the effect of organizational safety behavior on builders ... · previous studies have shown that...

The Effect of Organizational Safety Behavior on

Builders Autonomous Safety Behavior - the

Mediation of Builders Safety Psychological

Capital

Jian Shen and Hongxia Li College of Management, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an Shaanxi, China

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—It is great significant for preventing builders

safety accidents to investigate the relationship between

organizational safety behavior and builders autonomous

safety behavior. This paper divides the organizational safety

behavior into three dimensions, i.e., safety training, safety

inspection and safety incentive. Builders' safety

psychological capital is introduced as an intermediary

variable. Structural equation model is used to analyze and

verify the relationship of the organizational safety behavior,

builders ' safety psychological capital and builders'

autonomous safety behavior, which is expected to reveal the

influence mechanism of organizational safety behavior on

builders' autonomous safety behavior. The results show that

the three dimensions of organizational safety behavior have

significant positive effects on builders' safety psychological

capital and builders' autonomous safety behavior, and the

builders' safety psychological capital plays a part of

intermediary role in the relationship between organizational

safety behavior and builders' autonomous safety behavior.

Index Terms—builders autonomous safety behavior;

builders safety psychological capital; organizational safety

behavior

I. INTRODUCTION

The complex working environment of construction

enterprises lead to the frequent safety production

accidents. A large number of accident cases show that the

problems of illegal operation of construction enterprises

and emphasizing interests over safety are the main

reasons leading to the occurrence of safety accidents.

Therefore, in order to effectively improve the level of

safety production management in construction enterprises,

it is extremely necessary to study the safety production

behavior of builders. By reviewing the literatures, the

existing research on buildes' production behavior mainly

focuses on the causes of unsafe builders' behavior and

intervention measures. In view of the causal factors,

Manuscript received July 1, 2019; revised March 11, 2020 Project: Shaanxi Soft Science Research

Program(2017KRM068) ;Educational Commissiom of Shaanxi Province of China(15JZ036)

Corresponding author:Jian Shen,[email protected]

scholars have carried out a lot of research on the internal

factors [1] such as personality, physiological function,

emotion and external factors[2] such as working

environment, production technology, working

atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, etc. The existing

research is relatively rich and in-depth, but it still needs to

be further improved. On the one hand, the current

research on builders’ safety production behavior is

mainly from the perspective of prevention and control of

unsafe behavior, but is rarely from a positive perspective,

such as the formation of builders’ independent safety

behavior. On the other hand, from the content point of

view, the existing researches have mainly studied the

influencing factors of individual behavior from both

internal and external aspects. The formation of individual

behavior is not achieved overnight, but is a process of

gradual formation under the influence of various factors.

However, the existing research has not systematically

combined various influencing factors with the production

process of behavior, which can not explain the real

mechanism of safety behavior of personnel, especially

construction-workers.

Previous studies have shown that employee behavior is

shaped by the organizational behavior. Organizational

management decision-making is the key factor of

employee's safe or unsafe behavior, which directly affects

employee's safe behavior and safety state of materials [3].

Social cognitive theory holds that the individual behavior

is not only influenced by organizational environment, but

also by psychological perception, which plays a

mediating role in the formation of behavior. Therefore,

starting from the formation of builders’ autonomous

safety behavior, this study attempts to introduce the

intermediary variable of builders’ safety psychological

capital to explore the relationship between organizational

factors, individual psychological factors and builders’

autonomous safety behavior, in order to provide a basis

for construction enterprises to prevent production

accidents and improve safety management level.

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International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research Vol. 9, No. 2, May 2020

© 2020 Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res.doi: 10.18178/ijscer.9.2.149-155

II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH

HYPOTHESIS

A. Organizational Safety Behaviour and Autonomous

Safety Behavior

Organizational safety production behavior is the basis

of forming safety conditions, which plays a restrictive

and guiding role for employees' safety behavior [9]. Liu

[10] concluded that the safety production behavior of

enterprise organization is a significant factor affecting the

safety production behavior of employees through the

research on the safety production behavior of small and

medium-sized enterprises. Organizational safety

behaviors are manifested in various ways. A series of

activities taken by to achieve their safety objectives in the

actual production process, such as command, supervision,

communication and prevention, including safety

inspection, safety monitoring and monitoring, safety

education and training, safety input and so on, which

enterprises make in order to prevent accidents, all belong

to the main content of the organizational safety behavior.

On this basis, this study divides organizational safety

behavior into three dimensions: safety training, safety

inspection and safety incentive.

Safety training has positive significance for improving

workers' safety behavior [4]. Bena confirmed that the

accident rate of workers would decrease by 16% after

basic training and 25% after professional training. In

addition, Choudhry et al. [5] believed that the level of

safety training and education affect employees' safety

awareness, safety awareness level, work intensity, self-

protection desire and other factors, and these factors

further affect employees' safety behavior.

Safety inspection is an effective way to avoid

violations and accidents. Through safety inspection,

employees' unsafe behavior can be effectively controlled,

the accidents can be reduced [6], and the safety

performance of enterprises can be improved[7]. At the

same time, safety inspection can strengthen employees'

sense of responsibility of safety subject, enhance

employees' sense of safety, and make employees develop

good safety behavior habits[8].

Safety incentive is the process of guiding, changing or

strengthening human safety behavior. In order to make

employees behave as expected, it is necessary for

enterprises to establish a necessary link between

employees' behavior and satisfaction of employees' needs.

Skinner [9] believed that people can take certain actions

to act on the environment in order to achieve a certain

goal. When the consequences of such actions are in his

favor, such actions will recur in the future; when it is not,

such actions will weaken or disappear. It can be

concluded that the incentives have an important impact

on employees' behavior. Shi [10] thought that the

incentives can improve individual behavior, and in the

process of safety management, positive incentives are

better than negative incentives.

Based on the above analysis, this study considers that

the organizational safety behavior has a significant

positive impact on builders’ autonomous safety behavior,

and proposed the hypothesis:

H1: Safety training is positively correlated with

builders’ autonomous safety behavior.

H2: safety inspection is a significant positive

correlated builders’ autonomous safety behavior.

H3: Safety incentive is positively correlated with

builders’ autonomous safety behavior

B. Mediation Role of Builders’ Psychological Capital

The organizational safety behavior not only has a

direct impact on the builders’ autonomous safety

behavior, but also has different indirect effects on the

builders’ autonomous safety behavior through

psychological capital. For organizations, there is a

significant positive correlation between psychological

capital and organizational behavior[11]. The social

cognitive theory shows that the individual cognition,

environment and behavior are mutually determined and

interacted. The cognitive environmental factors can

provide relevant information and clues to help cognitive

people understand cognitive objects and guide their

behavior. Employees' perception and understanding of

safety knowledge will be influenced by organizational

environmental factors, such as safety training, safety

inspection, managerial attitude, etc., which will have a

positive impact on employees' learning and perception,

and thus will have a positive impact on their willingness

and ability to participate in and abide by safety behavior,

which improves their mental state at work, and become

more confident, optimistic, hopeful and persistent in the

face of work difficulties.

Therefore, based on the above analysis, this study

proposes:

H4: Safety training is positively correlated with

builders’ safety psychological capital.

H5: safety inspection is positively correlated with

builders’safety psychological capital.

H6: Safety incentive is positively correlated with

builders’ safety psychological capital

At the same time, for individual builders, the

psychological capital is a positive psychological state

composed of a series of psychological abilities such as

self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resilience[12]. In terms

of its effect, the work behavior of employees with high

psychological capital is obviously more positive than that

of employees with low psychological capital [13].

Therefore, this study proposes that:

H7: Builders’ psychological capital is positively

correlated with builders’ autonomous safety behavior

Through the above analysis, it can be seen that the

organizational safety behavior has a certain impact on the

builders’ safety psychological capital. The builders’

safety psychological capital is significantly related to the

builders’ self-safety behavior. Therefore, this study

preliminarily concludes that there is a mediating role

between the organizational safety behavior and the

builders’ self-safety behavior.

H8: Builders’ psychological capital plays an

intermediary role in the relationship between

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© 2020 Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res.

organizational safety behavior and builders’ autonomous

safety behavior.

Based on the above theoretical analysis, a conceptual

model of the relationship among organizational safety

behavior, builders’psychological capital and builders’

autonomous safety behavior is proposed as shown in Fig1.

Safety training

Safety check

Safety incentives

Organizational Safety

Builders’Safety

Psychological Capital

Builders’autonomous

Safety behavior

Figure 1. The relationship model of organizational safety behavior,

builders safety psychological capital and autonomous safety

III. RESEARCH DESIGN AND RELIABILITY & VALIDITY

A. Data Collection and Sample

A survey questionnaire was distributed to the front-

line builders of five construction enterprises in Shaanxi

Province,China by random sampling. A total of 400

questionnaires were distributed, and 350 valid

questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of

87.5%. The proportion of senior high school and below

education is 58.3%, college and above education is 41.7%,

the number of working years under three years is 4.6%,

the number of working years over three years is 95.4%,

the proportion of unmarried is 24.6%, and the proportion

of married is 75.4%. The demographic information of the

questionnaire is basically consistent with the actual

situation of the construction enterprises and has statistical

significance.

B. Variable Design and Measurement

On the basis of relevant literature review, the

measurement questionnaire is determined by referring to

the existing measurement scales and combining with

expert discussions and interviews with builders, and all

options are based on the Lickett five-point scoring system.

1) Organizational safety behavior

The measurement items of organizational safety

behavior are designed based on relevant literature.

Among them, the measurement of safety training mainly

refers to the scale of Muniz [14], Ye [15], etc. The

measurement of safety inspection refers to the research of

Yao [16], Wang [17], etc. The measurement of

organizational safety incentive refers to the scale of

organizational incentive developed by Chen [18], Jia [19].

According to safety management, the characteristics are

adjusted, and an organizational safety behavior scale with

18 items was designed.

2) Builders’ safety psychological capital

Based on the statistical analysis of the existing

literature, it is found that the psychological capital

includes the measurement indicators as hope, self-

efficacy, optimism, resilience, honesty and self-esteem.

On this basis, the high-frequency indicators are selected,

and the psychological capital scales developed by

Luthans [20], Wang [21] are used for reference. Some of

indicators are selected according to the actual situation of

the construction enterprises surveyed. Finally, 15 items of

psychological capital scale including five dimensions of

safety self-efficacy, hope, resilience, calmness and

optimism are determined.

3) Builders’independent safety behavior

Current research on the measurement of autonomous

security behavior includes two aspects: safety compliance

behavior and safety participation behavior. For the

measurement of safety compliance behavior and safety

participation behavior, referring to the research of Neal

and Griffin[22], we revise and adjust them adaptively.

Finally, a measurement scale which includes seven items

of safety compliance behavior and five items of safety

participation behavior is determined.

C. Reliability and Validity TEST

The reliability coefficients of Cronbach's Alpha, a

commonly used index to test the reliability of the scale

data, are calculated by SPSS22.0 software. The reliability

coefficient of Cronbach's Alpha of the scale is 0.898; the

Cronbach's Alpha of builders’ safety psychological

capital is 0.642; the Cronbach's Alpha of builders’

autonomous safety behavior 0.850, which indicated that

the scale had good reliability.

At the same time, the KMO values of the

organizational safety behavior, builders’ safety

psychological capital and self-safety behavior calculated

by SPSS22.0 software are 0.843, 0.848 and 0.876,

respectively. The Sig. values of Bartlett's spherical test

are less than 0.01, which indicated that they are suitable

for factor analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

and Total Variance Explanation Table are used to analyze

the variables of the questionnaire by exploratory factor

analysis, and the irrelevant factors are eliminated. Factor

analysis results showed that three factors are extracted

from the Organizational Safety Behavior Measurement

Scale, and the cumulative contribution rate is 63.182%.

The factor load of each item is greater than 0.6, which has

a high degree of explanation. Five factors are extracted

from builders’ safety psychological capital, the

cumulative contribution rate is 76.19%. The factor load

of each item is more than 0.6, which has a high degree of

explanation. Two factors are extracted from the scale, and

the cumulative contribution rate of the equation is

65.62%. The factor load of each item is more than 0.6,

which has a high degree of explanation.

On this basis, the structural equation model

AMOS21.0 is used to validate the measurement models

of the scale. The results are shown in Table 1.

In conclusion, the reliability and validity of the scale

are good, and the fitting of the measurement model is

good, which meets the requirements of the follow-up

analysis.

IV. HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND RESULT ANALYSIS OF

MODEL

Using the AMOS21.0 structural equation model, the

relationship model of organizational safety behavior,

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builders’ safety psychological capital and builders’

autonomous safety behavior is established. The

hypothesis is verified. The model is revised according to

the fitting situation of the model. The final model is

determined to reveal the organizational safety behavior,


autonomy.

A. Model Verification

(1)The structural model is identified and tested. The

index of DF freedom degree calculated by AMOS21.0 is

greater than 0, which belongs to the over-recognition

model. The absolute values of the standardized regression

coefficients of the influencing factors of each variable are

less than 0.95, which indicates that the model does not

violate the estimates and is stable, so it can be further

analyzed.

TABLE I FITTING RESULTS OF MODEL

Indicator Name Absolute fitting index Relative fitting index

χ2/df RMSEA GFI NFI RFI IFI

Organizational Safety Behavior 1.714 0.065 0.902 0.927 0.916 0.955

Builders’ Safety Psychological Capital 1.445 0.032 0.985 0.976 0.962 0.980

Builders’ Autonomus Safety Behavior 1.748 0.049 0.955 0.927 0.901 0.968

Fitting criteria (1,3) （0,0.08）（0,1） NFI>0.9 RFI>0.9 IFI>0.0

Verification results agree good acceptable good good good

Figure 2. Path coefficients of structural equation model

TABLE II. FITTING RESULTS OF MODEL

Indicator name Absolute fitting index Relative fitting index

χ2/df RMSEA GFI NFI RFI IFI

Calculated result 1.713 0.042 0.975 0.963 0.951 0.979

Fitting criteria (1,3) （0,0.08）（0,1） NFI>0.9 RFI>0.9 IFI>0.9

Verification results agree good acceptable good good good

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TABLE III. THE INTERACTION OF PARAMETERS OF MODEL

Effect safety training Safety inspection safety incentive

Safety psychological capital

Safety Psychological

Capital

Direct effect 0.52 0.67 0.73

Indirect effect 0 0 0

Total effect 0.52 0.67 0.73

Autonomous

Security Behavior

Direct effect 0.39 0.62 0.58 0.38

Indirect effect 0.20 0.25 0.27 0

Total effect 0.59 0.87 0.85 0.38

(2)The structural model is calculated and tested.After

several modifications of the model, the standardized

solution of the ultimate model of organizational safety

behavior-builders’ safety psychological capital-builders’

autonomous safety behavior is obtained, as shown in Fig2.

2. The path coefficients of potential variables reach the

significant level of P<0.05.. There is no negative error

variance in nonstandard parameter estimation, and the

standard error of variation is very small. At the same time,

the overall adaptation of the model is good, and the

model has passed the test. The specific results are shown

in Table 2.

(3)In order to further analyze the relationship of

variables and to clarify the intermediary role of safe

psychological capital, the direct, indirect and total effects

of variables in the model are summarized and analyzed.

The results are shown in Table III.

B. Results and Discussions

1) The main effect of organizational safety behavior

on builders’ autonomous safety behavior

Suppose H1, H2 and H3 test the relationship between

the three dimensions of organizational safety behavior

and builders’ autonomous safety behavior. The results

show that the safety training, safety inspection and safety

incentive have a significant positive impact on builders’

autonomous safety behavior. From the results of the

impact, it can be seen that the safety inspection has the

greatest impact on builders’ autonomous safety behavior,

followed by safety incentive and safety training.

Safety inspection is one of the important tools of safety

management. Through the safety inspection, the problems

and deficiencies in builders’ ideology, post skills and

working attitude can be found in time, which can prompt

enterprises to take effective measures to cultivate the

builders’ safety awareness in time and standardize the

builders’ unsafe behavior. It will play a restrictive role,

enhance builders’ safety consciousness and urge them to

work in safety according to the regulations. Based on the

above analysis, it can be concluded that the safety

inspection can promote builders to comply with the safety

production regulations of the unit, and help to promote

the formation of builders’ autonomous safety behavior.

Safety incentive is the most effective way to cultivate

the self-safety behavior. Reinforcement theory holds that

if a person has positive reinforcement after engaging in a

certain behavior, the frequency of similar behavior will

be greatly increased in the future. If the practice of

builders’ safe production is strengthened positively, it

will play a good role in promoting the formation of their

active safety behavior.

Safety training is an important measure to enhance

builders’ safety awareness. Through the safety training,

builders can objectively and rationally understand the

importance of safety production, master the necessary

safety knowledge and skills, and enhance the ability of

risk identification and disposal, so as to provide a basis

for the formation of the builders’ autonomous safety

behavior. All help to continuously improve the content of

the safety system, enhance the execution of the system,

and standardize the safety production behavior of builders.

2) The intermediary effect of builders’ safety

psychological capital

①Suppose that H4, H5 and H6 test the relationship

between organizational safety behavior and builders’

safety psychological capital. The results show that

organizational safety behavior has a significant positive

impact on builders’ safety psychological capital,

indicating that positive organizational behavior is

conducive to promoting the formation of builders’

positive psychological state. In organizing safety

behavior, the safety training is helpful to make builders

realize the importance of safety and make individuals

truly recognize the significance of safety psychologically,

which can form a firm safety belief and show a positive

attitude. Safety inspection is helpful to make builders

clear their responsibilities and change builders’ safety

attitude. Safety incentives are helpful to make builders

perceive the organization's attitude towards safety. When

builders feel the importance and support of the

organization for safety work, they will be more firm,

optimistic and perseverant in their work

② Hypothesis H7 tests the relationship between


autonomous safety behavior. The test results show that

builders’ safety psychological capital has a significant

positive impact on builders’ autonomous safety behavior.

Previous studies have also shown that builders with high

safety psychological capital have high self-confidence,

strong self-regulation ability and high level of safety

behavior in their work, while builders with low safety

psychological capital have the opposite effect [37,38].

③ On the basis of the assumptions of H4, H5, H6 and

H7, hypothesis H8 further tests the mediation effect of

builders’ safety psychological capital between

organizational safety behavior and builders’ autonomous

safety behavior. Through the summary analysis of direct

153



effect, indirect effect and total effect of each variable in

Table 3, it can be seen that the total effect value of safety

training, safety inspection and safety incentive on

builders’ autonomous safety behavior has increased to a

certain extent compared with the direct effect value under

the influence of builders’ safety psychological capital. It

is concluded that the builders’ safety psychological

capital plays a part of intermediary role between the three

dimensions of organizational safety behavior and

builders’ autonomous safety behavior. From this we can

see that the safety behavior of the organization not only

directly affects the builders’ autonomous safety behavior,

but also makes the builders clear the importance of safe

production and form a higher psychological capital, so as

to promote them to develop independent safety behavior

habits in production.

V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

The three dimensions of organizational safety behavior

(safety training, safety inspection and safety incentive)

have significant positive effects on builders’ safety

psychology. It shows that organizational safety behavior

can stimulate builders to show a positive attitude towards

work, increase builders’ safety psychological capital level,

and enhance builders’ safety production efficiency. The

three dimensions not only have a direct impact on

builders’ autonomous safety behavior but also indirectly

promote the formation of builders’ autonomous safety

behavior through builders’ safety psychological capital.

According to the above analysis results, construction

enterprises should effectively take measures, including

the safety inspection, safety training and safety

incentives, in the daily production process. According to

the actual situation of enterprises, the corresponding

measures should be formulated and implemented to

effectively enhance the level of builders’ safety

psychological capital to continuously strengthen the

safety of builders. All measures can help enterprises to

achieve safe production and operation

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Jian shen conducted the research and wrote the paper;

Hongxia Li analyzed the data; all authors had approved

the final version.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by Shaanxi Soft Science

Research Program (2017KRM068) and Educational

Commissiom of Shaanxi Province of China(15JZ036)

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Copyright © 2020 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-

NC-ND 4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the article is properly cited, the use is non-

commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Jian Shen, born in Gansu Province,China

in1977, has the following educational background: Ph.D, Safety Technology and

Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and

Technology, Xi'an, 2019; Current research focuses on miners' unsafe behavior

management and strategies to prevent, job hazard analysis.

She is engaged in scientific research and

teaching at Xi’an University of Science and Technology, She has published more than 10

academic papers in the core journals of China and the international reviews, and as one of the designers, she has taken on abou t 10 science

research projects.

Hongxia Li , professor,born in China in1965,

has the following educational background: Ph.D, Management Science and Engineering,

Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2002; Current

research focuses on safety management and strategies to prevent.

She is engaged in scientific research and teaching at Xi’an University of Science and

Technology, She has published more than

100 academic papers in the core journals of China and the international reviews, and as one of the designers, she has

taken on abou t 20 science research projects.

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