. 40,43),or fllur years in ('88(' of )If'1Wlnal)lI")ll'rt)' (St'C. 4:i), or it ma)' possibly IJ(>ten )'ears in an:,' ('alle (S('(', 44), The other pro~;sion~ art' C"on\'f'ni('nt-na)l'S

imposed b;\' sub!ltanth'p la,,' for the ~om)lutation of tlM' p«>riod in tlletlf'rtarlicular paKl'8and possibl~' still rt'main in fono.e.

ARTS. 653, f163 (2),681 (2),688, 68.l),690. 701, 703. 712,719,730.756(4), 758 (2).-Not pl't'SC"ripti\'e. (111 t1f, tfI!Itter of the n'iII of Cabig1ifl!l.

14 Phil. 463 (art. 003); Ilen/{U'z r. Iler"af'z, 1 Phil. 689 (art. 681); }'e-laseo r. Lopf'z, 1 Phil. 720 (art. 688); FernaNdo r. J';lhrlmt, 3 Phil. 386(art. 688).)

ART. 762.-This pt'riod is a limitation of time within whieh the a("tionfor the dt'C'laration of in('apa(·it~, to su('('('(·d may be instituted. It thereforefulls within tIle prO\'isions of ('hapter 3 of the Cu~e of Chil Pl'Ot"t.'dureandma~' lit' rt'Jt'arded as repeall'd. The mannl'r IIf f"omJluting It probably stiUsubsists.

ARTj;. 775, 77fl, 793 (2),795,805, 8ll), 841, 869 (3) 879 (1 tf 2),880,893, 8S18,904, 905, 90G.-Not 8tatuh-s of limitationll. (MoreNte t'. De I«-"anta, 9 Phil. 381 (art. 793); .1Ujares 1'. Ser,'" 3 fllil. 195, 2tJ2 (art. 841):Llorente t'. Rodr;gllez, 10 Phil. 585, 581 (art. 841); Paterno r. Solis, 15Phil. 153 (arts. 904, 905).)

ART. 962 (2).-This ]leriod ill similar in eharll('ter to tllOse mentiouf'dill artide 113 and is based on the somt !'Pasons. For. the eonsiderationsstatl'd in eonnl'l'tion with said art ide 113 the limitation hl'!'Pin preseribedhas hel'n sl1lll'rsl.'d(·db~' those I))'ovidt>dfor in the Code of Chil PJ'OOt'dure•

.ART!<.!l65, 9('16,967, 968, 974, 915, 977, !l78. 9i9, 980, !I82 (2), 989.-Xut statuh's of limitations. (J)el Ro,qario ,.. Del Rosario, 2 Phil. 321, 32(1Inrt. 982); RanlOll r. Jlarqllez, 10 Phil. 72'2 (art .. 989).)

.ARTS. 1004, 1005. 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1021, 1022.-Repealed. .

"TI\(' provisiollS of this law of pro('('<1I1l'l.'(.A('t 100) haw abrogatedlImon/r otlll'J'S till' jlro\;8ions of art ii'''' 1003 of the Ci\il Code and othersill rdutioll to the t>ameartidf.' with J"('gard to the simple af'l't.'ptanee oftl\(' f.'statl' of a d('('('aSl"d "er~on, or to that mnde with 'It'nI'ftt of in-wnlory and thl' ('onSl'flu('n('('s t'\('1'{·of." (1'ar;/I t·. /)e la Rfllla, 8 Phil.iO, 75. R(·t.'.41!oll,'o I:•• ""atil·hlad, fI Phil. 240: 0"';7 r .. 4rambllro. 8Phil. 98.)ART. 1049 (O.-Not prescriptive.ART. 1067.-Th(' ri/rht of 1'{·df.'mption Jm\nh·d h~' thit; nrtil'le is au

"'X('I,,,ti"nal om', 311 additinlllli limitatinn upon the untrnmnll'lIt>d dispositioDof "rh'llt(' "JlIlwrt~', and tI\(' 1l'lr1slator dl't'llll'd it n('('('Il,"I"r~'to ftlJui1'{'imnwdiat(' notic'(' t" 111('intl'1'{>8h'djlartil'H of itll intl'ndl'd e· ('n-ilM"b~·'l",.S('ribin/r the shnrt )ll'ri"d of Onl' mnnth in whil·h sUI·h notil'" DIU!4th(" ~Vt'Jl.

If dt'mand is not Illade within Sllid month th('J"(' is no riJt'ht tu !'Pdl'mptit1n.The t'xistenl'l' of thl' ri~ht d('IWlldll u)lon the I)('rfomlan«(' of • {'('rt.inIll't \\ithin a ('l'rtain time (llnJ.rf'sa, ('ommel/tar;,,,, art. ]007).

The artidl' then ('reates a l'fllldition pn>f'lod('nt to the a('C'mal of tl,.·ri~ht of I\('tion. not a ijtalutl' of limitationll. As Ilul'h it iM·in fol'fie tor

theft' ran bP nil inC"lIl1sish.'n,'.,·behn ..••n su••h II ,wr:ud liS lIlt' Ilrii,.J~ "1\'.fI('ribrs,8Dd tht' pt'""ds of pl't'fI(·ripti'lII·found in tht' ('od,' uf Ci,'i1 Pl\w~dun'(am·t. of th,- ·P. L r. 11I('I.aIlRti (f ('0" 2-l Phil. 3151.

ART. IG76.-It is douhtful wllt'lht'r tht' riltht l't'ft'rl't'd 10 ill this Itrli"I,'is dt'mandable at tht' pl't'St'nl time in "it'w of tht' flirt that tht' Sl'ttl"!IIt'1I1and distribution ofestatt's of deC"t'8!wdpt'l'l!uns IIn' now ('f'f,'(·tt'd h~' d,,:·r,'(·IIf ('Uurt. If the right to bring a l't'fI(·isslIJ')'a"tion for 1("',11/ in tilt' di"'biunof an inht'ritanl't' t'xists at all. its limitatiem IIm"t hi' leluk••d fur ill ,·hllpt,·r3 of tilt' ClIdt' of Ci\'il Prort'durt'. (~t' -"(fhlllfl" r. f;I'(III(II,,;,.tO. 211 "'hil.273).

ARTS. 1221, 1246 (iJ), 1280.-XlIt pn'8(·ripti\'l'. (.of 'dt'fIHt'r t', 111111"111/.2 Phil. 500 (art. 12'211; 1'iml.ol I', .11allol", 6 Phil. 254 (ltrt, 12'211. 1 Phil.671 (art. 12RO); 1';ptfll/ I'. Aderezo, 5 Phil. 477 (art. 12801; ,11"jim ;"f'erllalldez, 9 Pbil. 403 (art. 1280).

ARTR. 1299, 1301.-Tb£o Ill'riods of pr",wriJllioll IIlt'nt~"IIt'd ill thl'l'l'artit·les art' evidt'ntl)' (,o\'l'rt'd b)' Del·tions 4:-1to 45 of tlJ" ("odt' uf Ci\'ilPJ'Ol't'dUft', and IDa)' propt'rl)' be ('onsidt'l't'd l't'Jlt'lIlt·d, All a,'lion.. haSt'don (·ontra(·t must now b•• hmught within tt'n or ~ix .wal'>! dt'Jll'lIding onwbetber the ('ontra('t is in writing or not. (.41'1 /!/'/, St'I'. 43)~ Tht' rul",••laid down for tht' ('omputation of timt' d•• not St'l'm to bt' in 8uhstlllltilli('onfli,'t with all)' pro,;sion of tbt' ('odt' of Ch'i1 Pnll',·dul't', Ilt'ing' stllnt'\\'batsubstantin' in naturt'. and would St'l'1Il to ('ontinu,' in fll1'('('. (.\"'1'(11 r.f:IIriq un, :I Phil. 669; e. S. 1'. ,1/illl/, -I Phil. :1f11; Ti"t"I/"" '·/'I((JI,'u.6Phil. 67; BOl/dot! 1'. FeliJ', 9 Phil. 5!17; ('jt.•, of .11t",i"/ I'. 1.",,1.:. HI Phil.:124; Iotlliez r. lIoI/9k(Jl/!J ((1It1 SI""'!lllUi,8m/l.:. 2'2 Phil. 57:!.)

AllTR. 1309, 1314. 1329. 1345. 1:152. ]:161. 136:1, 13ifl. 1:17IJ, 13!13. ]-IllJ(1) .-Not statutes of limitations.

ART. 1472.-Tht' l't'llson why tIlt' ('i\'il C,ldt' limitt'd tilt' 1l,·tiO/l!!l't'l't'rr"llto in this artil'lt' to the ,·oIllJlaratin·ly ••hort "t'ri"d of' six monlhll spr:1I11:Sfrom the prin(·i"I,' that thl' t'ffi('al'y .of (·i\'i1 trall!llll'tionll slnlllid /lilt h"left opt'n to otfa(·k h;\' l'I'8<'issnJ')'a,·tinns fc:r an;\' I~ngth nf' tinll'. Pt'l~IhS

wbo l'ul'l'haSl' I'roPt'rt)' must examil1t' 10 th••ir "toriI wllt'tl •••r th•• nbjt'C·tl'ol'rt'Sponds in alt rt'sJlt'l'ts ,,'itb the l'onditinmf of tht' alrn •••mt'nt. Tn Jl'iwtlll'm 8 long t••rm in whil·h to ('Xl'J'('ist'tIll' ft,·tion "f J't'S(·illSi"nw(luld bt' tosllhjt'C·t "olut'S to unl't'rtllint)·. (Jlanrt'JltI, ('ommel/taries, ,""I. 10. fil'. 15:!-1531. Still, as tht' rt'Si'issoJ')' a('tion is noot' tht' I('!IS0 l'i,;1 oetiClo for thl"allO"" ('onsidl'rations. ond as nil a,·tions must IIVWhe bruulZ'ht within till'Hmt' )lI'l'!Il'riJx.db)' the Clldl' of Ch;1 PI'Ol·t'dUl't',it is al'l'an.nt that arlit·l ••H72, a8 far os thl' )It'rilld of "J't>S('ril'lillu is ••on••••rnM. has heell 1't'11t'81t'dh~' l'haptt'r 3 of said Code.

AIlT. 1482.-~ ••t a statute.' of limitation, but a t'tmdition l)~ent.In f"rw. ( ('it.'1 "I .llllllila ". Larl.·, 19 Phil. 324-,3-13; .A.1rag t". CabiliNg,] 8 Phil. -115.'

AWf. 1483.-The last paragraph of this IIrti(')e t'stahlishes periods of,Jlrt'St'ripti"n fur tIlt' lwti"n fllr rt'St."ission and tht' a('lion for damag8 forII llJl('(,itit-d C'IIUst', Tltt· It'nns stated are thus statutes "f limitations, )Jureand simple, and must he ('onllidl'rffl rel't'alt-'d. (.ll""rl'sa, CommeNtaries,\'01. lO, I'l'. 205-2(6) •

.-\5 to tilt' roIl'S laid d\lwn for the i,·••mll\ltati\lu of the statutory lJeriodat' Jlrest·riJltiun, tht' ('C'l1rts in tIlt'. rnitl'd Statt'll Ix'ing dh;ded on the ques-tion \If tilt' IIt·l·rnal \If thl' lwtiun f ••r hreac·h ,,1' warrant~· (25 Cye. 1091 and.,·a,..'S c·itt·dI, tilt' "K'al ('CtUrtswill Jlrohahl~' lll'c't'pt and a",,))" these positi\'eprnvisiuns fit" tilt' ('i\;l Codt', tilt" nwrt' so, ('onsidt'riJ1g that rt'l'ea)s b~' im-I'lic·ati••n art' a\'Uidl'd if JI\lssih)l', and b('('auS(' {'OUrts t.·lldea\·or to t.'Onstrue·ull stat ult.,; liS II gc.·lll'ral and unit"\lnn S~'stc'lU\If jurisl'rudenee. (McDOOM- .!l111t1t'. lJtl/lyhert,l/, l-l, Ga. 67-1; Robertsun,;. State, 109 Ind. 79; Stllte t".R.1",,,.ell, ](14 I lid. 5-U; RrouJ,-:. 1". FitclllJllr!1, I'te. R. ('0., 200 )JaSll. 8, 21L. R. A. (~. Sol !J70; ('happell I'. 1..al/rll"Ier ('m",'!/, 84 Xt'b. 301.)

A liT!'. UHO, },1!l6.-The rt'dhibitol')' at·ticOllsto whil·it th~ articll1l at-ttll."hed a Iimitatiun ma,\' now he t'xl'rt,ist-d on)~' in llt"c'OrdaDl'ewith 1be )JI"O-\'isiuns of <"1laptt'r3 \)1' thl' ('odc· uf Civil PT<l<'t-durefur the rt'HStlnSstatl'duntlt'r article 1483-

.A liT. 149i.-Cclllditiun )lrt't,t'dl'nt. In fori·c. (jIOlrresa, ('ommeNtaries,\'col. 10, )I. 2:ii; (j"I'f, "I the 1'. I. ". )"m·h(III.,ti cf' Co., 24 Phil. 3151.

•-\llT. 1499.-The ••f'ft't·t of this nrtide is to giw the \'\'ndt't! tlll' rightto hritl~ an Retinn un a fjUlIIII"1II 1IIl'r"it or to J'(·St'ind.tbe ('ontra('t de&«'ribed,,~. it within thl' time limitt'd for tl\\.' ~'isso~' action. (Jlanrna, Co.-ml"l1#ttriN<, m). lO, p, 24l). This time having bet:'n iDt'reaStodby· the pru-\'i~illns cot"tIll' (,udl' of Civil· }>nwt'dure it is evidl'nt that the latter ('laolle••f thiK artic·le JrC~ HIHn~ with suc·1t f'~h·nllilln. (St'(' artil'll'II 1490, 1496)•

.A liT!', 1504. l5tJ5.--('ontrHc·hia); nllt )lrt'llt'ripth-e.A,IT. l508;-Fnr tht' rt-a!UlJ\SIItah-d in t'clJ\nt'CtioDwith artidp l00i tbia

:lrtit"lt' is in fcort'e. nlthllujr]1 it lis.•• b('t'D 1I11idthat "the 118idfour ~'t'8n t'OD-"tituh- n spt>t'inl lwriotl cor prt'St'riptilln." (.A1allo t'. Bablll'II" 10 Phil. 511,517; (jure;a I'. J);a",z(}". 8 Phil. 414.) Tilt' SU)lrem•• C..Ollrt bas C'OnstruH~nd npp)itod this arti(']" in numeJ'llUS t'Allt>S:(Pafricio r. Aragon, 4 PhiL()}5; LIlfOllt ". l'al'I'asin, 5 Phil. 3m; Garcia r. Diomzon, 8 Phil. 414;~4.11.ertt'. PIUll'alml. 9 Phil. 2M: Altmo 1:. Bahasa, 10 Phil. 511; Bfll'rte.",i •••('. Xil't'o., 13 Phil. !Ii; JI"rt"ra t'• .1lartilln, 14 Phil. 541: RI'!/u r. Li.kp,

15 Fbi). 420; II"i,." ui J.",,.ro r. Lizol'etl, Ii Pllit 112; A"!J{Io ,.. elfu·••••Ii Phil. 260; THnIWII·I'. r.od.ro, 23 Phil. 342; 1I",.i/< r . .Y(',I/M, 24 Plail. 417.)

ANT. 1519.-Xot )U't_rilltive.ART. 1524.-10 fon't': a fflndition )1~Jlt. (I.illl Tu;,." r. ('II ,. ••-

ji""!I, 21 Phil. 4,93).ART. 1530.-Not pJ'ell("rilltive;ART. 1535.-10 fon't': l'OI1ditiml 1)J't.'(-I·d••uf. l';('(. Ilrti(·11>1067, tlKpra.

t Altle.l/'u'" ,.. Hod',I1", 5 Phil. 584; Robill"oll ,.. (;""",11, 8 Phil. 275).ART~, 1548, 1558, 1566, ]571. 1577, 1581, 1583, 1584.-Xot statutes of

lilllitatillns. (TiptOJ' r, Aderezn, 5 Phil. -tii(art. 1548); TiptON r, Jlo,.-f;IIN,5 Phil. ·fi7 (art. 1548); Hllrique: ,', Wt/t"OIl .t: ('0.,2'2 Phil. 6"23 (art,1548); Hl-l'i;;eglli ", 1;a"',, 7'1'1111;,' Cl"ll, 2 Phil. 3ml (nrt. 1566, 157., 1581):(ilm:al,. ", Cri"all,fo, 2 Phil. 404 (arts. 15fi6. 1577, 1581); "'oriaNa •.•J-lei",fir Ro:1"UX,4 Phil. 638 (arts. 1566, 1581); ('o-TiollflcO r, (;o-(;lIia, 1 Phil.:no (artl'. 1571. 1581); 8alll r, llalrl.-illfl, 1 Phil. 275, 280 (art. 15i1);relltura r. JIille,., 2 Phil. 22 (art, 1571); Tt",.,.aMe r. r.ardlf,;o, 9 PhiLli05, 607 (art. 1577); Sitin Teeo r. rellfura, 1 Phil. 497. 499, (art, 1581);(',.,,;; ". Co-('lIam. 4 Phil. 489, 490 (art, 1581); r."ell ". KocJ.:, 16 Phil, 1.4. 5, (art. 158.1i: III' 10" Re.l,e.~ ", .A1ojallo, 16 Phil. 499, 50:~, (art,;. 158.1.1584).

AUT: 1591.- Thil' artil·lp (JllIragJ'8)1h 2) dOl'S not establil'h a )Il>rilld ofI'n·!l(·ril,tilln of al"tionl' as hall bPPn sU~t'Sh>d. ("·iJ)ard's Xotes, II. 87).TIll' )Wrilldll lltatffi /11'1' nllthin~ mort' than tilDl" limits 00 the duration of!hl>)milding (,Ilntnll'tnr's and an'hitPl·t's liabilit~· in damaJ:t'S fllr fault~' work.1f th" daDllljrl' n('('Ul'lIwithin thl> IlI'rindll df'Si/rllatffi, thp (,(lIllral'tllr nr an'hi·11••·1. all the ('a!\(' ma~' )('. ill Jialtll' and a(·ti"n mll~' )(' !trough tlwn'On IK·foJ'('it is ltRJT('d b." "rdillaD' )lJ'('S(·riptioll. Shnuld thl' dRlIlagl' arill(' afh·r\\"ard ••lh(·J'(' ill no Iiahilit.\', 110 right of al'tiOlI. In fonof'. (lInH,.e"a, rommi'Hta,.it'I<.",,1. 10. )lJl. 700-703; ,;;;a/lcll,,: R(IfI~nJ, ('i";l I.n,,.. ""I. 4. JlII. 794, 7M; ('1111.'1

". l1er,.,.,lil" 12 Phil. 2511; BOtlqN" r. ]'11 ('I,il'("(" 14 Phil. fl5.iAUT~. 1608, In09.-f"onditi"nK )In'l't'dl'nt; in fOrM', lWt>artiC"1t,lOtii'.ART, 1614.-Xllt statutt' of limitatinns..AUT. 1620.-Titll' "18,Ruok IV of tilt' (,i,;1 (,odl', .,.lall'l1 to Iln"!lI'riptiulI,

lt "!I('('mRthat tIlt' lan~ua~ used 1I'al' simpb' a (,()1I\"t'nient "'a~' of inl'or-)lorating till' tllI'n pxilltill/r rull'll of Jlrt'lK'rilltion to tllP IIllbj(>('tuncWr ('011-

sid.·ratinn. Haid rulesha"in~ I_n m"difit'd b~' llullll('(ln('nt 11111'11it ill ("I"arthat tlIP arti(·lp ('an no\\" J'l'fl'r "nl~' to tI)(' sullllillting law of )Irt'lK'rilItiOJl.With thill modifll'atinn the artil'lt' is io fOl"fle"

.o\RTS. 16.17. If"138,1640.-f"onditionll(lnwodeot, not ,,1.tUIl'll of limit.-li"n,; for n'aMllnt<IlnaloJllIUIlto thO!ll' I'Jt)llainPd undpr arti ••I(, lO6i, Rtoc-tions

;uj3. to -1ft!) uf' tll.· Cudt· uf ('i\'il P"'M,•.-du", ma~' howen •••lla\'e repealed a1l)I1'",-isi"nlSuf" tI••.•('i\·jJ (·ud •.•",Iatin' to mt'lnlltiO'n in judicial sales. (De 111

Htn'" ". "';/""lI"', 10 Phil, 1-18; .lJartille: r, ('a'lllI'''f'1I, Ht Pllil. 626; .1Otlquiw,', •.• ,·•..lIl1J.a. 11 Phil. 2-m; Bit""" I'. IIIIl/.t/II', 13 Phil. 21.; Fabros t;. Villa.J8 Phil. 334i: AM".·"., d' ('". I'• .\'nrarn" 23 PlliJ. 203.~

..\liT, 1(i46.- The ('i\'j) ('"d.· has t>x'11't'SlI1~' lI'ithdnnl-n tilt' action to claimIlIIlill'mi •• fl'UUl IIU' uIl{'nttinll of' t11'diDa1'~')lJ'l"ll('ri)ltilln in ""rtaiD eases. 'Thf.•.'"d •.•lit' ('i\-il P"'l<",·dll1't'.huwt>w1', makt'S DOf'XI'('JltiuDSof aD~' sort. It is\l.t·J'l·!""J'l·h••lil·wd that tht' at·tinD in qU('stiuD ma~' ~ml~' bt> eommeneed withinth•.•'It·1'i"d!' )I1't..,.;c,rilx·dll~- l·ba)lh·r :I of tllt' CtlCWof: f'h;l pJ'll(-l'dure.

Alrrs. lIH •• lli-t8, 16-t!l. If150, 1655, 1656, 16f10 (2).-Not preseri)th·t'.A lIT:". 1471, 1i!l(i.---('nnditiuns )lJ'l·coffi•.•ut, Dilt lM'ri"C1sof )ll"l'!lc."ri)ltiou,

In fort"".AIITS. 1802, 180-1. 1806, 18-l3 (5), moo, 1!1"2-l.-Xot statntes of limita-

linns. (BaJ/I'Q E"pa;;III ]-'ili},ill" ". /1",,,,711,,1111. 8illl d- ('0., 5 Phil. 418, 42410rt, 18-l31: .•.•·.tell: ". l'l,/, ('11111111,16 Phil. i6 (art. ]843); KlU'lIzle l- Streiff,'. Tnll 8allc", 16 Phil. 4.0 (a1'l. 1843): .101111$10" r. Darill, 5 Pbil. 663,'66i(Ilrt. 19091: Bal/(", E"l'lI.i"l ]-'ilijlill" r. l'elenllln. i Phil. 409, 413 (art.t!J22); Ru/'ert .f· (;IU/I"i", r. /.uell!l0 41: JJlIrliilez, 8 Phil. 55-1 (art. 1922):(ft.ill"ZI'II "" ('". '-. 1'1'11''''"1/. 10 Phil. 3:m. 345 (art. 19'.!2): )f(!]!it'lciflg t'.

1'rem{)!la, 14 Phil. 253 (;Irt. ]!l'12I: 1'"rre" r. (;1'1/("11, i Phil. 204 (art. 19'12):Bml1 •.i'l!1 (''''1M) ral i,." r. ('urrtlle,~, 10 Phil. 435 (art. 1922); Martittez ~.lIollitla.II. 1I'i"e It.' ( .••.•1 Phil. 194, ]9i (a1'l. 19'24); Oiirarn ,.. HOllk» .•••• f- ('''.,2 Phil. (j8!l (nrl. l!t2-t1; Peler .•••11 I". Xe,,·I,err!I. 6 Phil. 260 (art. 19'>..A) :(; ••('/"'i.·11 r. 0,·n1llI"'. 7 Phil. 15, 1!J (nrt. 19'.2-1): Fide(il!1 ,(. nellOsit Co. ,..lril"ol/, 8 Phil. 51, 58 (art. ]924); ••.••oler r. AI:Ma, 8 Phil. 539, 543 (art.1!l2-1); 811'111/1/ r, J'nJl BII"kirk-('rtJol' ('i,.• 10 Phil. 190 (a1'l. 19'>..A).)

..-\IITS. 1!130. 1113},1!1:12.1!1:1:1,HIM, 1!135, 1!136, )!13., 1938.-Although1!It·y do nul J11't'l;t·ril,..pt·rinds wit hin w)lit·lI Ilt·tion~ must Ill' t'omD1enced tbest·111'Iit·lt·s111'31l'xc')I1;;iwl~'wilh tIll' Ill\\" of !lJ'l'Sf·ripli••n. It would be a higill~'p•.•,fiI3hll' in ••uiry tll dl·\t·nnin(' th(' l't'fl'l't of l'haph'r 3 or tbe ~ode of('ivil P"'N"roU", on tl•••m, lmt sllt·h invl'Stigntiou is llt'~'''Dd tbe llC.-ope(If thi"1Ilt'si:s. This 111\\I'hshmtltl 1lt' said, 110\\,('\'('1'. It may not 1M.reaml)' admitted111111tit)1' 18, Hook IV of tIll' Civil ('odt· )mll lK'l'n lI·h••lI~',rP[K'8led, for onlyII 11t'f"t'S~I1'~:and irrt'Sislihlt· illll'lit'ation will )1(' Iwld 10 opt>rate as a repealuf R sln'luft· (AllIballll/ Brlwcl, Bat/I.: r. Ki-rl;poJr;el;, 5 Ga.' 34; Pra" ".--tl1m.fit', p.lt'. 1l. ('" .• 42 ~I•...5i9: .•.•.,11,,. to. lI'el"",, 210 )to. 001; .1e3# t;. ]),.

('IIfIII!I, 105 S. W, lOll (Tt'xasl; trood r, [~. S., 16 Pt'!. (U. S.) 342. [' •••••.•t'. Tell Th"'~(fI1I1 ('it,l,rs, 28 F(·d. CIlIl. Xli, 1645H,t'BI_ially 80 as 801Dt'

tlt' Iht' IIFud!'itlns a•.•• of liD 1'S.<;(·ntinU:,'s\1bJ;tanth'p ••hal'llt'l••r. (BNt'lIal·f'.",ra

,'. UrbtUItJ. 5 Phil. 11. Rut th••", ('alii bto uo 'llJt'8tion that so mUt~rluf tfKw.

Ilrtit'lt'll all aJ'C' ill !'ulllltantial ('onfliet with the pr,,\"illionll of tilt' Code (.fCh;1 PJ"O('t'dure ha\-e htotolluhroJ.,ratl-db)' impli('atioll, sin('!" the lattl'r ('o.1f.•·••ntains the latest "xI'J'C'llSionor thl' It'gislath',. will in the IIJ'C'mi\q'll. VI~,,-r;etta J/;". efc; ('0. r. (;urdller, 1;3 r. S. 123: .•.•ltlte'·. S(lII'!ler, 139 Ala. 136:/lngUl,e ,.; ilo!lutle, 5. Ark. 508: People ". .-tull/Irll etc.Tltrllpike ('(1.; I2!c·al. :-J:J5;("I;m; Bra"l'h R. ('0. ". EaJlf Tel'". elt'. R. ('0•• 14 Ga, :tli: Peopl"". L!llIe, 1 Ida. 143: lI'ush;J1ytm,iUt, (;UrNe: r. ('/,i,'u!Jo, 15; Ill. 414, 29 I-H. A, i!J8: /Jeo!!!1 r ..•.•,ute. 8S Ind. 260; I-:d!lar ". c;reer. 8 Iowa, 394, ,-IAm. Dl'f" 316: Elliutt r. l.oI'11IIu"e, 1 Kan. 126; ('om. ". GUfI"/,al/', !t! K).

,-tJ5; 8m;lh 1', ·•••,,"i,·a". i1 .Mo.'ISO: Siale I'. Xortl,ern ('ellt. H. Cu., 90 ~ld_44;; J olllltron ". QU;JI('!I,1!18 .Mass. ,nl; Jlerr;rnau j'. Great .\'lrtl,eu Erpre ••...,('01llJHlllY, (j;-J~linn. 54:-J: (;;"'10118 r. Brittell""', 51i lIiss. 232: Poul r, BruU'H.'18 Alu. 6;5; Terrilory r. (;ifl,erl, 1 ~lont, 311; Aile" ".' Ke,,,,ard, 81 Xt'b..289: ."ulliguu ". Ka"ullauy", 46 X, .J. L. -IS; Bal'a ". Berllalillo ('OUllly, 1"

. X, 11. 438: Peuple l'~ Bull, 46 X. Y. S;, 7 Am. Hl')I. 302; ('al/,bridge r.SmallU'(J(Jd, 2; 01li" ('irl'"it n. :102: Jlllr.t r.. /la,rJl,·5 Oreg. 2.5; Spt'e.r. Bugys, 204 Pa. St. 504: LUI/'re" •• r. ('ra,rf"rd, 55 S. C. 5!I4; lI'ell" r •••.•,ate, 3 IA'a (T,.nn.) 370: Jlugfllwum r.. lIig/,gnte, 55 Vt. 412: Jla!llle~ r.(·om., 31 Gratt. (YII,I 96; Bftll,,; r. S,ree".'I, 5 "·ash. 712.)

8t'e also ~4rt,e(f,j ('rltz ". lJe Lefll', 21 Phil. 199 (Art. 1930); Alal/o r.Rubasa. 10 Phil. 511 (Art. 111321: lIarl!.! r. J/lt,,;(';])alil!! of )'ie/ur;a, 13Phil. 152 (art. 11136); IN". (;urt. 1'. Alrleco" .~ Co:, 19 Phft. 5U5 (art. 19361.

ART. IH3!1.- This artie·le is lIl'f'l'RIollIril~'obsoMe, but the Philipl)inpRI'IK.rtS IIhllUlId with ('a!lt'Sdl'f·id(·d Oil th •• t;tn-ngth of the rule laid down byit. (Arm,ela '~. (;arr;(lo, S Phil. 137; Pilleda r. GalJnta!la, 5 Phil. 1:lil;(;ar('ia ". 1);a1ll.III'. 8 Phil. ·U4: Albert ,'. PUIlSllltJR, 9 PhiL 294; .-llaNo •.•BalJalla, 10 Phil. 571; ('tJN('e]JI'ioll ". ('il!! of J/all;la, 11 Pllil. 552; J'eloll"I~ FOlltftlw.u. 13 Phil. ;9; .';u,';ro ,'. Rall/;rez, 14 Phil. 500; ObralJ Pias r.Verera 1!lIUlf'io, 17 Phil, -IS: lI,irll of Jumer(, r. Lizare" 1; Phil. 112.)

AHTlI. 11140,111-11,H1-f2, 1!J4:i, 11144,1945, 1946, 194;, 194M, IY-i9, 1950~]951, 1!152, 1!1!);-J,III54.-Thl'SP artil'les do not prest'ribe l'('riods of lJh'-lIC·riptioll. (('umfl!/ul/ r, AliNgay, 19 Phil. 415 (art. 1940); De ('a.tro r,I-:I'''(lrr;. 20 Phil. 29 (art. 194(1); ri1lflrrue"a r. (.'1alllllro, 24 PhiL 55 (art.]1140); rillarll; r .. harra!/u. 15' Phil. 108 (art. 1941); Delgfldo r. BORJler;t",f'ArQlldez. 231'hil. :-J08(art.H)41 J; ('MieN ", l"1t Him, 2 Phil. 2 (art. 1942);.f!/ala tie Ho;"(,,, ". ',1/a!"OIIIIO,8 PhiL ;-IS (art. 1942); PalJ('ttal r. ARiel".13 Phil. 411 (Hrt. 19421.; Sa" ('MIt" 1'•• 1IMN. of ('ebu, 19 Phil. 132 (~rt.19-12); Xu,.,.a ('ul'"elJ r. IJ;rerlor of LUJld" 24 PlliI. 485 (art. 1942) ; AmRj"1'. (',1;•• IIi Phil, 3'!U lart. 19-1S); IItJIi"do ••• BiarR('Ila. 7 PhiL 232 (artL

1950, H152, 1!153): Wolf'''''';'' rtf'.'Ie,,-.8 Phil. 365 (11I't. 1!J5:'); Lt,~~rt6 !'.

(;"erTe,,,, 8 Phil. 719 (art, 1!J46 1: (;"I"iel ". Blfrl"lume, 7 PhiL 699 (art.1!150): ArrioTa ". (;Ollle" de Ilf .':PTlta, 14 Phil. 627 (urt. 1950); Santiag(j~-,('rlfz, 1!J Phil. 145 (art. 1950).)

ART. 1!155.-8l'f,tinn 43, para:tfapl. 3. uf tIlt' ('"d,· tlf ('hil Pr..K't.(Jure1"'hl\('s tu tIll' sanlt' lIIatt ••r (,U\,t'rt'd lJ~' th •• tirst tWIl puraK1'I\phs uf this artieleund has tlwr ••fIlTt· r"p'·IlI •••1 tlM.'sum ••, ((;"',,,. "I fl,e P. 1. 1'. l',,~hatl"ti ri- Co.,2-l pilil. 315) ulthuuJrh tIlt' Rllpr ••lU•• ('uurt, ill it spirit of t'xtreme ,'Onser·\"Iltism, .lllls appli,od it _ill at l''3st tW'l l'al\t'l' in whh·h th •• l·a~st'S. of a••tioD;\t',-ru.·d aft ••r th •• }lUS."I8!C"of A.·t 11l0, (Side('o r. l'a~('I,a, 13 Phil. 341; .ca-juiyan ,', ~'atit-itl/f(l, 14 Phil. 734). Jo'ur lldditiunlll ('381'!lon tllis artit!1e .~rlfTera 1'. Fillllick, Il Phil. 482: .4 rell'l." r. Rff.llm'IJld", 19· Phil. 46; e. S. c.('erl/a, 21 Phil. 1+1: lJelfladu I'. BOIlI/l'de If' .-Irat"ler, 23 Phil. 308.

ART. 1!156.-Not a l';tatute of Iimihltionll. (."ide(·Q 1', Pas~fUJ, 13 Phil.3-J2: ['. 8. ". ('erna, 21 Phil. 144.)

ART. 1!157.-0wn ••rship and oth"l'pl'up ••rt~' l'igi,ts ill real 1'1'01It'rty Ullly

lI<lWpr.·,;torilK' b,\' ad",·1'St' and ,'uutimltilhi pOSl\l·ssion fur ten ),••ars in 8('('01'-

dlllWI' with St'('titlns -lOan.l 41 uf' th •• ('od •• of' Ch'il Prot'Mure 88 to allp"rsons wl\('tllt'r pn'sl'nt or allSt'nt, "in whatl!\'l'r \\'a~' 10111,·11O('(·upan ••y ma:,'!UI\'" .·tllllllll'n,·I·d tlf "lllItinul·d:' Th.. 'whole artit'l.. is tht'refore 're)l~led.Rut Sl>(, rel,,,-,, I', .Y".'I'lit, :l Phil. 604: rJ'c1rall.~ti .f- ('0 •••• rornmandingGel/uaT, 6 Phil. 556,.5li5: lJoUlldo ,', Ril,,"e~I', 7 Phil. 2:1'2: l;arc1litorena1', P,.,:tiyo, 12 Phil. 374: _~rrioTa ", (;ume. de II' Serrltl, 1-1 Pbil. 62i; D,('/lstro ". Ec1tarri, 20 Phil, 23.

AIlT, 1!l58,-('ontaillR no peritld tlf 1,J'l'!i(·ription.AI/T. 1!l5!l.-Repl·ull·d in the lI.'llllt' WilY and b~' ·th•• SIIII1•• pTtI\;Rionll of

thl' ('od •• of Ci\'il Prtlt,,'dul''' as urtit·l,· 1!157, Im}Jra. But set' ('orteN 1:'. l'lf

Ti/",. 2 Phil. 2-1: l'eloso r. 'Say"it, 3 Phil. 604: (;",";1' ". lIipolito, 5 Pbil.503: (·I•.••"io 1',Rllt'I/". 5 Phil. i4~: Perl': ". ('tlrtl'x. 15 Phil, 211; :ifH". uf rat-baToyan " .Dire(-tor of VlIlds, 17. Phil. 216: :if,wit'illalit!1 of Ta ••Tol,a" r.]Jirut"r flf 1.alllls, Ii Phil. 0126. +12: Arlletlu ('ra;: I', De I.e,,". 21 Phil. 199;I. nil, ..tlt.,/. ne". 218: III OJ!. Atty. ne", 2()O,

A8H:, 1!l60. 11l61,-~tl 1"'ritldROt' pJ'l'l\t-npti ••n Olt'nti ••nt>d.ART. 1!l,f2.-TIIt' )ll'l·s.·riptiw Ilt'riods prt:"idl'd for in this arti,·lt> mUllt

lit' "'lnsid,.!'t'd r,·p,·alt·d in tIlt' 1U1Il1t' way and f••r th •• MOle realfons 8S th(_m••ntiolll'd in arti.'l •• HI55, XI/I"'" ~, ••• "aSt'!' "it,od undl'r suid arti ••lp 1955ror ('onstl'lll'tilln {If this arti('ll', !lJl•••·iall~· Sid,.(,,, I'. Paf<,.fw, 13 Phil. 34,;!,

ART, 1963,-TIlt' statl\tp lit' limitlltillnR ftx,·d by this arti ••le 1188 bf,otonredu ••t>d to t ••n :,'pars hy thp I'x)ln'!\.~ )lrt'\'isionll of St'(·tion 40 of th •• ('ode of('h'il Pn)('eC)ure.

.A89.. 19fU.-.\ mortgage •••tion is on~ bro~~t to rec'O\'t'r a dt'bt IIeftIl'eCl

b~·lDtl1'tgagt'S (~V''''"Jla, ('QDlllIe.turif'JI, vol. 12, IJ. 869), lbat is, a realaetion to foJ't't'IOlIea lit'n or mortgagt'.· . (SNnu-o v. Ramirf'z, 14 Phil. 500:,-Ioriana I'. E"riqllez, 24 PhiL 584), .As lIu"b it is ba.sed on C'ontl'lU'tRndits limitatiQD ill no\\" to bt' found in see·tion 43 of the Code of<:;h-il Pn"·t'dure,

Tfle latter part of thil! arti<'le is similar to the other relief "lanse ofthe Code of Civil Pro('edure (see·tion 44) although the (·Ias.'!e'Sof .t .•ion!'•.owl'C.'da1'l' diffe1'l'ut, }'or tlit>al'l}Ii('a~ion of this dause, see Some. t;. Go-rrich", -:I: Phil. 713; Pitledo t·. (;allotOllO. 5 Phil. 139; Bf'nedicto r. PerizlJf'lo.5 Phil.; 632; Alburo I'. rillnuIlera, 7 PhiL 275; Amrraga r. Rodriguez, ~Phil, 637; 1'elo.o t'. F(lIItmlOsa, 1:1 Phil. '79; rillar"(z r, Azarraga, 15.Phil.108; (;omf'Z Medel r . .A"f'cilla, 15 Phil. 465; JfQrzofl )'. edtlljan. 20 Phil.:!32; ])elgtulo t'. BOJltlf'l'ie d' ~4ratldez, 23 PhiL 308.

.ART.1965,-No pt·riod of )lJ'eS('ril>tioll!'tatm (.Aliarallr. ~4.INJH'ara.16 Phil. 489; De ('o"It-" I'. Edlarri, 20 Phil. 23: lrlaJldn r. Pitargllf', 2'lPhil. 383,392).

ARTS. 1966, 1967, 1968.-Tht> various periods of pl\'S(·ril'tion prll,idl'dfor in tIlesI.' arti(,It's Ilaw hel'n 1'l'plat'ed hy those pJ'l'S('ribl'd in tIle Code ofCh'i1 Pl'{lC'l'dure. Thel't' ill a strong disllimilarit~· in the ,,18!1IIitit'ationof thet1iff('rent aC'tions I)('t\\,('('n tht' two Codes, but as elsewhe1'l' oblwrved, it ill1lC'lievedthat .AC't190 has mnde prm-isionll for tIle limitation of ('aeh and•.,-et,· right of at·tion kno\\"n to the law and C'ontains ex(·lusive rules IUl tonil Ilt'riods of pl'{'St'ription of a"tions .. Cast'S C'onstriIing tbese artiC'les:80ml'3 r, Gorriclro, 4 Phil. 713 (art. 1966); Osmel;a r, (;orordo, 5 Phil. 37tart, 19f16); Bf'"eili"'~J ;'. Peri;IIf'lo, 5 Phil flo12(art. 1966); Domingo t:.

OlfOrio, 7 Phil. 405 (art. 1967); Alotl80 I', .Ullllici/Hlli'l/ of PlMer, 5 Phil.iI, holdinj%'that St'(4ion 2!1 nf A"t 190 has I\'I>t'nled paragraph 1 of arti,·I.'1968; Roilrigllez r. Tai,;o, 16 Phil. 301, supra, (art. 460); BiltllOp of ('f'III;r .• 1In"garotl, 6 Phil. 286 (art. 1968).

ART!'.,1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975,-00 not .statp IIt·riods••e pn!S('ription, (Ill re Estate of JlijaN's ill! Far;';all. 13 Phil. 79 (art,1973); relmw r. 1-'(",ta lIo"a. 13 Phil.' 711 (arts. 1973, HI74): Lit·llOllctJ ",J.!",j"t'~., 19 Phil. 12 (art. 1973).)

(CoNcluilf'd, all ft. thf' ('mil' "! ('atHlllert'e, i" till' "'.l't i""lIe.1