the diverted dream part ii
DESCRIPTION
This is a presentation about the development of community and technical college education from the 1940's to present day.TRANSCRIPT
THE DIVERTED DREAM
Community Colleges and the Promise of Educational Opportunity
OBJECTIVES
To explore the changes of community college over five decades.
To relate the development of community college growth with economical, business and environmental changes taking place in higher education.
Examine college programs to the needs of society and the community.
THE TAKEOFF PERIOD
G. I. Bill of 1944 Higher Education for American Democracy
1946
Truman Commission “Commission does not subscribe to the belief
that higher education should be confined to an intellectual elite …” (U.S. President’s Commission 1948)
“…free and universal access to education, in terms of the interest, ability, and need of the student, must be a major goal in American education” (U.S. President’s Commission 1948)
THE TAKEOFF PERIOD
Truman Commission Change the name to Community College Make the college part of the community Extending educational opportunities more
vocational Growth – supported expansion of facilities
Between 1938-1953 increased from 258-388 (Fields 1962, p.42)
New York – leader of all of the states Wisconsin was leader in the Midwest, one of the three
states which was an extension of the state universities Minnesota – coordinated systems to match student
demand to labor market
THE TAKEOFF PERIOD
Cold War – fear of loosing pace with Soviet UnionThis slowed the pace for vocational education in
community colleges – wanted to protect American Education
1950 - mid 1960 expansion of job opportunities outpaced the increase in college graduates – “golden age” for college graduates
Studies indicated that transfer students did as well at the universities as those who entered as freshman but now community colleges were predominately lower middle-class and working-class
COMPARISON OF FOUR COLLEGES BY OCCUPATION OF STUDENT’S FATHER 1958
Sputnik – 1957 growing concerns about U.S. strength in competition “…made the concept of [technical] training acceptable (Brick 1964, p. 130)
Rapid Growth Vocational Education Act of 1963 Was it democratization effect or diversion
effect
ENROLLMENT IN TWO YEAR INSTITUTIONS1950-1970
1960’S What was going on at the
universities? Discrepancy between minorities and
class
DEVELOPMENT OF VOCATIONAL STUDIES
Support Federal government – financial aid
Higher Education Act of 1965 – develop cooperative arrangement with business and pubic employers
Vocational Education Act – amendment 1968 Adult Basic Education Program of 1966 Allied Health Professions Act of 1966
Federal funding increased from $7.4 million to $31.4 million
Kellogg Foundation $29 million from 1958-1978 Sloan Foundation, Aerospace Foundation, Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation, National Science Foundation, Carnegie Commission
1969-1973 thirty-seven major corporations joined advertising "upgrade your image”
EARLY 1970’S
Over supply of college graduates for the workforce Recession 1969-1971 Vietnam war was ending “Higher Education: Who Needs It” – media
1972 Decrease in wages – underemployment in
labor market – who wasn’t getting the jobs Technical education was the way to go -
media
SOCIAL CLASS PRESSURES
Nixon comments of terminal degrees for Blacks – vocational education
Non-traditional students were attending – part time students increase due to economics
“Secure well-paid, if sometimes unglamorous, jobs” – close to socioeconomic background
Classification in community colleges – if too intellectual were “uppity”, “brown nosing” if planning on transferring
SEPARATION OF CLASS
1978 – COLLEGE STUDENTS ENROLLED
THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION DREAM
Change of the student composition Late 1970’s the dream of vocational
education is present Increased enrollment Does vocational education really meet
the needs of the community?
http://money.usnews.com/money/careers/articles/2010/12/06/the-50-best-careers-of-2011
16
TOP CAREERS IN 2011
Accountant Sales manager Commercial Pilot Film and video editor Heating, air
conditioning and refrigeration
Interpreter/translator Computer support
specialist Gaming manager
Dental hygienist Clinical lab technician Massage therapist Physical therapy
assistant Radiologic technologist Nurse Court reporter Environmental science
technician Police
SPECIALTIES AT COLLEGES
Wisconsin Indianhead Technical Collegehttp://www.witc.edu/
Energy Efficiency Technician Architectural Commercial Design Automated Packaging Systems Technician Marine Repair Technician Telecommunication Technologie
SPECIALTIES AT COLLEGES
Chippewa Valley Technical Collegehttp://www.cvtc.edu/
Agriscience Technician Electrical Power Distribution Renal Dialysis Technician Farm Business & Production Management
SPECIALTIES AT COLLEGES
Western Technical Collegehttp://www.westerntc.edu/
Air Conditioning, Heat, & Refrigeration Technology
Farm Business & Production Management Bio-Medical Electronics Respiratory Therapist
SPECIALTIES AT COLLEGES
Southeast Technical Collegehttp://www.southeastmn.edu/
Computerized (CNC) Precision Machining Technology
Nanotechnology Violin Repair Program Jewelry Manufacturing and Repair
SPECIALTIES AT COLLEGES
Northeast Iowa Community Collegehttp://www.nicc.edu/
Animal Science Wind Turbine Repair Technician Viticulture Technology Gas Utility Construction and Service John Deer Ag Tech
COMMUNITY COLLEGES 1946-1985
Five basic changes: Name change from Junior College to Community
College with a predominately vocational emphasis
Increase of popularity due to low cost and convenience
Outside sponsorship to make vocational education a success
Changing market for college student Changing perception of community or vocational
education
CONCLUSION
The diverted dream of community colleges allows individuals an avenue to create
an occupation, a dream, a skill, a life.
So I ask, is it really a diverted dream
or is it part of the American Dream.
REFERENCES
American Council on Education (1967). The American freshman: National norms. Washington, D. C.: American Council on Education , Annual Report. In S. Brint & J. Karabel(1989). The diverted dream: community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900-1985 (p. 90). NY: Oxford University Press.
Austin, A.W. (1983). Strengthening transfer programs. In S. Brint & J. Karabel (1989). The diverted dream: community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900-1985 (p. 128). NY: Oxford University Press. (Reprinted from G. B. Vaughan and Associate, Issues for community college leaders in a new era (pp. 122-138). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass)
Brick, M. (1964) Forum and focus for the community college movement. NY: Bureau of Publication, Teachers College, Columbia University.
Brint, S. & Karabel, J. (1989). The diverted dream: community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900-1985. NY: Oxford University Press
Clark, B. (1960). The open door college: A case study. New York: McGraw-Hill. In S. Brint & J. Karabel (1989). The diverted dream: community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900-1985 (p. 74). NY: Oxford University Press.
Chippewa Valley Technical College (2011, March 28). Re: Program information. Retrieved from http://www.cvtc.edu/
Fields, R. (1962). The community college movement. NY: McGraw-HillHigher Education Act of 1965. In S. Brint & J. Karabel(1989). The diverted dream: community
colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900-1985. NY: Oxford University Press.
REFERENCES CONTINUED
Monk-Turner, E. (1983). Sex differences in type of first college entered and occupational status changes over time. Social Science Journal, 22 ,89-97. In S. Brint & J. Karabel(1989). The diverted dream: community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900-1985 (p. 123). NY: Oxford University Press.
Northeast Iowa Community College (2011, March 28). Re: Program information. Retrieved from http://www.nicc.edu/
Southeast Technical College (2011, March 28). Re: Program information. Retrieved from http://www.southeastmn.edu/
Western Technical College (2011, March 28). Re: Program information. Retrieved from http://www.westerntc.edu/
Wisconsin Indianhead Technical College (2011, March 28). Re: Program information. Retrieved from http://www.witc.edu/
United States Bureau of the Census (1975). Histroical statistics of the United States: Colonial times to 1970. Wahington, D. C.: U.S. Government Pronting Office, Bicentennial ed., parts 1 and 2. In S. Brint & J. Karabel(1989). The diverted dream: community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900-1985 (p. 84). NY: Oxford University Press.
United States President’s Commission on Higher Education (1948). Higher education for American democracy. NY: Harper Brothers.
U.S. News (2010, December 6). The 50 best careers of 2011. Retrieved from http://money.usnews.com/money/careers/articles/2010/12/06/the-50-best-careers-of-2011