1.The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects Second Edition

2. The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects Second Edition EDITOR S Gangolli,Consultant,MRC Toxicology Unit,UK EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Dr D Anderson, BIBRA International, UK Dr J Chadwick, Health and Safety Executive, UK Professor L Ebdon, University of Plymouth, UK Dr D Gammon, California PA,USA Professor L King, University of Surrey, UK Dr R McClellan, ChemicalIndustry Institute of Toxicology,USA Professor I Rowland, Universityof Ulster,UK Dr J Solbk, Unilever,UK Dr T Sugimura, National CancerCentre,Japan Professor P van Bladeren, 7"Nutrition and Food Research Institute, TheNetherlands RSeCROYAL SOClEN OF CHEMISTRY 3. PRODUCTIONTEAM Ken Wilkinson (Staff Editor) Richard Ellis Sally Faint JulieHetherington Alan Skull The publishers make no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Volume 1 ISBN 0-85404-808-1 Seven-volume set ISBN 0-85404-803-0 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 0The Royal Society of Chemistry 1999 All rights reserved Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review as permitted under the terms of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in anyformor by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry, or in the case uf reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organisation outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 OWF, UK Typeset by Land & Unwin (Data Sciences)Ltd, Bugbrooke, UK Printed and bound by Bookcraft (Bath)Ltd., UK 4. Contents Volume 1 Foreword Introduction Guide to Content A-B Compounds Abbreviations Glossary of Medical and BiologicalTerms Glossary of Organism Names Volume 2 Guide to Content C Compounds Volume 3 Guide to Content D Compounds Volume 4 Guide to Content E-J Compounds Volume 5 Guide to Content K-N Cornpounds Volume 6 Guide to Content 0-SCompounds Volume 7 Guide to Content T-Z Compounds Index of ChemicalNames and Synonyms Index of CASRegistry Numbers Index of Molecular Formulae vii ix xi 863-865 1-862 867-88 1 882-889 vii 1-865 vii 1-832 vii 1-892 vii 1-953 vii 1-952 vii 1-712 713-91 4 915-956 957-998 5. Foreword The lifestyle of the modern world can only be sustained by the effective utilisation of chemicals in the protection of our health, production of our food, manufacture and commerce. Yet these same chemicalsin the wrong place can have potentially harmful effects. To understand the quantitative risks to human health and ecosystems,reliable information is required about the substances and their biological effects.The Dictionary of Substances and their Efiects (DOSE)seeks to provide such information comprehensively yet in an easily accessible format. As our understanding of the complexity of life and the intricate interactions which sustain ecosystems has grown, so has our requirement for information. The toxicologist, ecotoxicologist,and users and suppliers of chemicals need to know the properties, chemistry, biological effects and likely use of substances. Yet too often comprehensive data are difficult to obtain. The first edition of DOSE was hailed as an important breakthrough for those who needed a comprehensive and reliable compilation of data on chemicals with environmental impact. This second edition significantly updates the toxicological data and extends the number of chemicalsto 4123. While regulators might argue that the provision of toxicological data should be the responsibility of chemicalsuppliers, the reality is that often when such data are supplied they are overly brief or ridiculously over-cautious. I recently received a sample labelled "tap water" with the warning that it contained "hydrogen, which is a flammable substance". To have a single compilation of data, collected only from the peer-reviewed literature, and published under the authoritative imprimatur of the Royal Society of Chemistry, is surely the most effectiveanswer to this problem. The editorial team which has brought together this excellent second edition is to be congratulated on its achievement. DOSE will allow users to identify the hazards pertaining to given substances readily. Professor Lord Lewis in his introduction to the first edition emphasised the difference between hazard identification and risk assessment. Lord Lewis stressed the need for training to evaluate risks quantitatively and, in particular, the risks posed by combinations of chemicals.He quoted Paracelsus, the father of toxicology, and his famous dictum often translated as "the dose maketh the poison". In a world reliant on chemicals, but with an environment seriously threatened by anthropological damage, DOSE will enable scientists and regulators to ensure that the dose received by the organism will be far less than poison, indeed below that which has an effect. Professor Les Ebdon Deputy Vice-Chancellor(Academic) University of Plymouth vii Foreword 6. Introduction The risk evaluation of the potential adverse effects of a chemical on human health and the ecosystem, widely recognised by regulatory agencies as being of vital importance for the protection of man and his environment, requires the assessment of a broad range of information on the chemistry and biological properties of that chemical. Except for certain special human and veterinary medicine and some agrochemicals,relevant data for the vast majority of chemicals traded commercially are either not available or sparsely dispersed in the scientific literature. Thus, the assessment of the health and environmental risks of a chemical would be an onerous task without access to a single comprehensive compilation of relevant information. In the publication of the first edition of The Dictionary of Substances and their fiects (DOSE), the Royal Society of Chemistry addressed the formidable logistical problems faced by scientists in obtaining the relevant data for the risk assessment of chemicals due to the paucity of publications containing compilations of appropriate data. The aim of this acclaimed publication was to collect and collate relevant chemical and biological data from peer-reviewed scientific literature to provide information for the quantitative risk evaluation of a chemical at its various levels of usage and conditions of exposure. The chemicals in the first edition were selected mainly from sources such as the Authorised and Approved List from the ECs Classification, Packaging and Labelling Regulations; the ECs Black and Grey lists of dangerous substances; the Red list prepared by the UK Department of the Environment; and the Priority Pollutant Lists from the USA and Canada, and the German Pollutant List. Data considered to be of relevance for each of the 4003 chemicals in the first edition included physico-chemical properties; toxic effects on various species in the ecosystem; persistence and degradability in the environment; and toxicity data, encompassing genotoxicity, reproductive effects and toxicokinetic studies in avian and mammalian species,including man. Relevant legislativeinformation was also included. The success of the first edition of DOSE as a unique reference source of essential information for the risk evaluation of chemicals was clearly reflected by sales, encouraging reviews and, most importantly, the favourable comments received from users. Since the publication of the first edition there has been a year on year increase in the numbers of research papers on topics relevant for the risk assessment of chemicals in the literature. These considerations, together with the burgeoning literature on the toxicology of chemicals subsequent to the publication of the first edition, were persuasive factors in influencing the Royal Society of Chemistry to embark on the preparation of the present second edition of DOSE. Relevant information is reported in DOSE if it has been published in the scientific literature, and it is interesting to note that toxicity data on many industrial chemicals are still not available. A recent US Environmental Protection Agency study1 has shown that, of the estimated 3000 high production volume chemicals (i.e. in excess of 1million pounds/annum) produced or imported in the USA, only 7%had a full set of basic toxicity data, and 43% had no toxicity data at all. 1.Pesticide and Toxic Chemical News 1998, 26 (28), 7-8. ix Introduction 7. A number of important additions have been incorporated in this second edition. Apart from updating the toxicological data for the original compounds in the first edition, the number of compounds has increased to 4123. Special classes of chemicals have been added, including several endocrine disrupting chemicals, a number of pesticides, a few of the high production volume chemicalsfor which data have recently been collected by the OECD, and compounds tested for carcinogenicityby IARC and/or NTP. Risk and safety phrases have been updated, and some headings have been changed to conform with current practice and convention. A new field, Toxicity to other species, has been included, occupational exposure data have been expanded to include values for France, Germany, Sweden and Japan as well as for the UK and USA. RTECS and EINECSnumbers have also been included in the entries. It is my fervent hope that the second edition of DOSE will constitute a scientifically sound foundation and a paradigm for future publications that will be required to satisfy the need for accurate and timely data in this important field. I am grateful to members of the Editorial Advisory Board for their helpful suggestions and advice. I must also place on record my sincere thanks to the staff members of the Royal Society of Chemistry for their invaluable support and cooperation in the preparation of this edition of DOSE. Sharat Gangolli Editor Introduction X 8. Guide to Content The data for each chemicalin DOSE are organised as follows: DOSE No. Chemical name Structure/line formula Molecular formula Molecular weight CAS Registry No. Synonyms EINECS No. RTECS No. Uses Occurrence Physical properties Melting point Boiling point Flash point Specific gravity Partition coefficient Volatility Solubility Occupational exposure Limit values UN number HAZCHEM code Conveyanceclassification Supply classification Risk phrases Safety phrases Ecotoxicity Fish toxicity Invertebrate toxicity Toxicity to other species Bioaccumulation Environmental fate Nitrification inhibition Carbonaceous inhibition Anaerobic effects Degradation studies Abiotic removal Adsorption and retention Mammalian and avian toxicity Acute data Sub-acuteand sub-chronic data Carcinogenicityand chronic effects Teratogenicity and reproductive effects Metabolism and toxicokinetics Irritancy Sensitisation Genotoxicity Other effects Other adverse effects (human) Any other adverse effects Legislation Other comments References These headings only appear in an item when data have been identified for that heading. The user can, therefore, assume that the absence of a heading means that no relevant data were retrieved from the sources examined. xi Guide to Content 9. Dose No. Each of the 4123 compounds in DOSE is identified by a unique, sequential alphanumeric DOSE No. For example, the first compound in DOSE, A-a-C,has DOSE No. A2;the last entry, zoxazolamine,has DOSE No. 225. Chemical name In general, the chemical name is the common name of the substance, for example nitrobenzene. If it is not possible to allocate a precise chemical name (i.e.if the substance is of unknown or variable composition,or consistsof biological materials),a short phrase appears instead, for examplechlorinated parafins (C12, 60%). Molecular formula This is the elemental composition of the compound. The elements appear alphabetically for inorganic compounds, i.e. Ag2C03, C12Cr, etc, but for organic compounds, carbon and hydrogen content are shown first followed by the other elements in alphabetical order, i.e. CbHSBr. Molecular weight This is directly calculated from the molecular formula. No molecular weights are given for polymers. CAS Registry No. The CAS Registry No. is a number sequence adopted by the Chemical Abstracts Service (American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio, USA) to uniquely identify specific chemical substances. The number contains no information relating to the chemical structure of a substance and is, in effect, a catalogue number relating to one of the millions of unique chemical substances recorded in the CASRegistry.New numbers are assigned sequentiallyto each new compound identified by Chemical Abstracts Service. This information is also provided in the full index of CAS Registry Numbers available at the end of Volume 7. Synonyms For common chemicals, several chemical names and numerous trade names may be applied to describe the chemical in question. Many of these names are identified to aid users on the range of names which have been used to describe each substance. EINECS No. This number is assigned by the European Commission to each record in the EINECS (EuropeanInventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances)inventory. The numbers are in the format XXX-XXX-X, for example, 202-726-0 for nitrobenzene. RTECS No. The RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effectsof Chemical Substances)number is a unique identifier assigned by NIOSH (NationalInstitute of OccupationalSafetyand Health in the US) to every substancein the RTECS database. The number is in the format of two alphabetic characters followed by seven numeric characters,forexample, D A 6475000for nitrobenzene. Guide to Content xii 10. Uses Principal uses of the substances are given, with information on other sign industrial processes. ficant uses n Occurrence Natural occurrences, whether in plants, animals or fungi are reported. Physical properties Melting/Boiling point These data are derived from various sources. Flash point The flash point is the lowest temperature at which the vapours of a volatile combustible substance will sustain combustion in air when exposed to a flame. The flash point information is derived from various sources.Where possible the method of determination of the flash point is given. Specific gravity (density) The specific gravity of each substance has been derived from a variety of sources. Where possible the data have been standardised. Partition coefficient Partition coefficients, important for structure-activity relationship considerations, particularly in the aquatic environment, are indicated. Ideally the n-octanollwater partition coefficient is quoted. The major data source for this measurement is: Sangster,J J. Phys. Chem.ReF Data 1989,18(3),1111-1229 Where no reference is quoted, it can be assumed that the information was derived from this source. VolatiIity The vapour pressure and vapour density are quoted where available. Where possible, the data have been standardised. Solubility Solubility data derived from several sources are quoted for both water and organic solvents where available. Occupational exposure Limit values This field contains the occupational exposure limit values (or threshold limit values) from France, Germany,Japan, Sweden, UK and USA. Guideto Content ... Xlll 11. The airborne limits of permitted concentrations of hazardous chemicals represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effect. These limits are subject to periodic revision and vary between differentcountries. The term threshold limit relates primarily to the USA, but equivalent terms are available in most industrialised countries. The data relates to concentrations of substances expressed in parts per million (ppm)and milligrams per cubic meter (mgvi3). French exposure limits are published by the French Ministry in Charge of Labour and presented in the report Valeurs limites dexposition professionnelle aux agents chimiques en France (ND 1945-153-93).The values in DOSE have been taken from the 1998 edition. The FR-VLE values are short-term limits (15minutes), and FR-VME values are long-term limits (8hours). German data currently include the national MAK values where available. The MAK value (Maximale Arbeitsplatz-Konzentration) is defined as the maximum permissible concentration of a chemical compound present in the air within a working area which, according to current knowledge, does not impair the health of the employee or cause undue annoyance. Under those conditions, exposure can be repeated and of long duration over a daily period of eight hours, constituting an average working week of 40 hours. MAK values are published by the Geschaftsstelle der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, in Maximum Concentrations at the Workplace and Biological Tolerance Values for Working Materials. The values in DOSE have been taken from the 1998edition. Japanese exposure limits are those recommended by the Japanese Society of Occupational Health. Unless otherwise indicated, these values are long-term exposure limits (the mean exposure concentration at or below which adverse health effects caused by the substance do not appear in most workers, working 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week under a moderate workload). The values in DOSE were published in 1997. Swedish data can include short-term exposure limit, a level limit, or a ceiling limit. The values in DOSE were adopted in 1996. In the UK occupational limits relating to airborne substances hazardous to health are published by the Health and Safety Executive annually in Guidance Note EH40. The values in the DOSE items have been taken from the 1999edition. There are Maximum Exposure Limits (MEL)in the UK which are subject to regulation and which should not normally be exceeded. They derive from Regulations, Approved Codes of Practice, European Community Directives, or from the Health and Safety Commission. In addition, there are Occupational Exposure Standards (OES) which are considered to represent good practice and realistic criteria for the control of exposure. In an analogous fashion to the USA Threshold Limits, there are long-term limits, expressed as time-weighted average concentrations over an 8-hour working day, designed to protect workers against the effects of long-term exposure. The short-term exposure limit is for a time-weighted average of 15minutes. For those substances for which no short-term limit is listed, it is recommended that a figure of three times the long-term exposure limit averaged over a 15-minute period be used as a guideline for controlling exposure to short-term excursions. Guide to Content xiv 12. The threshold limit values for the USA have been taken from the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 1999 produced by the American Conference of Governmelital Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, USA. The limits relate to Threshold Limit - Time Weighted Average, Threshold Limit - Short Term Exposure Limit and Threshold Limit - Ceiling Limit. The Threshold Limit Value -Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)allows a time-weighted average concentration for a normal %hour working day and a 40-hour working week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day, without adverse effect. The Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) is defined as a 15-minute, time- weighted average which should not be exceeded at any time during a work day, even if the &hour time-weighted average is within the TLV. It is designed to protect workers from chemicals which may cause irritancy, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or narcosis of sufficient degree to cause the likelihood of accidental injury. Many STELs have been deleted pending further toxicological assessment. With Threshold Limit - Ceiling Values (TLV-C)the concentration should not be exceeded during any part of the working day. UN number The United Nations Number is a four-figure code used to identify hazardous Chemicals and is used for identification of chemicals transported internationally by road, rail, sea and air. In the UK this number is also called the SubstanceIdentificationNumber or SI Number. HAZCHEM code The Hazchem Code is used to instruct United Kingdom emergency services on equipment, evacuation and other methods of dealing with transportation incidents. It is administered by the Chemical Industries Association. Conveyance classification The information presented for the transportation of substances dangerous for conveyance by road is derived from the UKs Approved Carriage List, Health and Safety Commission, UK. Supply classification The information presented for the supply of substances is derived from the UKs Approved Supply List: information approved for the classification and labelling of substances and preparations dangerous for supply [Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging) Regulations 1999(CHIP99)*]Health and Safety Commission,UK. Risk and safety phrases Risk and safety phrases used in connection with DOSE items are approved phrases for describing the risks involved in the use of hazardous chemicals and have validity in the United Kingdom and throughout the countries of the European Community. The approved texts have designated R (Risk) and S (Safety) numbers from which it is possible to provide translations for all approved languages adopted by the European Community. The risk and safety phrases quoted in DOSE relate to the UKs Approved Supply List: information *At the time of going to press the Health and Safety Commission, UK announced that an amendment (Amendment No. 2) to the CHIP 99 regulations is intended to come into force on 1January 2000. The supply classificationsand the risk and safety phrases reported in this edition of DOSE do not include any changes which are proposed in Amendment No. 2 to CHIP99. Thesechanges are incorporated in the updates to the electronicversions of DOSE released after 1January2000. xv Guideto Content 13. approved for the classification and labelling of substances and preparations dangerous for supply [Chemicals(Hazard Information and Packaging) Regulations, 1999(CHIP99)] Health and Safety Commission, UK. The risk and safety phrases should be used to describe the hazards of chemicals on data sheets for use and supply; for labelling of containers, storage drums, tanks etc., and for labelling of articles specified as dangerous for conveyanceby road. (Seealso footnote on page xv.) Ecotoxicity Information is presented on the effectsof chemicals on various ecosystems. Results of studies carried out on aquatic species, primarily fish and invertebrates, but also fresh water and marine microorganisms and plants are reported. Persistence and potential for accumulation in the environment and any available information on the harmful effects to non-target species, i.e. the unintentional exposure of terrestrial and/or aquatic species to a toxic substance is given. Ecotoxicologycan be defined as that science involved in the study of the production of harmful effects by substances entering the natural environment, especially effects on populations, communities and ecosystems; or as the study of the effects of chemicals on ecosystems and their non-human components. An essential part of the ecotoxicology is the assessment of movement of potentially toxic imbalance through environmental compartments and through food webs. Ecotoxicology, unlike human toxicology, is more concerned with the effects to populations than to individuals. Human toxicology is based on the extrapolation of data from many species to one species man, whereas ecotoxicology necessitates the extrapolation from a few species to many, or from limited field data to entire ecosystems. Ecotoxicologymust not be confused with environmental toxicology which is the direct effects of environmental chemicals to humans. The term environmental toxicology should only be applied to the study of direct effects of environmental chemicals on human beings. Although the main thrust of preventative toxicology is in the area of human health, it is becoming increasinglyevident that human health is intimately connected with conditions in the natural environment. Chemicals released into the environment far from human habitation may become a health hazard for humans through food chain accumulation. Other chemicals may adversely affectcrop growth or kill economically important fish stocks or bird life. Fish toxicity LC50 values, with duration of exposure, are quoted for two species of freshwater and one marine species if available. Any additional information on bioassay type (static or flow through) and water condition (pH, temperature, hardness or oxygen content) is reported. Invertebratetoxicity LC50values with duration of exposure, are quoted for molluscs and crustaceans. EC50 values, i.e. concentrations which will immobilise 50% of an exposed population, are given for microbes, algae and bacteria. Values which will inhibit microbial or algal growth are reported. Duration of exposure is given when available. Guideto Content xvi 14. Toxicityto other species Toxicity to species other than mammals, birds, invertebrates and fish (e.g. reptiles, amphibians, plants, seaweeds), is reported here. LD50, LC50 and EC50 values are given with duration of exposure, concentration and as much supplementary information as possible. Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation, biomagnification and bioconcentration data are quoted primarily for fish, invertebrates, bacteria and algae. Bioaccumulation is the progressive increase in the amount of a chemical in an organism or part of an organism which occurs because the rate of intake exceeds the organisms ability to remove the substance from its body. Bioconcentration is a process leading to a higher concentration of a chemical in an organism than in its environment. Lastly, biomagnification is a sequence of processes in an ecosystem by which higher concentrations are attained in organisms at higher trophic levels, i.e. at higher levels in the food chain. EnvironmentalFate Degradation data are used to assess the persistence of a chemical substance in the environment, in water, soil and air. If the substance does not persist, information on the degradation products is also desirable. Intermediates may be either harmless or toxic substances which will themselves persist. Degradation occursvia two major routes, microbial degradation utilising microorganisms from a variety of habitats and decomposition by chemical methods. Microbial degradation is associated with the production of elemental carbon, nitrogen and sulfur from complex molecules. Standard biodegradation tests estimate the importance of microbial biodegradation as a persistence factor. Most tests use relatively dense microbial populations adapted to the compound being studied. Rapid degradation results in these tests implies that the compound will degrade under most environmental conditions, although specialised environments where degradation would not occur can exist. Compounds which are not readily degradable are likely to persist over a wide range of environmental situations. Chemical degradation processes include photolysis, hydrolysis, oxidation and removal by reversible/irreversible binding to sediment. Factors which influence degradation rates, such as duration of exposure, temperature, pH, salinity,concentrations of test substance, microbial populations, and other nutrients, must also be taken into account. Due care must also be given when metabolism results in the production of substances that are more toxic than their parents. Nitrification inhibition The nitrogen cycle is the major biogeochemical process in the production of nitrogen, an essential element contained in amino acids and proteins. Nitrogen is an essential element in microorganisms, higher plants and animals. Interference in the production of nitrogen from more complex molecules can be determined by standard tests using nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The degree of inhibition can be used to estimate the environmental impact of the test chemical. xvii Guideto Content 15. Carbonaceous inhibition Another major biogeochemical process is the recycling of carbon via the decomposition of complex organic matter by bacteria and fungi. In nature the process is important in the cycling of elements and nutrients in ecosystems. The degradation sequence occurs in stages, cellulose-+ cellobiose -+ glucose -+ organic acids and carbon dioxide. Chemicalinhibition of microbial processes at all or any of these stages is reported here. Anaerobic effects Anaerobic microbial degradation of organic compounds occurs in the absence of oxygen and is an important degradation process in both the natural environment and in waste treatment plants. Data on the effectsof chemicalson anaerobic systems are reported here. An important method uses anaerobic digestion tests which compare the production of methane and carbon dioxide by anaerobic microbes in a sludge sample with and without added test material. Methane production is at the end of the food chain process used by a wide range of anaerobic microorganisms. Degradation studies This section focuses on microbial degradation in both soil and water under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The half-life of the chemical substance in the environment is reported with its degradation products where possible, giving an indication of the degree of its persistence. Water pollution factors: BOD (biochemical/biological oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand) and ThOD (theoretical oxygen demand) are stated, where available. BOD estimates the extent of natural purification which would occur if a substance were discharged into rivers, lakes or the sea. COD is a quicker chemical method for this determination which uses potassium dichromate or permanganate to establish the extent of oxidation likely to occur. ThOD measures the amount of oxygen needed to oxidise hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water. When organic molecules contain other elements nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus, the ThOD depends on the final oxidation stage of these elements. Abiotic removal Information on chemical decomposition processes is contained in this section. The energy from the sun is able to break carbon-carbon, and carbon-hydrogen bonds, cause photodissociation of nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide and atomic oxygen and photolytically produce significant amounts of hydroxyl radicals. Hydrolysis occurs when a substance present in water is able to react with the hydrogen or hydroxyl ions of the water. Therefore the extent of photolytic and oxidative reactions occurring in the atmosphere and hydrolysis in water can be used as a measure of environmental pollution likely to arise from exposure to a substance. Removal by activated carbon is also reported. Adsorption and retention The environmental impact of a chemical substance is determined by its ability to move through the environment. This movement depends on the affinity of the chemical toward particulate matter: soil and sediment. Chemicalswhich have a high affinity for adsorption are less readily transported in the gaseous phase or in solution, and therefore can accumulate in a particular medium. Chemical substances which are not readily adsorbed are transported through soil, air and aquatic systems. Guide to Content xviii 16. Mammalian and avian toxicity Studies on mammalian species are carried out to determine the potential toxicity of substances to humans. Avian species are studied primarily to assess the environmental impact on the ecosystem,however data from avian studies are also used for assessing human toxicity.This is specifically applied to pesticides, with neurotoxicologystudies. Procedures involve undertaking a series of established exposure studies on a particular substance using specific routes, oral, inhalation, dermal or injection for variable durations. Exposure durations include acute or single exposure to a given concentration of substance. Sub-acuteor sub-chronic exposure, i.e. repeat doses over an intermediate time period, up to 4 weeks for sub-acute and 90 day/l3 week (in rodents) or 1 year (in dogs) for sub-chronic studies. Chronic/long-term studies involve exposure to specific concentrations of chemical for a duration of 18 month-2 years. A variety of species are used in toxicity testing, most commonly rodents (rats, mice, hamsters) and rabbits, but tests can also be carried out on monkeys, domestic animals and birds. Acute data Singleexposure studies quoting LD50, LCLO,LDLo, TCLOand TDLOdata. Sub-acute and sub-chronicdata Results of repeat doses, intermediate duration studies are quoted. Priority is given to reporting the adverse effects on the gastro-intestinal, hepatic, circulatory, cardiopulmonary, immune, renal and central nervous systems. Carcinogenicityand chroniceffects Information on the carcinogenicity of substances unequivocally proven to cause cancer in humans and laboratory animals, together with equivocal data from carcinogenicity assays in laboratory animals are reported. Additionally, treatment-related chronic adverse effects are reported. Criteria for inclusion required the study to report the species, duration of exposure, concentration and target organ(s);sex is also given where available. Teratogenicity and reproductiveeffects The results of studies carried out in intact animal and in vitro systems to determine the potential for teratogenic, foetotoxic and reproductive damage are reported here. Criteria for inclusion required the species, duration of exposure, concentration and details of the effect in relation to fertility to be stated. Adverse effects reported in this section include sexual organ dysfunction, developmental changes (to embryos and foetuses), malformations, increases in spontaneous abortions or stillbirths, impotence, menstrual disorders and neurotoxic effects on offspring. Metabolism and toxicokinetics Data are quoted on the metabolic fate of the substance in mammals, and includes adsorption, distribution, storage and excretion.Mechanisms of anabolic or catabolic metabolism, enzyme activation and half-lives within the body are reported when available. Additionally findings from in vitvo studies are reported. xix Guide to Content 17. lrritancy Chemical substances which cause irritation (itching,inflammation) to skin, eye and mucous membranes on immediate contact in either humans or experimental animals are reported here. Exposure can be intentional in human or animal experiments, or unintentional via exposure at work or accidentto humans. Sensitisation Sensitisation occurs where an initial accidental or intentional exposure to a large or small concentration of substance causes no reaction or irritant effects. However, repeat or prolonged exposure to even minute amounts of a sensitising chemical causes increasingly acute allergicreactions. Genotoxicity Genotoxicity testing is carried out to determine the mutagenic and/ or carcinogenic potential of a chemical substance.A standard series of tests are carried out under controlled laboratory conditions on an established set of test organisms. A hierarchical system using bacteria, yeasts, cultured human and mammalian cells, in vivo cytogenetictests in mammals and plant genetics is used to assess the genotoxic potential of the substance under study. Bacteria, unlike mammals, lack the necessary oxidative enzyme systems for metabolising foreign compounds to the electrophilicmetabolites capableof reactingwith DNA. Therefore,bacteria are treated with the substance under study in the presence of a post-mitochondial supernatant (S9) prepared from the livers of mammals (usually rats). This fraction is supplemented with essential co-factors to form the S9 mix necessary for activation. DOSE reports published studies: giving the test organisms, whether metabolic activation (S9) was required, and the result, positive or negative. Other effects Other adverse effects (human) Adverse effects to humans from single or repeat exposures to a substance are given. The section includes results of epidemiological studies, smaller less comprehensive studies of people exposed through their work environment and accidental exposure of a single, few or many individuals. Any other adverse effects Adverse effectsto organisms or animalsother than man are reported here. Guide to Content xx 18. Legislation Any form of legislation, medical (food and drugs) or environmental from European, American and worldwide sources is reported. Other comments All other relevant information, including chemical instability and incompatibility, reviews, phytotoxicity and toxic effects associated with impurities, is contained in this section. References Contains referencesto data from above sections. Indexes The most convenient means of accessing a chemical in DOSE is via one of the indexes at the back of Volume 7. DOSE contains three indexes: chemical name and synonyms, CAS Registry Numbers and molecular formulae. Index of chemical names and synonyms Contains the name of the chemical used in DOSE together with a number of synonyms for that chemical. All names are arranged alphabetically. Index of CAS Registry Numbers Contains a list of the CAS Registry Numbers of the chemicals in DOSE in ascending order. This number is linked to the preferred DOSE name for that chemical and its DOSE number. Index of molecular formulae Contains a list of the molecular formulae of the chemicals in DOSE in alphabetical order for inorganic compounds, i.e. Ag2C03, Cl,Cr, etc., but for organic compounds, carbon and hydrogen content are shown first followed by the other elements in alphabetical order, i.e. CbH5Br. This number is linked to the preferred DOSE name for that chemical and its DOSE number. xxi Guideto Content 19. Note The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)has only assessed published information in compiling The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects. However, the RSC would welcome any relevant information on the chemicals that is not readily accessible, but in the public domain, for inclusion when the items in DOSE are updated. If you have any relevant information, please contact: Chemical Databank Production Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Cambridge CB4 OWF UK Telephone: +44 (0)1223420066 Fax: +44 (0)1223423429 Document Delivery The Library and Information Centre (LIC)of the RSC offers a Document Delivery Service for items in chemistry and related subjects. Contact: Library and Information Centre, the Royal Societyof Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK. Telephone:+44 (0)20 74378656 Fax: +44 (0)2072879798 Email: library@rsc.org Guide to Content xxii 20. A-a-C H c33YNH2 / CllH9N3 Mol. Wt. 183.21 CAS Registry No. 26148-68-5 Synonyms 2-amino-a-carboline; 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole;lH-pyrido[2,3-b]indole-2-amine; 2-amino-lH-pyrido[2,3-b]indole Uses Not used commercially. OccurrenceNot known to occur in nature. Physical properties M.Pt. 202C Solubility Organicsolvents:dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol Mammalian & avian toxicity Carcinogenicity and chronic effects No data for carcinogenicityto humans, sufficientevidencefor carcinogenicity4oanimals, IARC classification Group 2B (1). Oral mice (685days) 800mg kg-1 in diet. Tumourswere observed in the livers and blood vessels of treated animals.No such tumours were seen in controls(2). Metabolism and toxicokinetics NADPH-dependent oxidation of A-a-C to form six products was catalysedby human, rat, and mouse hepatic microsomes.3-Hydroxy-A-a-C and 6-hydroxy-A-a-Cwere the two major metabolites (c. 85%of total).N- Hydroxy-A-a-Cand its oxidation products comprised the rest (3). Genotoxicity Salmonella typhimuriurn TA98 and TA98/1,8-DNP6 with metabolic activationpositive (4). Hepatocyte/DNA repair test (cf rats, a*and 9 mice, cf hamsters) positive (5). Sister-chromatid exchangesin human lymphoblastoidcellswith metabolicactivation positive (6). In transgenicmice fed A-a-C (800ppm) in diet for 30,60, or 90 days lac1mutations were induced in the colon (7). Other effects Any other adverse effects Rats fed A-a-C suffered no atrophy of the salivaryglands and pancreas whereas rats fed 3-Me-A-a-C suffered severelyin most casesfrom one or the other, or both (8). Other comments Heterocyclicamine product formedby the cooking and pyrolysis of meat. The most common heterocyclicamine found in all types of satay (chicken,mutton, pork) cooked accordingto Chinese and Malay styles (1.3-12ppb) (9). 1 21. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. IARCMonograph 1986,40,250. Ohgaki,H. et a1Carcinogenesisfbndon) 1984,5,815-819. Ram, H. et a1Drug Metab. Dispos.1996,24(4),395-400. Nago,M. et a1Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commun.1983,114(2),626-631 Yoshimi, N. et a1Environ.Mol.Mutagen.1988,12(1), 53-64. Toda,H. et a1Mufat. Res. 1980,77(1), 65-69. Zhang,X. 8.et a1Carcinogenesis 1996,17(10),2259-2265. Takayama,S.et a1Proc. Ipn. Acad.,Ser. B 1985,61(6), 277-280. Wu,J. et a1Environ. Monit.Assess. 1997,44(1-3),405-412 A2 abietic acid C20H3002 Mol. Wt. 302.46 CAS Regis- No. 514-10-3 Synonyms podocarpa-7,13-dien-15-oic acid, 13-isopropyl-; (-)-abietic acid; 7,13-abietadien-l8-oicacid; sylvicacid EINECS No.208-178-3 (technical) Uses In the manufacture of ester gums and of metalresinates,soaps, plastics, and paper sizes. Physical properties M. Pt. 172-175C(monoclinicplates fromalcoholplus water), commercialabieticacid may be glassyor partly crystalline and may melt as low as 85C Solubility Water: insoluble. Organic solvents: acetone,alcohol,benzene, carbon disulfide, chloroform,ether Ecotoxicity Fish toxicity LC50 (96hr) cohosalmon 0.56mg 1-1 (1). LC50 (96hr) rainbow trout 0.7mg 1-1 (2). An abieticacid mixture (37%abietic acid, 6% dehydroabieticacid, and a remainder of unknown compounds) showed slight oestrogenicactivity in trout when administered in feed, but was completelyinactivewhen given intraperitoneallyin implant. Theoestrogeniccomponentof the mixture was not identified (3). Invertebratetoxicity LCm (96hr) shrimp 6.2mg 1-1 (4). 2 22. Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LD50 intravenous mouse 180mg kg-1(5). Teratogenicityand reproductive effects Ingestionof hexane extract of Pinus ponderosu needles causesreproductive failure in mice during the early stages of gestation. The activecomponents of the hexaneextract were identified as a mixture of diterpene resin acids, including abieticacid (6). Metabolism and toxicokinetics Abietic acid is metabolisedin the rabbit to primary, secondary,and tertiary alcohols, with the primary alcohol predominating (7). Other effects Any other adverse effects Abietic acid was oestrogenicin breast cancer cell lines MCF-7and T-47D (3). Abieticacid (225pg ml-1 inhibited (Na,K)-and (H,K)-ATPases,both of which are typical membrane-bound enzymes.Abietic acid also inhibited gastricacid secretioncaused by (H,K)-ATPase.Non-specific inhibitionby abieticacid suggests that it acts primarily by inducing disorganisationof the cell membrane constitution (8). Abieticacid (micromolarconcentrations)depolarised mammalian synaptosomal membrane and caused acetylcholinerelease. These responseswere not inhibited by tetradotoxin.Abietic acid caused weak inhibitionof mammalian synaptosomal ATPase activity.Two actionsof abieticacid which may contribute to neurotoxicityare membrane depolarisation and neurotransmitter release (9). Other comments Prepared by the isomerisationof rosin. Abieticacid was detected only in the shell and not in the soft tissue of the gastropod mollusk Ausfrocochleu consfricfa.It is suggested that the shellmay act as a "toxic waste sink" to facilitatethe removal of potentially harmful compounds from the more metabolicallyactivesoft tissue (10). Abieticacid was identified as a major toxicant to juvenilecohosalmon in softwood debarking effluentsand pulping waste streams (11). References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Leach,J, M. et a1J.Fish. Res. Board Can. 1973,30,479-484. Leach,J.M. et a1J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1975,32,1249-1257. Mellanen,P. et a1Toxicol.Appf.Phurmacol. 1996,136(2),381-388. Linden, E.et a1Chemosphere 1979,ll-12,843-851. Report No.N X 02819USArmy Armament Research andDevelopment Command,ChemicalSystemsLaboratory,NIOSH ExchangeChemicals,AberdeenProvingGround,MD 21010,USA. Kubick, Y.M.et a1Cornell Vet.1981,71(1),34-42. Asakawa, Y. et a1Xenobiotica 1986,16(8),753-767. Sekido,H.et a1Agfic. Biol. Chem. 1990,54(2),287-290. Nicholson,R. A. Biochem. SOC.Trans. 1994,22(2),226s. Walsh, K. et a1Arch. Environ. Confam.Toxicol. 1994,26(3),367-373. Leach,J. M. et a1Prog. Water Technol.1978,9(4),787-798 3 23. A3 acenaphthene C12H10 Mol. Wt. 154.21 CAS Registry No. 83-32-9 Synonyms 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene; 1,8-ethylenenaphthalene; periethylenenaphthalene EINECSNO.201-469-6 Uses A dyestuff intermediate,insecticideand fungicide.In the manufactureof plastics. OccurrenceA product of coal combustion,in coal tar and diesel fuel emissions.Volatile componentof cassava and nectarines. RTECSNo. AB 1000000 PhysicaI properties M.Pt. 93-95C B.Pt. 279C Specificgravity 1.0242at 90Cwith respect to water at 4C Partition coefficient log Po, 3.92 Volatility v.p. 10mmHg at 131C Solubility Organicsolvents:benzene,ethanol Ecotoxicity Fish toxicity LC50 (96hr) fathead minnow,channelcatfish,rainbow trout,brown trout 600-1700pg 1-1 flow throughbioassay, LC50(exposureunspecified)himedaka killifish 6.3mg 1-1 (2). LC50 (96hr) bluegillsunfish1700pg 1-1 staticbioassay (3). Invertebrate toxicity LCm (96hr) snail2040pg 1-1 flow throughbioassay (1). LCa (96hr) mysid shrimp 970pg1-1 staticbioassay (3). Bioaccumulation Mussels, scallopsand snailshave no detectablearyl-hydrocarbonhydroxylaseenzymesystemand therefore accumulateacenaphthene(4). Bluegillsunfishbioconcentrationfactor387-389(5,6). pH 7.5-7.6(1). Environmentalfate Nitrification inhibition The microbialdegradationof acenaphtheneunder denitrificationconditionsat soil-to-waterratios of 1.25with soilcontaining lo5 denitrifyingorganismsg-1 was investigated.Under excessnitrite conditions,acenaphthene was degraded to undetectablelevelsin 1000,1725 mg 1-1, respectively(1). LC50 (96hr) bluegill sunfish, channel cat fish 2050,2230 mg 1-1, respectively (1). Exposure (24hr) to 400 mg 1-1 depressed brain cholinesteraselevels in rainbow trout for 15days (2). Invertebrate toxicity LC50 (96hr) pink shrimp, mysid shrimp 3.8-7.3 mg 1-1 (3). LD50 topicallyChoristoneura uccidenfalisand Anugustu kuehniellu larvae 23-48pg g-1 (4). Administration of 0.25,0.5, and 1ppm acephate to bees for 14days, caused a dose-dependent decreasein their numbers (5). LD50oral bee 1.2pg adult bee-1. Acephateclassifiedas a poison without amorphogenic effects(6). Environmentalfate Nitrification inhibition Studies on the effectof acephate on growth and nitrogen fixationby Wesfiellopsinprolifica and Anabuena sp. showed that low concentrationsof 1.0-50pg ml-1 enhanced growth, while higher concentrations were lethal to organisms.Concentrations>5pg ml-1 decreased total nitrogen content (7). Degradation studies tl/2 in soil 7-10 days, methamidophos was identified as a metabolite.In plants residual activitylasted for 10-15 days (1). Abiotic removal 50% hydrolysis occurred in 60 hr at pH 9 and 40C and in 710 hr at pH 3 and 40C (1). Hydrolytic products formed at 37Cand varying pH, included methamidophos, 0,s-dimethyl phosphorothiolate, and 0-methyl acetylphosphoramidothiolate(8). Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LD50 oral mallard duck, ringneck pheasant 140-350mg kg-1 (1). LD50 (24hr) oral littlebrown bats 197-1500mg kgl, prevented 9 of30 surviving bats from righting themselves when placed on their backs 24 hr after dosing, initialsample size50. From this information the calculatedtoxicity was ED50 687mg kg-1(9). LD50 oral dog >681mg kg-1 (1). LD50oral rat 866-945mg kg-1 (1). LD50oral mouse 361mg kg-1 (1). LD50percutaneous rabbit >2000mg kg-l(l). Sub-acute and sub-chronic data Mouse and meadow voles were fed 0-400 ppm acephate for 5 days. Brain and plasma cholinesteraseactivities were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Body, liver weight, plasma enzyme activitiesand cytochromecontent were not affected (10). The exposure of rats to 1or 10mg kg-1 ofacephate for 15wk, caused altered activity of the noncholinergicsystem without altering the cholinergicactivity.The authors suggest that low level chronic exposure to organophosphones cannot be predicted by measuring cholinesteraseor acetylcholinesteraseenzyme activities (11). Carcinogenicity and chronic effects In a 2-yr feeding trial, rats receiving30 mg kg-1 diet and dogsreceiving 100mg kg-1 diet showed depression of cholinesterasebut no other significantside effects(1). Teratogenicityand reproductive effects 50 and 100mg kg-1 acephate administered orally to white-footedmice inhibited brain acetylcholinesterase activity45% and 56% and reduced basal luteinisinghormone concentration29% and 25/~,respectively,after 4 hr. 9 29. Dietary exposure to 25,100 and 400ppm inhibited brain acetylcholinesteraseactivitybut did not affectplasma basal luteinising hormone. Reproductivefunction effectscould be possible (10). Metabolism and toxicokinetics Following an oral dose of acephate to mice, metabolicproducts detected in the liver up to 30 hr were methamidophos, 0,s-dimethyl phosphoramidothiolate and S-methylacetylphosphoramidothiolate.Acephate and methamidophos had inhibitory cholinesteraseeffectson mouse erythrocyte enzyme (8). [W-acetyllacephate (40mg kg-1) was administered orally to pregnant rats on day 18 of gestation. The rats were then killed after 10min and at 0.5,1,3,6,12,24 and 48 hr. At the end of48 hr, 22.83%of the dose was exhaledas CO2with 1.25 and 0.6%being eliminated in the urine and faeces, respectively.Acephate was rapidly absorbed and distributed in the tissues with the highest concentrationof radioactivitybeing found in the maternal stomach followed by the liver. A total of 0.72%of the dose was recovered from the foetus (12). Genotoxicity Acephate produced gene conversionand mitotic recombinationin Saccharornyces cerevisiae and unscheduled DNA synthesis in human fibroblastsin culture (13). In vivo tests in the mouse showed significantenhancement in chromosomalaberrations, differencesin micronuclei and sperm abnormalities in acephate-treated animals. In a dominant lethal assay in mice, dead implants were significantlyhigher at wk 3 in treated animals (14). The clastogenicpotential of acephate was evaluated in a chick in vivo test system using the chromosome aberration assay in bone marrow cellsand the micronucleustest in bone marrow cellsand peripheral blood erythrocytes.25,50 and 100mg kg-1 induced significantincreasesin micronucleiin both bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytesfollowingintraperitoneal injection,but only 50mg kg-1 induced significantbone marrow chromosomeaberrations after a 24 hr exposure (15). At dose levelslimited by toxicity, negative results were observed for induction of sex-linked,recessive lethalityin Drosophila melanogaster (16). Acephate was positive in an assay for clastogenicity in Viciufuba (17). Other effects Other adverse effects (human) Inhalation and skin exposure to acephate was evaluated in four workers engaged in the formulation of 97%pure technicalproduct. Urine content, erythrocyteand plasma cholinesteraselevelswere monitored. High correlation was found between skin exposure level and urine elimination.One subjectwith urinary excretionlevelsbetween 3-8 mg 1-1 had slightly decreased values of plasma and erythrocytescholinesteraseactivities(18). Any other adverse effects Field application of acephate did not have any adverse effect on a population of meadow vole, although brain acetylcholinesteraseand plasma cholinesteraseactivitieswere depressed (19,20). Investigationof inhibition in vitro of human erythrocyte,rat brain and insect acetylcholinesteraselevelsindicated that acephate inhibits acetylcholinesterasein vitro in proportion to its toxicity in vivu (9,21). Legislation Limited under EC Directiveon Drinking Water Quality 80/778/EEC. Pesticidesand related products: maximum admissibleconcentration 0.1pg 1-l' (22). Included in Schedule6 (Releaseinto Land: Prescribed Substances)of Statutory Instrument No. 472,1991 (23). Other cornments Anticholinesteraseproperties of methamidophos and acephate in insects and mammals reviewed (14). Acephate showed toxiceffectson carbohydrate metabolismin rats and inhibited electrontransfer in the respiration of isolated mitochondria. The activityof cytochromec oxidase was severely inhibited at alkalinepH (24). 10 30. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. The PesticideManual 11th ed., 1997, BritishCrop Protection Council. Zmkl, J. G. et a1 Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987,38(1),22-28. Rosli bin Mohamad,et a1Pertanika 1987,10(1),75-80. Fiedler,L. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.1987,38(4), 594-601. Atkins,E. L. et a11.Apic. Res. 1986,25(4),242-255. Maharana,R. K. et a1 Geobios 1986,13(5), 185-188. Chukwudebe,A. C. et a11.Environ. Sci. Health Part B 1984,198(6),501-522. Clark,D. R. et a1Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1987,6(9), 705-708. Rattner, 8.A. et a1Toxicol. Lett. 1985,24(1),65-69. Singh,A. K. et a1 Environ. Res. 1987,43(2),342-349. Salama,A. K. et a11.Occup. Med. Toxicol. 1992,1(3), 265-274. NTlS Report 1980, PB 80-133226,NationalTechnicalInformationService, Springfield,VA, USA. Behera, 8.C.et a1Mutat. Res. 1989,223(3),287-293. Jena,G. B. et a1Mutagenesis 1994,9(4), 319-324. Carver,J. H. et a1 Toxicol. 1985,35(2), 125-142. De Kergommeaux, J. et a1Mutat. Res. 1983,124(1),69-84. Maroni,M.et a1Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1990,19(5), 782-788. Jett,D. A. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1986,5(3), 255-260. Sykes,P.W. Jr.Condor 1985,87(3),438. Hussain,M. A. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987,38(1), 131-138. EC Directive Relating to the Quality of Water Intendedfor Human Consumption 1982,80/778/EEC, Office for Official Publicationsof the EuropeanCommunities,2 rue Mercier,L-2985Luxembourg. S.1. 7991 No. 472 The Environmental Protection(Prescribed Processesand Substances) Regulations 1991, HMSO, London, UK. Ando, M.Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.1985,14(5),535-540 USEPA Report 1981, EPA 600/4-81-041. A6 acetal C6H1402 Mol. Wt. 118.18 CAS RegistryNo. 105-57-7 Synonyms acetaldehyde diethylacetal; 1,l-diethoxyethane; diethyl acetal; ethylidenediethylether EINECS NO.203-310-6 Uses Solvent in synthetic perfumessuch asjasmine.Used in organicsynthesis,flavours.Formerly used as a hypnotic. RTECSNo. AB 2800000 Physical properties M. Pt. -100C B. Pt. 102.7"C Flash point -20.5"C Specific gravity 0.8254at20Cwith respect to water at 4C Volatility v.p.10mmHg at 8C;v.den.4.10 Solubility Water:50 g 1-1. Organic solvents:diethylether, ethanol, ethyl acetate,heptane Occupational exposure UN No. 1088 HAZCHEMCode 3P1E Conveyanceclassificationflammable liquid Supply classificationhighly flammable,irritant Risk phrasesHighly flammable-Irritating to eyes and skin (R11,R36/38) SafetyphrasesKeep out of reachof children(if sold to general public)-Keep containerin a well ventilated place -Keep away from sourcesof ignition-No smoking-Take precautionarymeasures against static discharges (S2, S9, S16,S33) 11 31. Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LDm oral rat, rabbit, mouse 3500-4600mg kg-1 (1-3). LC5o (4 hr) inhalation rat 4000 ppm (4). Irritancy Dermal rabbit (24hr) 10mg caused irritation and 500 mg instilled into rabbit eye caused irritation (4). Other effects Any other adverse effects Central nervous system narcotic in high doses (3). Other comments Reviewson physico-chemicalproperties, experimental toxicology and human health effectslisted (5). References 1. 2. Med. u. Ernaehrung 1967,8,244. 3. 4. 5. Proc. SOC.Exp. Biol. Med. 1903/ 1904,1,AcademicPress, New York, NY,USA. Bhzina, A. Z. et a1 Gig.Sanit. 1977,3,12-15 (ChernAbstr. 88,32649b). Smyth,H. F. et a1J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1949,31,60. ECETOC Technical Report No. 71 1996,EuropeanCentre for Ecotoxicologyand Toxicologyof Chemicals,4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte6),B-1160 Brussels, Belgium A7 PhysicaI acetatdehyde CH3CHO C2H40 Mol. Wt. 44.05 CAS Registry No.75-07-0 Synonyms aceticaldehyde; ethanal; ethylaldehyde EINECS NO.200-836-8 Uses In the manufacture of aniline dyestuffs, perfumes, flavours,plastics, synthetic rubbers and for silvering mirrors and hardening gelatin fibres. RTECS No. AB 1925000 properties M. Pt. -123.5"C B. Pt. 20.2"C Flash point -27C Specific gravity 0.783 at 20C Partition coefficient log Po, -0.40 (calc.)(1) Volatility v.p. 740 mmHg ;v.den. 1.52 Solubility Water:miscible. Organicsolvents: diethyl ether, ethanol Occupationalexposure DE-MAK50ppm (91mg m-3) FR-VME 100ppm (180mg m-3) JP-OEL ceilinglimit 50 ppm (90mg m-3) SE-LEVL25 ppm (45mg m-3) UK-LTEL 20 pprn (37mg m-1) US-STEL ceilinglimit 25 pprn (45mg m-3) UN No. 1089 HAZCHEM Code 2YE Conveyance classification flammable liquid SE-STEL50 ppm (90mg m-3) UK-STEL 50 ppm (92mg m-1) 12 32. Supply classification extremelyflammable, harmful Risk phrases Extremely flammable-Irritating to eyes and respiratory system-Possiblerisk of irreversibleeffects (R12, R36/37, R40) Safety phrases Keep out of reach of children (if sold to general public)-Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking -Take precautionary measures against static discharges-Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves (S2,S16,S33,S36/37) Ecotoxicity Fish toxicity LC50 (24hr) pinperch 70 mg 1-1 (2). LC50 (96hr) bluegill sunfish 53mg 1-1 (3). Invertebrate toxicity Cell multiplication inhibition test Uronernaparduczi 57mg 1-1 (4). EC50 (48hr) Daphnia magna 9-14g 1-1 (5). IC5*Saccharomycescerevisiae 230 mg 1-1 (6). Environmentalfate Degradation studies 67-97% degradation occurred in an anaerobicsystem (7,8). Biodegradable(9). A number of studies confirm the degradability of acetaldehydeby acclimated sludge. Someloss may be attributed to volatilisation (10-14). Abiotic removal Photolytictl/2 8-16hr (calc.)(15). Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LD50 oral rat 1930mg kg-1 (6,16). LD50 subcutaneous mouse 560mg kg'(6). LD50 intravenous mouse 212 mg kg-l(l7). Carcinogenicity and chronic effects Inadequate evidence for carcinogenicityto humans, sufficientevidence for carcinogenicityto animals, IARC classificationgroup 2B (18). Inhalation d,9 rat ( 9 8month) 0,1500 or 3000 pprn (6hr day-l,5 day wk-1) gradually reduced to 1000ppm during the first 52 wk. Major compound-related effectsinclude increased mortality, growth retardation, nasal tumours, and non-neoplasticnasal changesin each of the test groups. The treatment-related nasal changes comprised: degeneration, hyperplasia, metaplasia,and adenocarcinomasof the olfactoryepithelium at all exposure levels;squamous metaplasia accompaniedby slight to severekeratinisation and squamous cell carcinomasof the respiratory epithelium at the two highest exposure levels; and slight to severe rhinitis and sinusitis in the highest concentrationgroup of rats (19,20). Long-terminhalation and intratracheal instillationstudies of acetaldehyde were carried out in Syrian hamsters. Exposureto acetaldehyde vapour at a concentrationof 1500pprn resulted in epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia accompanied by inflammationin the nasal cavity and trachea.Extensive peribronchiolar adenomatoid lesionsoften accompanied by inflammatorychanges occurred in the lungs after intratracheal instillationof acetaldhyde. Therewas no evidenceof acetaldehyde possessing carcinogenicactivity (21). Teratogenicity and reproductive effects In mice caused decreased weight and abnormal closureof neural tube (17). Rat malformations included microcephaly,micromelia and digital anomalies(22). Rat embryos were explanted on days 9.5 or 10of gestation and cultured for30-48 hours in rat serum containing0, 10or 20 pgml-1 of acetaldehyde. Exposureof 9.5-day embryos to 20 pgml-1 resulted in looo%embryolethality 13 33. whereas 10pg ml-1 induced growth retardation and teratogenic effects.No effectswere seen when 10-day embryos were exposed to 10pg ml-1(23). Genotoxicity Salmonella typhimuriurn TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 with and without metabolicactivation negative (24). Escherichiacoli PQ37 SOSchromotestwith and without metabolicactivation negative (25). Escherichia coli K-12/343/113 DNA repair test without metabolicactivation negative (26). Acetaldehyde produced chromosomalaberrations including chromosomal fragments, achromaticlesionsand chromatid breaks in metaphases at 12hr and 24 hr in primary cultures of rat skin fibroblasts.Dose-related increasesin aneuploidy were also observed (27). Other effects Other adverse effects (human) Human foetalhepatic cell line (WRL-68)cells (which do not express alcoholdehydrogenase or cytochromeP450 activity)were exposed for 120minutes to 10mM acetaldehyde. No celldeaths or morphological alterations were observed by light microscopy.Lipid peroxidation values, measured as malondialdehyde production, were 60% compared to control values and studies on cell proliferation,cell adhesion capacity,neutral red incorporation into lysosomes,glutathione content, protein sulfhydryl compounds, lipid peroxidation, inner mitochondria1 membrane integrity,lactatedehydrogenase activityand ultrastructural alterations indicated that acetaldehyde produced damage at the cellular level (28). General narcotic. In humans large doses cause death by respiratory paralysis (29). No health risks were found for workers exposed to acetaldehyde during the processing of heat shrinkable tubings on telephone cables (30). Other comments Toxicity and hazards reviewed (31,32). Reviews on exposure data, experimental toxicologyand human health effectslisted (33). References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Hansch, C. et a1Med. Chem. Proj. 1981,No. 19,Pomona College,Claremont, CA, USA. Garrett,J. T. et a1TexasI.Sci. 1951,3,391. McKee,J. E. et a1Water Quality Criteria 1963,California State Water Quality Board. Bringmann,G. et a1Z. WasserlAbwasserForsch. 1980,1,26. Takahashi,I. T. et a1Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987,39,229-236. Koch, H. P. et a1Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Phurmacol. 1993,15(3),141-152. Chou, W. L. et a1Biotech.Bioeng. Symp. 1979,8,391-414. Selected BiodegradationTechniquesfor TreatmentAIltirnate Disposal of Organic Materials 1979,EPA 600/2-79-006. MITI Report 1984, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo,Japan. Gerhold, R. M. et a11.WaterPollut. Control Fed. 1966,38,562-579. Hatfield, R. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1957,49 192-196. Heukelekian, H. et a11.WaterPollut. Control Fed. 1955,29,1040-1053. Rogovskaya,T.et a1Inst. Vodosnakzh Kunaliz Gidrotekhn Sooruzhenii Inzh Gidrogeol1962,178-213 (Russ.)(Chem.Abstr. 57, 11659b). Ludzach, J. R. et all. WaterPollut. Control Fed. 1960,32,1173-2000. Weaver,J.Diss. Abstr. Int.B 1977,1976,37,3427. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup.Med. 1951,4,199. OShea, K. S. et all. Anat. 1979,128(1),65. IARC Monograph 1987,Suppl. 7,77. Wouterson,R. A. et a1Toxicology1986,41(2),213-231. Eur.1.CancerClin. Oncol.1982,18,13. Feron, V. J. Prog. Exp. Tumour Res. 1977,162. Padmanabhan, R. et a1lndiun 1.Pharrnacol. 1982,14(3),247. 14 34. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Giavini, E. et a1In VitroCell. Dev.Biol.:Anim. 1992,28A(3,Part l),205-210. Mortelmans, K. et a1Environ. Mof.Mutagen. 1986,8(Suppl.7), 1-119. Mersch-Sundermann, V.et a1Mutagenesis 1994,9(3),205-224. Hellmer,L. et a1Mutat. Res. 1992,272(2),145-160. Bird, R. P. et a1Mutat. Res. 1982,101(3),237-246. Olivares,I. P.et a1Toxicology1997,120(2),133-144. TheMerck Index 12thed., 1996,Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station,NJ, USA. Hoogesteger,J.J. Spec. Publ. -R. Soc. Chem. 1992,10B(CleanAir Work),73-76. Izmerov, N. F. Scientific Reviews ofSoviet Literatureof Toxicity 6 Hazards of Chemicals1991,111, Eng. Trans.Richardson,M. L. (Ed.),UNEP/IRPTC, Geneva, Switzerland. BIBRA Toxicity Profile 1989,BritishIndustrial BiologicalResearch Asociation,Carshalton, UK. ECETOC Technical Report No. 71 1996, European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicologyof Chemicals,4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse(Bte6), 8-1160Brussels, Belgium acetaldehyde formylmethylhydrazone C4HSN20 Mol. Wt. 100.12 CAS Registry No. 16568-02-8 Synonyms acetaldehyde N-methyl-N-formylhydrazone;ethylidene gyromitrin; ethylidene methyl hydrazine carboxaldehyde; gyromitrin RTECS No. LQ 8500000 Occurrence Fungal toxin from falsemorels, Gyromitruspp. PhysicaI properties M.Pt. 5C Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LD50oral rat, mouse 320-340 mg kg-1 (1,2). LD50 oral rabbit 50 mg kg-1 (3). LDL, (unspecifiedroute) human 10-20mg kg-1 (4). Sub-acute and sub-chronic data TDL, (90 day) oral rabbit 5 mg kg-1 day-1 degeneration of liver observed (5). TDL, (90 day)oral chicken0.5 mg kg-1 day1degeneration of liver, kidneys and heart observed (5). Carcinogenicity and chronic effects No adequate evidence for carcinogenicity to humans, limited evidence for carcinogenicityto animals, IARC classificationgroup 3 (6). Acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone administered 100pgg-1 wk-1 by intragastric instillations for 52wk in mice, induced tumours of the lungs, preputial glands, forestomachand clitoral glands (6,7). Target organs of carcinogenicity:mouse clitoralgland and stomach (8). Metabolism and toxicokinetics After oral administration of acetaldehyde formylmethylhydrazone to rabbits, rats and chickens,some of the compound was excreted unchanged in the urine of rabbits (2). At 37Cunder acidicconditions (pH 1to 3), acetaldehyde formylmethylhydrazone is converted into methylhydrazine a known tumour inducer in mice and hamsters via an intermediate, N-methyl-N- formylhydrazine (9). 15 35. Other effects Otheradverseeffects (human) Poisoning of a family of four at an unspecifiedexposure level has been reported, toxic effects included liver injury, seizures and haemolysis. Recoveryoccurred within 4-8 days (10). References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Mutat. Res. 1978,54, 167. Makinen, S. M. et a1Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1977,15(6), 575-578. Pyysalo, H. Naturwissenschaften 1975,62,395. Schmidlin-Meszaros, J. Mitt. Geb. Lebensmittelunters. Hyg. 1974,65,453. Niskanen, A. et a1Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1976,14(5), 409-415. ZARC Monograph 1987, Suppl. 7,64,391. Toth, B. et a11.Natl. Cancer Inst. 1981,67(4), 881-887. Gold, L. S. et a1Mutat. Res. 1993,286(1), 75-100. Nagel, D. et a1Cancer Res. 1977,37(9), 3458-3460. Gamier, R. et a1 Toxicol.Eur. Res. 1978,1(6), 359-364 A9 acetaldoxime CH3CH=NOH CzHsNO Mol. Wt. 59.07 CAS RegistryNo. 107-29-9 Synonyms acetaldehyde oxime; aldoxime; ethanal oxime; ethylidine hydroxylamine EINECSNO.203-479-6 Uses Chemicalintermediate. Corrosion inhibitor. RTECSNo. AB 2975000 Physical properties M. Pt. 47C B. Pt. 115C Volatility v.p. 18.9mmHg at 25C Solubility Water: 185g 1-1 at 25C. Organic solvents:diethyl ether, ethanol Occupationalexposure UN No. 2332 HAZCHEMCode 2Y Conveyanceclassification flammableliquid Ecotoxicity Bioaccumulation The calculatedbioconcentrationfactor of 0.5 indicates that environmental accumulation is unlikely (1). Environmentalfate Carbonaceousinhibition Acetaldoximewas utilised as a sole carbon sourceby one bacterium isolate and one fungus isolate obtained from a silty clay soil (2). Degradationstudies Reduced to NOz- by Pseudornonas aeruginosa (3). Soilmobility and leaching potential was predicted to be high (4,5). 16 36. Abiotic removal The photolytic t1/2 of acetaldoximewas calculated to be 7.3days (5). Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LD50 interperitoneal mouse 100 mg kg-1 (6). LD50 unspecified route mouse 115mg mg-1 (7). References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Lyman,W. J. et a1Handbook of ChemicalProperty Estimation Methods 1982,5-14, McGraw-Hill,New York, NY,USA. Doxtader,K. G. et a1 Soil Sci. SOC.Am. Proc. 1966,30,351-355. Amarger,N. et a1I.Bacteriol. 1968,95(5),1651-1657. Swarm,R. L. et a1Res. Rev. 1983,85,16-28. Hansch,C.et a1Medchem Project No. 26 1985, PomonaCollege,Claremont,CA,USA. NTIS Report AD 277-689, Natl.Tech.Inf.Ser.,Springfield,VA, USA. Freidman,A. L. Khim.-Farm. Zh. 1978,12(2), 88-92 (Russ.)(Chem.Abstr. 88,182874k) AIO acetamide CH3CONH2 C~HSNO Mol. Wt. 59.07 CAS RegistryNo. 60-35-5 Synonyms acetic acid amide; amide C2; ethanamide; methane carboxamide EINECS NO.200-473-5 Uses Solvent,plasticiser and stabiliser.Alcohol denaturant. RTECS No. AB 4025000 PhysicaI properties M. Pt. 79-81C Partitioncoefficient log Po, -1.26 Solubility Water: 2 kg 1-1. Organicsolvents:hot benzene, chloroform,ethanol, glycerol, pyridine B. Pt. 222C Specific gravity 1.159at 20Cwith respect to water at 4C Occupational exposure SE-LEVL 10ppm (25mg m-3) Supply classification harmful Risk phrasesPossiblerisk of irreversibleeffects (R40) SafetyphrasesKeep out of reach of children (if sold to general public)- Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves (S2, S36/37) SE-STEL25 ppm (60mg m-3) Ecotoxicity Fish toxicity LC50 (24-96hr) mosquito fish 26-13 g 1-1 (1). Invertebrate toxicity Cell multiplication inhibition test,Microcystis aeruginosa 6200mg 1-1, Entosiphonsulcaturn 99 mg 1-1, Pseudornonas putida >10,000mg kg-1 (2). 17 37. Environmentalfate Nitrification inhibition At 100mg 1-1 no inhibition of NH3 oxidation by Nifrosomonasspp. (3). Mammalian& avian toxicity Acute data LD50intraperitoneal and subcutaneous rat 10g kgl(4). Carcinogenicity and chronic effects No adequate data for evidence of carcinogenicityto humans, sufficientevidence for carcinogenicityto animals, IARC classificationgroup 2B (5). Administration of 2.5%acetamide (1yr) diet rats induced malignant liver tumours, hyperplastic nodules and precancerouslesions (6). Oral administration of acetamide induced benign and malignant liver tumours in rats and an increased incidence of malignant lymphomas in a"mice (7-9). Target organ of carcinogenicity:rat liver (10). Genotoxicity Salmonella fyphimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 with metabolicactivation negative (4). EscherichiacoliK-12/343/113 DNA repair test with and without metabolicactivation negative (11). Drosophila melanogasterwhite-ivory somaticmutation assay.Acetamide did not increasethe frequency of mutant clones (12). Drosophila melanogaster in vim (white/white+)eye mosaic assay inactive (13). Acetamidewas inactive in morphologicaltransformation assays in mouse embryo cells (14). Other comments Acetamide, a known animal carcinogen, is discussed in relation to humans receivingmetronidazole therapy (15). Human health effects, epidemiology, workplace experience,physico-chemical properties and experimental toxicityreviewed (16J7). References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Meinck, F. et a1Les Eaux ResiduairesIndustrielles 1970. Bringmann,G. et a1Water Res. 1980,14,231-241. Hockenbury,M. R.et a11.WaterPollut. Control Fed. 1977,49(5),768-777. McCann, J. et a1Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. USA 1975,72(12),5135-5139. IARC Monograph 1987,Suppl. 7,56,389-390. Weisburger, J.H.et a1Toxicol.Appl. Pharmacoll969,14,163-175. IARC Monograph 1974,7,197-202. Flaks,B. et a1Carcinogenesis1983,4,1117-1125. Fleischman,R.W.et a11.Enuiron. Path. Toxicol.1980,3(5-6),149-170. Gold, L.S.et a1Mutat. Res. 1993,286(1),75-100. Hellmer,L.et a1Mutat. Res. 1992,272(2),145-160. Batiste-Alentom,M. et a1Enuiron. Mol. Mutagen. 1994,24(2),143-147. Vogel,E.W.et a1Mutagenesis 1993,8(1),57-81. Patierno, S.R.et a1CancerRes. 1989,49(4),1038-1044. Koch, R.L.et a1Science 1981,211(4488),398-400. BIBRA Toxicity Profile 1989,British IndustrialBiologicalResearchAssociation,Carshalton, UK. ECETOC Technical Report No. 72 1996,European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals,4AvenueE. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte6))1160-Brussels,Belgium 18 38. AII acetanilide NHCOCH3 I Physical CsHgNO Mol. Wt. 135.17 CAS RegistryNo. 103-84-4 Synonyms acetylaminobenzene; acetylaniline; N-phenylacetamide EINECS NO.203-150-7 Uses Manufacture of medicinals and dyestuffs.An antipyretic and analgesic.Used as a stabiliser for peroxide solutions and as an additive to celluloseester varnishes. RTECS No. AD 7350000 properties M. Pt. 114-115C B. Pt. 304-305C Flash point 173C(open cup) Specificgravity 1.2105at 4C with respect to water at 4C Partition coefficient log Po, 1.16 Volatility v.p. 1mmHg at 114C;v.den.4.65 Solubility Water: 5 g1-1. Organicsolvents:benzene, chloroform,diethyl ether, ethanol Ecotoxicity Fish toxicity LCg (96hr) bluegill sunfish 100mg 1-1 (40%survival in staticbioassay at 23C) (1). LC50 (96 hr) inland silverside 115mg 1-1 (100-20% survival in staticbioassy at 23C) (1). Invertebrate toxicity IC50 Saccharornyces cerevisiae 109mg 1-1 (2). Bioaccumulation Bioconcentrationfactorin goldfish 1.2 (3). Environmentalfate Degradationstudies Confirmed biodegradable (4). BOD10 1.20mg 1-1 oxygen using standard dilute sewage (5). 94% COD at 14.7mg CODg dry inoculum-1hrl at 20C in an activated sludge system using the substance as sole carbon source.With influent of 50 mg 1-1 and 365+days acclimation50% COD at 20C was recorded in a observation period of 10days, at a concentrationof 600-1000 mg 1-1 and under similar conditions inhibitionwas reported (6). Aryl acylamineamidohydrolase (EC3.5.1),isolated from Aspergillus nidulans shows activity to acetanilide.Enzyme activity occurs over a range of pH values between 7.8 and 10.2(7). Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LD50 oral rat 800mg kg-1 (2,8). LD50oral dog 500 mg kg-f (9). LD50oral mouse 1210mg kg-1 (2). LD50 oral d,9 rat 594-4350mg kgl(l0). 19 39. LD50 intraperitoneal mouse 500 mg kg-1 (11). Classifiedas harmful using the acute-toxic-classmethod, an alternative to the LD50 test (10). LDL, (1hr intermittently) oral human 56mg kg-1 central nervous system and gastrointestinal effects(12). Metabolism and toxicokinetics Acetanilideis readily excreted in the urine as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates (13). >99.9%of acetanilideremains un-ionised at body pH, facilitatingabsorption from blood to cerebrospinalfluid (14). Readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (15). In healthy subjectsgiven acetanilide orally at concentrations of 50 mg kg-1, plasma clearancevalues varied from 12-25ml h r l (16). Other comments Acetanilidehas been replaced by safer analgesics(17). Reviews on human health effects, experimental toxicology, environmental effects,ecotoxicologyand exposure levelslisted (18). References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Dawson, G. et a1J.Hazardous Materials 1975/77,1,303-318. Koch, H. I? et a1Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharrnacol.1993,15(3), 141-152. Nakatsugawa, T. et a1Environ. Toxicol. Pesticides 1972,Matsumura, F. (Ed.),Academic Press. MlTl Report 1984, Ministry of International Tradeand Industry, Tokyo, Japan. Mills, E. J. et a1Proc. 8th Purdue Ind. WasteCon$ 1953,492. Ludzack, F. J. et a1J. Hazardous Materials 1975/77,1. Pelsy, F. et a1Pestic. Biochem.Physiol. 1987,27(2), 182-188. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 1935,54,159. Abderneldens Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden 1935,4,1290. Schlede,E. et a1Arch. Toxicol.1992,66(7), 455-470. NTIS Report AD 277-689, National TechnicalInformation Service,Springfield, VA, USA. Am. J.Med. Sci. 1901,122,770. Patty,F.A. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology2nd ed., 1963,1835, IntersciencePublishers, New York, NY, USA. LaDu, B. N. et a1Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and Disposition 1971,82, Williams& Wilkins,Baltimore, MD, USA. Thienes C. et a1Clinical Toxicology5th ed., 1972, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Cunningham, J. L. et a1Eur. 1.Clin. Pharmacol.1974,7(6), 461. Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia 31st ed., 1996,The Royal Pharmaceutical Society,London, UK. ECETOC Technical Report No. 72 1996, European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals,4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte6), 8-1160 Brussels, Belgium ~ 1 2 acetic acid C2H402 Mol. Wt. 60.05 CAS Registry No. 64-19-7 Synonyms ethanoic acid; ethylic acid; glacial acetic acid; methanecarboxylicacid; vinegar acid EINECS NO.200-580-7 Uses In the manufacture of various acetates and acetyl compounds. In plastics, rubber, tanning, printing and dyeing silks.An acidulant and preservative in foods and a solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils. RTECS No. AF 1225000 20 40. PhysicaI properties M. Pt. 17C B. Pt. 118C Flashpoint 39C (closedcup) Specific gravity 1.049at 25C with respect to water at 25C Solubility Water:miscible.Organicsolvents:acetone, benzene, diethyl ether, ethanol Volatility v.p. 11.4mmHg at 20C ;v.den. 2.07 Occupationalexposure DE-MAK 10pprn (25mg m-3) FR-VLE10pprn (25 mg m-3) JP-OEL10ppm (25 mg m-3) SE-LEVL5 ppm (13mg m-3) UK-LTEL10ppm (25mg m-3) US-TWA10ppm (25mg m-3) UN No. 2789 (glacialor solutions SOYO) UN No. 2790 (solutions >lo%580%) (solutions>lo%580%) Conveyanceclassificationcorrosivesubstance Supply classification corrosive Risk phrasesFlammable-Causes severeburns (R10, R35) SafetyphrasesKeep locked up and out of the reach of children (if sold to general public) -Do not breathe vapour -In case of contactwith eyes,rinse immediatelywith plenty of water and seek medical advice -In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) (S1/2, S23,S26,S45) SE-STEL10pprn (25mg m-3) UK-STEL 15ppm (37mg m-3) US-STEL15pprn (37mg m-3) HAZCHEM Code 2P (glacialor solutions 230%) HAZCHEM Code2R Ecotoxicity Fish toxicity LC50 (96hr) bluegill sunfish 75mg 1-1 (1). LC50 (96hr) fathead minnow 88mg 1-1 staticbioassay 18-22C(2). LC50 (24 hr) goldfish 423 mg 1-1. Period of survival (48-96hr) 100mg 1-1 at pH 6.8; period of survival (96hr) 10mg 1-1 at pH 7.3 (3). Invertebratetoxicity EC50 (24-48hr) Daphnia magna, brine shrimp 47-32mg 1-1 (1,4). Cell multiplication inhibition test Microcystisaeruginosa 90 mg 1-1, Scenedesmus quadricauda4000 mg 1-1, Entusiphon sulcatum 78 mg 1-1, Urunemaparduczi 1350mg 1-1 (2,5). Bioaccumulation Acetic acid shows no potential for biologicalaccumulationor food chain contamination (6). EnvironmentaI fate Nitrificationinhibition The effect of aceticacid on the nitrification activityof activated sludge was studied in laboratory batch experiments. The critical concentrationat which activityceased was 115mM-aCetiC acid (7). Carbonaceousinhibition Cell multiplication inhibition test, Pseudurnonas putida 2850 mg 1-1 (8) Degradationstudies Biodegradable(9). BOD10 82% reduction dissolved oxygen in fresh water and 88%reduction dissolved oxygen in seawater at 20C ThOD540% 24 hr incubation activated sludge (4). BOD values:0.556 using a BOD biosensor; 0.34-0.88using a conventional5-day method (10). (1). 21 41. Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LD50 oral rat 3310mg kg-1 (11). LC50 (1hr) inhalation guinea pig 5000ppm (12). LD50 dermal rabbit 1060mg kgl(l3). A single 50 p1 intratesticular injectionof 36% aceticacid produced sterility in male rats (14). Sub-acute and sub-chronic data Sucklingrats were given 0.3 g 1-1 aceticacid in drinking water from parturition until the pups were 18days old. Offspringexposed to acetic acid were less activeand showed significantweight gain compared to controls(15). Carcinogenicity and chronic effects Acetic acid applied repeatedly to the skin of papilloma-bearing mice resulted in an increased incidenceof skin cancer (16). Irritancy Exposurecan causebums to skin and eye irritation (17). The irritancy of acetic acid was evaluated using the chickenenucleated eye test. The compound had a moderate effect on corneal swelling and a severe effect on comeal opacity and fluoresceinretention (18). Genotoxicity Salmonella typhimuriumTA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537with and without metabolic activation negative (19,20). Escherichia coIi PQ37 SOS chromotestwith and without metabolicactivation negative (21). A single application of acetic acid to mouse epidermis induced a sustained stimulation of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, indicating that aceticacid acted as a promoting agent (22). Other effects Any other adverse effects Chronicexposure may cause erosionof dental enamel and bronchitis. Ingestion may cause severe corrosion of mouth and gastrointestinal tract with vomiting, haematemesis, diarrhoea, circulatorycollapse,uremia and death (speciesunspecified) (17). 0ther comments The toxicity of aceticacid has been reviewed (23). Reviews on human health effects,experimental toxicology, physico-chemicalproperties, epidemiology,workplace experience,ecotoxicologyand environmental effectslisted (24). Incompatiblewith carbonates,,hydroxides, oxides, phosphates. Corrosive. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Price,K. S.I. WaterPollut. Control Fed. 1974,46,1. Mattson, V. R. et a1Acute Toxicity of Selected Organic Compounds to Fathead Minnows 1976, EPA 600/3-76-097. Ellis,M. M. Detection and Measurement of Stream Pollution 1937,US Dept of Commerce,Bureauof Fisheries. Elkins,H. F. et a1Sewage Ind. Wastes 1956,28(12), 1475. Bringmann, G.et a1 WaferRes. 1980,14,231-241. Environment Canada,Tech.Info.for Problem Spills on Acetic Acid Draft 1981,1,76. Eilersen,A. M. et a1 Water Res. 1994,28(6), 1329-1336. Bringmann,G. et a1Z. Wasser/Abwasser Forsch. 1980, (l),26-31. MITl Report 1984,Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo,Japan. Li, Y.-R.et a1Appl. Biochem.Biotechnol.1991,28-29,855-863. UnionCarbideData Sheet 1963, UnionCarbide Corp.,New York, NY,USA. Verschuern,K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals 1983, Van Nostrand Reinhold,New York, NY, USA. Am. lnd. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1972,33,624. 22 42. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Freeman,C. et a1Fertility Sterility 1973,24,884-890. Barrett, J.et a1Neurobehuviord Toxicol. Terutol. 1982,4,105-108. Rotstein,J.B. et a1CancerLett. 1988,42(1-2),87-90. The Merck lndex 12thed., 1996,Merck & Co. Inc., WhitehouseStation,NJ,USA. Prinsen, M. K. et a1Food Chem. Toxicol.1993,31(1),69-76. Zeiger, E. et a1Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 1992,19(Suppl. 21), 2-141. McCann, J. et a1Proc. Nut. Acud. Sci. 1975,72(12),5135-5139. Mersch-Sundermann,V. et a1Mutugenesis 1994,9(3),205-224. Slaga, T.J. et a1J. Natl. CancerInstit. 1975,55(4),983-987. BlBRA Toxicity ProFle 1990,British Industrial Biological Research Association, Carshalton, UK. ECETOC Technical Report No. 72 1996,European Centre for Ecotoxicologyand Toxicology of Chemicals,4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte6), B-1160 Brussels, Belgium A I ~ acetic anhydride C4H603 Mol. Wt. 102.09 CAS RegistryNo. 108-24-7 Synonyms acetic acid, anhydride; aceticoxide; acetyl anhydride; acetylether; acetyl oxide; ethanoic anhydrate EINECS NO.203-564-8 Uses Manufacture of acetylcompounds and celluloseacetate fibres and plastics.An acetylating agent and solvent in examining wool, fat, glycerol,fatty and volatileoils, resins. Widely used in organic synthesis. A dehydrating agent and acetylatingagent in the production of pharmaceuticals,dyestuffs,perfumes and explosives. RTECS No. AK 1925000 Physical properties M. Pt. -73C B. Pt. 139C Flashpoint 49C (closedcup) Specific gravity 1.082at 20C with respect to water at 4C Volatility v.p. 3.5mmHg at 20C ;v.den. 3.52 Solubility Organicsolvents:misciblewith acetone, diethyl ether, ethanol;soluble in benzene, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide OccupationaI exposure DE-MAK 5ppm (21mg m-3) JP-OELceilinglimit 5ppm (21mg m-3) UK-STEL5 ppm (21mg m-3) US-TWA5 pprn (21mg m-3) UN No. 1715 HAZCHEMCode 2W Conveyanceclassification corrosivesubstance, danger of fire (flammable liquid) Supply classification corrosive Risk phrasesFlammable-Causesburns (R10, R34) SafetyphrasesKeep locked up and out of the reach of children (ifsold to general public) -In case of contactwith eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medicaladvice-In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (showlabel where possible) (S1/2, S26, S45) FR-VLE5 pprn (20mg m-3) SE-CEIL5 ppm (20mg m-3) Ecotoxicity Fish toxicity Aquatic toxicityrating, designated non-toxic to trout, bluegill sunfish and goldfish (1). 23 43. Invertebratetoxicity Cell multiplication inhibition test, Pseudomonas putidu 1150mg 1-1, Scenedesmus quadricuuda 3400 mg 1-1, Chlorella pyrenoidosa 360 mg 1-1, Entosiphon sulcatum 30 mg 1-1 (2,3). Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LD50 oral rat 1780mg k g 1 (4). LD50 dermal rabbit 4000 mg kg-1 (5). LC50 (4hr) inhalation rat 1000ppm (6). Imtancy 10mg applied to rabbit skin for 24 hr caused mild irritation, 250 pg instilled in rabbit eye caused severeirritation (4). Skin, eye and upper respiratory tract irritant (7). May cause dermatitis and occasionalsensitisation (8). Genotoxicity Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537with and without metabolic activation negative (9). Other effects Other adverseeffects (human) Workersexposed to (undetermined) high vapour concentrationsreported burning sensations in nose and throat and dyspnoea (10). Can cause bronchial and lung injury (11). Lachrymatorand may cause conjunctivaloedema and corneal burns. Temporary or permanent interstitial keratitis with corneal opacity and loss of vision have been reported (12). Other comments Physical and chemical properties, hazards and current French legislation on aceticanhyride reviewed (13). Reviews on experimental toxicologyand human health effectslisted (14). Reacts with water to form aceticacid (9.v.).Explosion risk. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Wood, E. M. Toxicity of 3400 Chemicals to Fish 1987,EPA 560/6-87-002, PB 87-200-275. Bringmann,G.et a1 Water Res. 1980,14,231-241. Jones,H. R. Environmental Control in the Organic and Petrochemical Industries 1971,Noyes Data Corporation, New York, NY, USA. Arch. lnd. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1951,4,119. Union Carbide Data Sheet 1963,Union Carbide Corp., New York, NY, USA. Deichmann, W. B. Toxicologyof Drugs and Chemicals 1969,AcademicPress, New York, NY, USA. ChemicalSafety Data Sheets 1990,3,11-15,The RoyalSocietyof Chemistry,London, UK. Fassett,D. W. et a1Toxicology1963,2,Wdey-Interscience,New York, NY, USA. Mortelmans, K. et a1Environ. Mutagen. 1986,8(7),1-119. Am. Ind. Hyg.Assoc. I. 1971,32,64. Henderson, Y. et a1Noxious Gases 1943,129,Van Nostrand Reinhold,New York, NY, USA. Colman,J. P. et a1Inorg. Synth. 1963,7,205-207. Cah.Notes Doc. 1986,125,593-596. ECETOC Technical Report No. 72 1996,European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, 4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte6),8-1160 Brussels,Belgium 24 44. AM acetochlor COCH2CI "' CH3CH20CH2 C14H20C1N02 Mol. Wt. 269.77 CAS Registry No. 34256-82-1 Synonyms 2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide;2-chloro-N-ethoxymethyl-6'- ethylacet-o-toluidide EINECS NO.251-899-3 Uses Herbicide. RTECS No. AB 5457000 Physical properties M. Pt. 0C Solubility Water:223mg 1-1 at 25C. Organicsolvents:acetone, benzene,diethylether,ethanol,ethylacetate,toluene Ecotoxicity Fish toxicity LC50 (96hr) rainbow trout, bluegill sunfish 0.5,1.3mg 1-1, respectively (1). Invertebratetoxicity EC50 (48hr) Daphnia 16mg 1-1 (1). LD50,1.715mg bee-1 (1). Environmentalfate Degradation studies Microbialdegradation accounts for most loss from soil (2). Abiotic removal Stronglyabsorbed by soil (1). Mammalian & avian toxicity Acute data LD50 oral bobwhite quail 1590mg kg-1 (1). LD50 oral rat 1063-2183mg kg-1 (2,3). LD50 percutaneous rabbit 4166 mg kg-1(2). Sub-acute and sub-chronic data Oral rat (42day) 10-50mg kg-1 administered 5 day wk-1 caused changesin enzyme activity, including cytochromeoxidase, lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase, suggesting adverse effects on mitochondria1metabolicfunction (3). Oral rabbit (12 month) 0.3-30mg kg-1 induced atheroscleroticchanges in aorta. Simultaneous administration of cholesterol and acetochlorinduced more severechanges than single administration of either compound (4). Teratogenicityand reproductive effects Rats were given 2000 mg kg-1 of acetochlor (route unspecified).Severebody weight loss and some deaths occurred. In addition reduced implantation and pregnancy rates were observed at 18-25days post-dosing. The ova of 9 rats mated with a"rats exposed to acetochlor revealed a lack of fertilisation at 18-25days (5). 25 45. Initancy Dermal guinea pig (10day) 0.1 mg of 50% acetochlorcaused irritation; the severity lessened with dilution (6). Sensitisation Intracutaneous guinea pig 50-200pg 1-1 followedby skin test showed no positive reaction in response to stimulation (6). Intracutaneous guinea pig 250 pg with subsequent 7-fold application onto guinea pig skin caused hyperaemic reaction in a 24 hr spot test (6). In a guinea pig epidermal sensitisation test, 0.5% acetochlorwas negative (6). Legislation Limited under EC Directive on Drinking Water Quality 80/778/EEC. Pesticidesand related products: maximum admissible concentration0.1 pg 1-1 (7). Included in Schedule 6 (keleaseinto Land: Prescribed Substances)of Statutory Instrument No. 472,1991(8). Other comments Occupationalhealth hazard from exposure to acetochlordiscussed (4). Metabolicpathways reviewed (9). References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The Pesticide Manual 11th ed., 1997,British Crop Protection Council. Breaux, E. J. Weed Sci. 1987,35(4),463-468. Khalkova, Z. et a1Probl. Khig. 1990,15,96-102 (Bulg.)(Chem.Abstr. 116,122936~). Ivanov,Y. V. Gig. Sunit. 1988,5,84-85 (Russ.)(Chem.Abstr, 109,18531~). Ashby, J. Mutat. Res. 1997,393(3),263-281. Gadalina, I. D. et a1Gig. Sanit. 1984, (B), 85-86 (Russ.)(Chem.Abstr