the effect of music on physiological chemicals
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The Effect of Music on
Physiological Chemicals
Abhishek Gangrade
January 26, 2010
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About Me
Biology Major Have taken both of Dr. Zachs classes Research in the Department of
Immunology at ARB and at the FlowCytometry Lab in the Cancer-GeneticsInstitute
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Why Study the Effect of Music?
Involved in reducing anxiety and stress Perhaps reduce disease Induces pleasure and rewarding
Non-invasive Used in clinical settings such as before
surgery
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What are the Chemicals?
HormonesCytokinesNeurotransmitters
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Hormones
Produced by glands Endocrine- Secreted directly into
bloodstream
Exocrine- Secreted into bloodstream viaduct Effect metabolism, reproductive cycle,
immune system regulation, etc.
Notable: Epinephrine, cortisol,testosterone
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Cytokines
Chemicals secreted by cells Important in immune system regulation Effects cell death
Autocrine (act on same secreting cell) Paracrine (act on different target cell) Notable: IL-6
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Neurotransmitters
Transferred from neuron to neuron Travel through a synapse between
presynaptic and postsynaptic cells
Released due to action potentials Notable: Epinephrine, Dopamine, B-endorphin
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Synapses
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Dopamine
Acts on sympathetic nervous system Reduce blood pressure in hypertensive
rats
Increased dopamine level by playingMozarts Adagio from Divertimento No.7 inD Major, K.205
Maybe useful for quitting smoking?
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Cortisol
Usually referred to as stress hormone Relaxing music decreased salivary
cortisol levels as opposed to silence
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IL-6
Relevant to diabetes, prostate cancer, etc. Mozarts piano sonatas decreased IL-6
concentrations
KV283:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFqKDHn0Jro
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Adrenaline/Epinephrine
Fight or flight mechanism Mozarts piano sonatas found to decrease
adrenaline considerably
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B-endorphin
Functions to numb pain, induce relaxation,and help immune system
Has 80% analgesic effectiveness of
morphine Techno Music found to increase B-
endorphin production
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Listen to these pieces J. Strauss- Rosen aus dem Suden- peptides increased, mental state
improved (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1-WxFaC7Rs) H.W. Henze- Viertes Streichquartett- prolactin increased
(http://www.amazon.com/Hans-Werner-Henze-Streichquartett-1-5/dp/B000025R17)
R. Shankar- Raga Rangeela Piloo- lowered plasma cortisol and
noradrenaline (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzN2gUGYUGc) Sutoo, Denetsu and Kayo Akiyama. Music improves dopaminergicneurotransmission: demonstration based on the effect of music onblood pressure regulation. Brain Research 1016 (2004): 255 262.
Mozart, Adagio from Divertimento No. 7 in D Major, K. 205
(http://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.h
tml)
http://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.htmlhttp://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.htmlhttp://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.htmlhttp://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.html -
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Listen to these pieces
Levitin and Menon. The Rewards of musiclistening: Response and physiologicalconnectivity of the mesolimbic system
http://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/
musicsamples.html Eine Kleine Nachtmusik:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4
Observed connectivities between NAc, VTA, andhypothalamus (dopaminergic pathway)
http://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.htmlhttp://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4http://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.htmlhttp://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.htmlhttp://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.html -
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Issues to Consider
Do mice studies correlate with humanbehavior?
Are the reactions specific to only particular
types of music? Are the samples large and diverse enough
to make conclusions?
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Significant Papers
Conrad, Claudius et al. Overture for growth hormone: Requiem forinterleukin-6? Critical Care Medicine Vol. 35 No. 12 (2007): 2709-2713.
Sutoo, Denetsu and Kayo Akiyama. Music improves dopaminergicneurotransmission: demonstration based on the effect of music on
blood pressure regulation. Brain Research 1016 (2004): 255 262. Suda et al. Emotional responses to music: towards scientific
perspectives on music therapy. NeuroReportVol 19 No 1 8 January2008.
Mockel, M. et al. Immediate physiological responses of healthyvolunteers to different types of music: cardiovascular, hormonal and
mental changes. European Journal of Applied Physiology68 (1994):451-459.