the earnings of u.s. and foreign born hispanic faculty
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The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign Born Hispanic Faculty. Mark Hugo Lopez University of Maryland and Marie T. Mora University of Texas – Pan American July 2006. The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign-Born Hispanic Faculty. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Earnings of U.S. The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign Born and Foreign Born Hispanic FacultyHispanic Faculty
Mark Hugo Lopez University of Maryland
and Marie T. Mora
University of Texas – Pan American
July 2006
The Earnings of U.S. The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign-Born and Foreign-Born Hispanic FacultyHispanic Faculty
In July 2003, Hispanics represented 13.7% of the U.S. population, up from 12.6% in 2000 and 9.8% in 1993
Over 493k Hispanics between the ages of 18-21 were enrolled in a postsecondary institution in 1999, but by 2002, this number had risen to 663k – a 34% increase
The Earnings of U.S. The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign-Born and Foreign-Born Hispanic FacultyHispanic Faculty
If postsecondary institutions attempt to reflect the student body, the growing Hispanic student population suggests that the relative demand for Hispanic faculty has been increasing
At the same time, the share of Hispanics among college and university faculty has also been rising
02
46
8P
erce
nt o
f F
acul
ty
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Year
Asian Hispanic
Black
Figure 1
Representation of Specific Minority Groups among College Professors and Instructors in the U.S.: 1920 - 2000
Source: Authors’ tabulations using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) provided by Ruggles and Sobek (2005). The sample contains individuals between the ages of 21 and 79. Before 1960, Hispanics are identified on the basis of Spanish surname; the percent of Hispanic faculty in 1960 and 1970 is not reported here because the Spanish-surname information is only provided for individuals in five states for those years.
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34
5P
erce
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f F
acul
ty
1980 1990 2000Year
US-born Hispanic Hispanic
Foreign-born Hispanic
Figure 2
Representation of US- and Foreign-Born Hispanics among College
Professors and Instructors in the U.S.: 1980 - 2000
Source: Authors’ tabulations using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) provided by Ruggles and Sobek (2005). The
sample contains individuals between the ages of 21 and 79.
Goals of the StudyGoals of the Study
Few studies have empirically analyzed the earnings of Hispanic faculty in U.S. postsecondary institutions
Some studies include variables identifying “Hispanics” but this group is not the focus
Goals of the StudyGoals of the Study
Here, we analyze the academic earnings of U.S. born and foreign-born Hispanics relative to non-Hispanic white faculty members in postsecondary institutions.
We also consider whether academic earnings differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites are sensitive to academic rank and tenure-track status
Data and Data and DescriptionDescription
NCES’ National Study of Postsecondary Faculty of 1999 (NSOPF)
Nationally representative sample of over 18,000 faulty & staff members in Fall 1998
Contains detailed productivity information (number of refereed publications, patents, teaching loads), all self-reported
Sample SelectionSample SelectionWe limit the analysis to
faculty members who report:
Number of years in their current academic position
Academic year salaryAcademic institutional
financial support beyond the academic year salary
Total income, including consulting income
Resulting Sample Size: 15,588
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics - Salary- Salary
$110,676
$54,343
$50,501
$85,145
$39,367
$37,112
$95,806
$44,296
$41,546
$94,945
$44,591
$42,034
$88,537
$38,275
$36,192
$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000
Total Income
AcademicSalary plusInst. Sup.
AcademicYear Salary
Asian NH Black NH
White NH For. Born Hispanic
U.S. Born Hispanic
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics – Professorial Rank– Professorial Rank
20.5%
12.9%
24.4%
20.0%
16.1%
19.8%
17.9%
17.2%
17.6%
9.7%
27.9%
23.4%
16.0%
20.2%
13.6%
25.0%
41.2%
38.4%
36.5%
56.6%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Asian NH
Black NH
White NH
For. BornHispanic
U.S. BornHispanic
Professor Associate Assistant Lower Rank
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics Tenure StatusTenure Status
35.5%
30.0%
35.7%
35.9%
28.2%
21.1%
16.5%
11.1%
14.5%
14.2%
35.5%
44.4%
41.6%
42.4%
43.7%
7.9%
9.2%
11.6%
7.3%
13.9%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Asian NH
Black NH
White NH
For. BornHispanic
U.S. BornHispanic
Tenured Tenure Track
Not on Tenure Track No Tenure Track System
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics
Research Research ProductivityProductivity
2.2
5.4
19.0
2.4
4.6
5.1
2.5
7.3
12.4
2.1
6.7
14.1
3.3
6.6
6.5
0 5 10 15 20
Books
Non-Refereed
Refereed
Asian NH Black NH
White NH For. Born Hispanic
U.S. Born Hispanic
Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive StatisticsTeaching Load Teaching Load
Fall 1998Fall 1998
1.5
2.8
0.4
0.9
3.3
1.4
1.3
2.8
1.1
1.0
2.9
1.2
0.9
3.3
1.5
0 1 2 3 4
# of GraduateCommittees
# of CourseSections
# of Courses
Asian NH Black NH
White NH For. Born Hispanic
U.S. Born Hispanic
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics
Institution TypeInstitution Type Fall 1998 Fall 1998
69.1%
50.1%
58.8%
62.9%
48.2%
14.6%
32.0%
25.1%
27.0%
43.8%
11.7%
6.9%
9.1%
5.5%
5.0%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Asian NH
Black NH
White NH
For. BornHispanic
U.S. BornHispanic
University College
Liberal Arts College 2-Year College
Other
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics
Highest DegreeHighest Degree
21.0%
2.3%
61.0%
20.5%
7.6%
36.3%
16.5%
4.8%
42.6%
25.7%
7.4%
48.1%
27.0%
9.5%
35.5%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Recent Hire(within last 5
years)
WorkingToward Ph.D.
Ph.D.
Asian NH Black NH
White NH For. Born Hispanic
U.S. Born Hispanic
Empirical Empirical Strategy Strategy
We estimate a series of standard earnings functions
Ln(Academic Earnings) = f(Ethnicity/Race, Rank, Research Productivity, Other)
Ln(Academic Earnings) is the natural logarithm of the nine-month academic salary
We estimate this for the full sample, and for sub-groups of the sample
Full Model Full Model ResultsResults
Once controls for Rank are included in the model, U.S. born Hispanics are earning 18% more than their White non-Hispanic counterparts
With a full set of controls, U.S. born Hispanics earn 13% more than their white counterparts
Full Model Full Model Results forResults for
Sub-Groups Sub-GroupsWe examine the U.S. Born
Hispanic earnings differential for the following sub-groups:
Professorial Rank (Full Professor, Associate Professor, etc)
Tenure StatusWhether or not a Recent
Hire
Sub Group Sub Group ResultsResults
U.S. born Hispanic positive earnings differential relative to White non-Hispanics exists among:
Full Professors and Lower Rank Professors (16.3% and 16.7% respectively)
Non-tenure track faculty (16.8%)
Recently Hired Faculty (30.4%)
Results for Ethnic Results for Ethnic Sub-GroupsSub-Groups
For all groups, lower rank faculty members earn substantially less than their Full Professor counterparts, though among Hispanics, this penalty is smaller.
For Black non-Hispanics, there is a compression of earnings across rank
The return to additional publications is strongest for Hispanic faculty, and weakest for Asian non-Hispanic faculty
Wage Decomposition Wage Decomposition
ResultsResults
We next use a wage-decomposition technique to further analyze Hispanic earnings vis-à-vis non-Hispanic whites:
(2) Ln(Earnings)W = f W(Rank W, Tenure W, Research W, Other W)
and
(3) Ln(Earnings)H| W –
Ln(Earnings) H| W
Summary and Summary and Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
Our empirical findings based on 1999 NSOPF data indicate the U.S. born Hispanic faculty earn significantly more than their otherwise similar counterparts in postsecondary institutions
However, simple-partitioned analysis and wage-decomposition results show that this premium exists below the assistant professor level and in the non-tenure track positions
Summary and Summary and Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
For tenure-track faculty at the assistant professor level or above, the academic earnings of U.S.-born Hispanic faculty do not statistically differ from those of their peers, ceteris paribus
We have explored a partition of the sample into faculty in 4 year institutions and 2 year institutions
Questions for Questions for Future ResearchFuture Research
To what extent do schools engage in policies to support minority faculty in the transition from non-tenure-track to tenure-track positions?
Why are U.S. born Hispanics over-represented in non-tenure track positions and in ranks below the assistant professor level?
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics
Years Since DegreeYears Since Degree
14.0
14.8
17.3
13.3
13.7
0 5 10 15 20
Years SinceDegree
Asian NH Black NH
White NH For. Born Hispanic
U.S. Born Hispanic
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics
Subject Area of Subject Area of Highest DegreeHighest Degree
6.9%
13.3%
10.2%
8.1%
10.1%
14.8%
18.7%
23.5%
33.3%
31.1%
39.4%
15.6%
20.5%
24.2%
17.6%
34.6%
46.6%
40.1%
30.1%
37.4%
2.0%
4.9%
4.1%
0.8%
3.4%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Asian NH
Black NH
White NH
For. BornHispanic
U.S. BornHispanic
Social Sciences Humanities
Physical Sciences Professional Area
Other
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics
DemographicsDemographics
26.5%
20.7%
38.3%
11.3%
84.2%
49.0%
21.0%
92.2%
40.1%
24.9%
0.0%
38.4%
18.2%
100.0%
41.3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Spouse inHigher Ed
Born in U.S.
Female
Asian NH Black NH
White NH For. Born Hispanic
U.S. Born Hispanic