the digestive system - leyden...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Digestive System
Chapter 19
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Purpose of Digestive System
Humans are heterotrophic
Hetero = other
Trophic = to feed
Cellular materials are needed for metabolism, growth, and repair of cells
Body accomplishes this by taking in food particles and breaking them down for cell functions
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Functions of the Digestive System
Digestion: breakdown of food particles into nutrient components
Absorption: transfer of nutrients into circulation
Elimination: waste products unused or unneeded by the body excreted
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Anatomy of Digestive System
Digestive Tract: passageway nutrient intake will follow in which particles will be broken down and absorbed
Accessory Organs: organs necessary for digestion, but not components of the digestive tract (ex. liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
salivary glands)
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Anatomy of Digestive System: Oral Cavity
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Anatomy of Digestive System: Oral Cavity
Teeth: mastication
Full adult set = 32 teeth
Salivary glands: lubricates food, secretes salivary amylase (breakdown of starch)
Tongue: deglutition (swallowing)
Movement of food particles into pharynx & esophagus
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Anatomy of Digestive System: Pharynx (throat)
Oropharynx:
post. region of oral cavity
Nasopharynx:
swallowing pushes soft palate superior preventing food from entering this cavity
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Anatomy of Digestive System: Pharynx (throat)
Laryngeal pharynx:
Food moved into esophagus by epiglottis preventing food particles from entering trachea
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Anatomy of Digestive System:Esophagus
Food is lubricated by mucus
Food moved into stomach via peristalsis
(smooth muscle)
Separated from stomach by gastroesophageal sphincter
GERD
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Anatomy of Digestive System:Stomach
Upper-left quadrant
Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
Rugae
Pyloric sphincter
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Anatomy of Digestive System: Stomach
Cells in stomach lining secrete substances that combine to form “gastric juice”
HCl
Pepsin
Mucus
Chyme (food + gastric juice) enters S.I.
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Anatomy of Digestive Sytem:Small Intestine
Longest portion of digestive tract
Smaller in diameter than L.I.
Smooth muscle moves chyme via peristalsis
3 regions:
duodenum
jejunum
ilium
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Anatomy of Digestive System:Small Intestine
Large amt. of mucus produced to protect lining of S.I.
Majority of digestion occurs here w/ help from liver & pancreatic enzymes
Majority of absorption occurs here as well
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Anatomy of Digestive System:Small Intestine
Villi: small, finger-like projections in S.I.
Increase S.A.
Linked to circulatory system through blood vessels allowing absorbed nutrients to enter blood stream
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Anatomy of Digestive System:Large Intestine
3 regions:
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Hepatic flexure
Splenic flexure
sigmoid colon empties into rectum
Rectum anus
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Anatomy of Digestive System:Large Intestine
No digestion occurs in L.I.
Some H20 absorbed
Undigested food stored & formed into solid waste material - feces
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Anatomy of Digestive System: Accessory Organs
Salivary Glands: secretes saliva which contains salivary amylase (facilitates breakdown of starch)
parotid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands
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Anatomy of Digestive System: Accessory Organs
Liver:
Located in upper right quadrant
Blood supply – hepatic artery/portal vein
MAJOR FUNCTIONS:
Produces bile (fat breakdown)
Stores glycogen (reg. blood sugar)
Breakdown of RBC’s (by-product is bilirubin)
Detoxification (filtration of poisons)
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Anatomy of Digestive System: Accessory Organs
Gallbladder:
Bile storage
Chyme enters duodenum, gallbladder contracts, bile moves from cystic duct into S.I.
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Anatomy of Digestive System: Accessory Organs
Pancreas:
Produces enzymes that digest organic molecules (proteins, fats, carbs, nucleic acids)
Produces alkaline (basic) substance used to neutralize chyme in digestive tract
Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct
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Abdominal Quadrants
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Common Digestive System Injuries/Illnesses
Appendicitis
Liver cirrhosis: replacement of liver tissue with fibrous/scar tissue
Intestinal rupture
Pancreatic cancer
Colon cancer
Gallstones
(cholesterol 80%/bilirubin 20%)
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(Veriform) Appendix
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Physiology of Digestive Process
Enzymes: proteins that initiate or speed up the rate of chemical reactions
Required in every phase of digestion
Very specific for the job they carry out
Hydrolysis: breakdown of particles by water
Digestive juices
Dilute food
Chemical process
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Digestion: MOUTH (1) food enters oral cavity
Mastication breaks down food
Saliva moistens food
ENZYME: salivary amylase initiates breakdown of starches into simple sugars
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Digestion: ESOPHAGUS
HA! TRICK QUESTION!
There is NO digestion that occurs in the esophagus
(2) Food is moved through the esophagus via peristalsis
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Digestion: STOMACH
(3) Food reaches stomach and gastric juice secreted by stomach cells
RUGAE increases SURFACE AREA for digestion
ENZYME: pepsin is activated by HCl
breaks down all protein in the diet
end product is CHYME moved into small
intestine
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Digestion: SMALL INTESTINE
Majority of digestion occurs in small intestine
(4) Duodenum: chyme mixed with bile
Break down fats so pancreatic enzymes work
ENZYME: PANCREATIC ENZYMES
lipase, amylase, trypsin, nucleases
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Absorption
Villi located in small intestine
Contain significant blood supply
(5) Nutrients absorbed through villi into blood vessels and transmitted throughout bloodstream
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Excretion
(6) Waste products accumulated in LARGE INTESTINE or transmitted to Urinary System