the difference of hypertension prevalence in people who

7/27/2019 The Difference of Hypertension Prevalence in People Who

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THE DIFFERENCE OF HYPERTENSION

PREVALENCE IN PEOPLE WHO LIVE

NEAR AND FAR FROM RAILWAYTRACK

Aldila S. Al Arfah

Student of Medical Faculty of UMY


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

RESEARCH FORMULATIONRESEARCH OBJECTIVE

SIGNIFICANT OF THE RESEARCH


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BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Hypertension is a common problem in adults.

A systolic BP 140 mmHg or higher &/ diastolic

BP 90mmHg.

The major risk factors of stroke, heart failure,coronary artery disease, & renal failure.

INA-MONICA Indonesia is 6-15% & World 15-20

%Hypertension ~ many risk factors


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BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Environmental noise is a significantproblem in development country.

An increasing number of people live in the

vicinity of rail way track and experienceconsiderable noise pollution.

Few investigators have studied

hypertension associated with exposure toaircraft & traffic road noise (Jarup et al,2005).


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Research Formulation

There is any difference of hypertension

prevalence in people who live near and far

from railway track?


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Research Objective

General to find the difference of hypertension

prevalence in people (risk or no risk of HT) who

live near and far from railway track.

Specific (1) to show hypertension prevalencein people who live near and far from railway

track. (2) to show hypertension prevalence in

people (risk of HT) who live near and far from

railway track.


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The Significant of Research

For Respondent

For Next Research

For Medical Science


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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

HYPERTENSION

NOISESTRESS

HYPOTHESIS


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LITERTURE REVIEW ~ Hypertension

Etiology of Hypertension

Classification of Hypertension

Diagnosis of Hypertension

Risk Factors of Hypertension


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Etiology of Hypertension

Primary Hypertension ~ 95% HT

Secondary Hypertension ~ 5% HT


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Classification of Hypertension

The Seventh Report of the JNC on Prevention,

Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High

Blood Pressure

Normal ~


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Diagnosis of Hypertension

Have no specific symptoms

Usually: headache, weakly, insomnia, etc.

A systolic BP 140 mmHg or higher &/diastolic BP 90mmHg.


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Risk factors of hypertension

Genetic

Obesity

Smoker

Stress

Increasing age

Sex

High salt intakeHigh fat or cholesterol intake


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LITERTURE REVIEW ~ Noise

Definition: sound that we dont wish for it.

Classification:

Continued noise with broad spectrum.

Continued noise with narrow spectrum.

Interrupted noise.

Impulsive noise.

Continued impulsive noise


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LITERTURE REVIEW ~ Stress

Definition: non-specific reaction of body

about every stimulation in any type

Classification ~ Etiology:

Organic-biology stress

Psycho-educative stress

Social-cultural stress


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HYPOTHESIS

There is any significant difference of

hypertension prevalence in people who

live near and far from railway track


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CHAPTER III

THE METHODOLOGY OF

RESEARCH

DATA COLLECTING METHOD

RESEARCH VARIABLE

DATA ANALYSIS METHOD


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DATA COLLECTING METHOD

Primary Data

Interview with respondents using thequestioner

Blood pressure examination


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RESEARCH VARIABLE

Independent Variable ~ near and far from

railway track.

Dependent Variable ~ prevalence of HT

Disturbance Variable ~ another risk factor

of HT and environment


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DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

The populations : people 35 years old or

older who lived near and far from railway

track.

Samples were 100 subjects per group.

The data were processed by Mann-

Whitney test and Varian analysis test.


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Hipertension

Stage I

Stage II

Risk Factors

of HT

Age

Sex

Genetic

ObesitySmoke

High Salt

Intake

Stress High Fat

Intake

Railway track Noise

Unresearched Variable

Researched Variable

Research Design


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CHAPTER IV

RESULT STUDY & DISCUSSION

RESULT STUDY

Characteristic Respondents


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Categories

Railway Track

Near Far

f / n % f / n %

Sex:

Male 42 42 40 40

Female 58 58 60 60

BMI

Not Risk 74 74 65 65

Risk 26 26 35 35

Smoke

Yes 34 34 17 17

No 66 66 83 83

Alcohol

Yes 2 2 2 2

No 98 98 98 98

Exercise

Yes 33 33 36 36

No 67 67 64 64

Other Disease

Yes 8 8 8 8

No 92 92 92 92

High Salt Intake

Yes 23 23 32 32

No 77 77 68 68


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Categories

Railway Track

Near Far

(f) (%) (f) (%)

Normal 47 47 40 40

Prehypertension 34 34 37 37

Hypertension Stage I 13 13 13 13

Hypertension Stage II 6 6 10 10


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Result

Railway Track

Near Far

Mann-Whitney

TestHT Stage I HT Stage II HT Stage I HT Stage II

13 6 13 10 0,435


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DISCUSSION

There isnt any difference of hypertension

prevalence in people who live near and far

from railway track.

Reason:

Difference of intensity, frequency, and long-term

noise exposure associated with the BP effect.

24 hours, 20, 50-60dB influence of another risk factor of HT


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Result

Risk Factors

Railway Track

t-test

Near Far

Total Hipertension Total Hipertension Sign.

BMI 26 9 (34,61%) 35 14 (40,00%) 0,032

Smoke 34 8 (23,53%) 17 8 (47,06%) 0,200

Alcohol 2 0 (0,00%) 2 2 (100,00%) 0,080

HT History 17 9 (52,94%) 31 17 (54,84%) 0,000

Not Exercise 65 12 (18,46%) 64 10 (15,63%) 0,029

Other Diseases 8 3 (37,50%) 8 5 (62,50%) 0,002

Age 100 19 (19,00%) 100 23(23,00%) -


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DISCUSSION

There is any difference of hypertension prevalence inpeople who live near and far from railway track.

HT prevalence people who live far > HT prevalencepeople who live near ~ BMI, history of hypertension,

disease caused hypertension, and high salt diet Reason:

Difference of intensity, frequency, and long-term noise exposureassociated with the BP effect.

24 hours, 20, 50-60dB

Overweight or obesity, history of hypertension, disease causedhypertension, and high salt diet as risk factor of HT (~ Pinion,1999; Nursing modem, 2001; Williams, 2000; Cappuccino, 2007)

influence of another risk factor of HT


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DISCUSSION

There is any difference of hypertensionprevalence in people who live near and far fromrailway track.

HT prevalencepeople who live far < HTprevalencepeople who live near~ sport

Reason: Difference of intensity, frequency, and long-term noise

exposure associated with the BP effect.

24 hours, 20, 50-60dB

Sports as risk factor of HT(~anonim, 2005)

influence of another risk factor of HT


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION

CONCLUSION The hypertension prevalence of people who lived near from

railway track with 13 % hypertension stage I, 6 % stage II wasntsignificantly different with the hypertension prevalence of peoplewho lived far from railway track with 13 % hypertension stage I, 10% stage II (=0,435).

The difference prevalence of hypertension between people wholived near and far from railway track with hypertension risk factorswere BMI 34,61% and 40,00% (=0,032), smoking 23,53% and47,06% (=0,200), alcoholics 0,00% and 100,00% (=0,200),history of hypertension 52,94% and 54,84% (=0,000), sports18,46% and 15,63% (=0,029), disease caused hypertension

37,50% and 62,50% (=0,002), high salt diet 32,43% and 28,13%(=0,034).

The nose of railway track wasnt significantly influence theprevalence of hypertension.


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SUGESTION

For Respondent ~ prevention risk factor of

HT

For Next Research~ big sample &

eliminate another risk factor of HT


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the difference of hypertension prevalence in people who

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