the diagram shows an experiment to find out what...

Q1. The diagram shows an experiment to find out what happens to infrared waves when they strike different surfaces.

(a) The water in the black tube gets hotter than the water in the shiny tube. Choose words from the list to complete the sentences below.

absorbs conducts convects radiates reflects

The infrared lamp .................................................. energy to the tubes of water.

The black surface ............................................... most of the energy that reaches it.

The shiny surface .............................................. most of the energy that reaches it. (3)

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(b) Put the sentences A- E below into the correct boxes on the flow diagram so that they tell you how to do the experiment

(You may use just the letters if you want to.)

(5)

(Total 8 marks)

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Q2. Complete the boxes on the chart to show what happens to the energy from the Sun.

(Total 3 marks)

Q3. The diagram shows a type of electric immersion heater in a hot water tank. These hot water tanks are normally found in airing cupboards.

Information on the immersion heater states:

230 V 10 A

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(a) Immersion heaters for hot water tanks often have a switch on them labelled bath or sink. The bath position of the switch has both parts of the immersion heater elements in the circuit. The sink position has only the short heater element in the circuit.

(i) Explain why the hot water outlet is at the top of the tank, and the cold water inlet is at the bottom of the tank.

..........................................................................................................................

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.......................................................................................................................... (2)

(ii) Explain how the sink position for the immersion heater is able to save energy.

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.......................................................................................................................... (2)

(b) The copper tank is surrounded by plastic foam to minimise energy loss.

Explain why a pale, shiny surface to the foam also helps to minimise energy loss.

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.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 6 marks)

Q4. The drawing shows a section of a vacuum flask.

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(a) Heat is slowly “lost” from the hot liquid in the closed flask. It may be transferred by:

conduction convention evaporation radiation

Choose from the words above to complete the following sentences. You may use a word once, more than once or not at all.

(i) The vacuum between the glass walls reduces

..................................................... and ............................................................. (2)

(ii) The silvered surfaces of the glass walls reduce

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(iii) The stopper in the opening of the flask reduces

......................................................... and ......................................................... (2)

(iv) Heat is transferred by the air molecules, away from the vacuum flask, by

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(v) The plastic of the plastic stopper is preferred to metal because it cuts down

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(b) Mark X on the diagram of the vacuum flask where the liquid in the flask is hottest. (1)

(c) Explain, in terms of particles, how heat is conducted through a glass wall of the vacuum flask.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 10 marks)

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Q5. The drawing shows parts of a house where it is possible to reduce the amount of energy lost.

(a) Give one way in which the amount of energy lost can be reduced from each of the following parts of the house.

1, 2 and 4 ....................................................................................................................

5 ..................................................................................................................................

7 .................................................................................................................................. (3)

(b) Energy consumption can be reduced by using a more efficient boiler or more efficient light bulbs.

What is meant by a more efficient light bulb?

.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(Total 4 marks)

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Q6. The diagram comes from a leaflet about a “coal effect” gas fire. It shows how air circulates through the fire.

(a) Explain in detail why the air travels from C to A.

.....................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... (4)

(b) The black “fuel effect” lumps become very hot.

(i) Name the process by which the lumps transfer thermal energy to the room as shown at B.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) Suggest one feature of the black “fuel effect” lumps which make them efficient at transferring energy.

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(Total 6 marks)

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Q7. The diagram shows a section through a gas oven.

Use words from the list to complete the sentences.

conduction convection insulation radiation resistance

The outside of the door gets hot because energy is transferred through

the door by ...........................................................................................................................

Energy is transferred from the gas flame to the rest of the oven by the movement of air.

This type of energy transfer is called ..................................................................................

The walls of the oven are packed with fibreglass to reduce energy transfer. Energy transfer

is reduced because fibreglass provides good .......................................................................

The outside of the cooker is white and shiny.

This reduces energy transfer by ........................................................................................... (Total 4 marks)

Q8. The diagram below shows an electric kettle and the label on the bottom of the kettle.

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The water at the bottom of the kettle will heat up first. This is because the heating element is near the bottom of the kettle. Convection currents will then cause the rest of the water in the kettle to be heated.

(i) What are convection currents?

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) Explain how convection currents are produced. (Your answer should refer to density and temperature.)

.....................................................................................................................................

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.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (4)

(Total 5 marks)

Q9. The diagram below shows a house which has not been insulated. The cost of the energy lost from different parts of the house during one year is shown on the diagram.

(a) The total cost of the energy lost during one year is £1000.

(i) What is the cost of the energy lost through the floor?

........................................................................................................................... (2)

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(ii) Suggest one way of reducing this loss.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(b) The table below shows how some parts of the house may be insulated to reduce energy losses. The cost of each method of insulation is also given.

WHERE LOST COST OF ENERGY LOST PER YEAR (£)

METOD OF INSULATION

COST OF INSULATION (£)

roof 250 fibre-glass in loft 300

walls 350 foam filled cavity 800

windows 100 double glazing 4500

doors 150 draught proofing 5

(i) Which method of insulation would you install first? Explain why.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (3)

(ii) Which method of insulation would you install last? Explain why.

...........................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (3)

(Total 9 marks)

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Q10. (a) The diagram shows a hot water system.

(i) Explain why the boiler is below the hot water tank.

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(ii) Why is heat energy transferred from hot water in the tank to the surrounding air?

...........................................................................................................................

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(iii) Name the process by which energy is transferred through the sides of the tank.

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(iv) How may heat loss from the hot water tank be reduced?

...........................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................... (6)

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(b) One way of reducing heat loss from a house is by cavity wall insulation. Foam is pumped between the inner and outer brick walls as shown in the diagram.

How is heat loss from a house reduced by:

(i) having a cavity wall?

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(ii) filling the cavity with foam?

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (3)

(Total 9 marks)

Q11. (a) When an electric kettle is switched on it will take a few minutes to boil the water. Once switched off it will gradually cool down.

(i) When the kettle is switched on the water heats. Explain how all of the water is heated.

.........................................................................................................................

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(ii) The kettle is now switched off and begins to cool.

(1) Describe how heat energy is transferred through the walls of the kettle.

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(2) Describe how the heat energy is transferred from the walls of the kettle.

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(iii) Describe how heat losses from the surface of a metal kettle may be kept small.

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......................................................................................................................... (4)

(b) A shiny metal can and a dull black can are filled with the same amounts of cold water. A radiant heater is placed exactly half way between the cans as shown in the diagram below.

Two thermometers are used to measure the temperature of the water in each can every minute.

(i) Suggest how the temperature of the water in the dull can would be different from the temperature of the water in the shiny can after ten minutes.

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(ii) Explain your answer to part (i).

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(c) The radiant heater was removed and both the cans were filled with the same amount of boiling water, as shown in the diagram below.

The temperature was recorded every minute for ten minutes.

(i) Suggest how the temperature of the water in the dull can would be different from the temperature of the water in the shiny can after ten minutes.

.........................................................................................................................

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(ii) Explain your answer to part (i).

.........................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................... (3)

(Total 10 marks)

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Q12. The diagram below shows a vacuum flask.

(a) Give two features of the flask which reduce heat loss by conduction.

1. ...............................................................................................................................

2. ............................................................................................................................... (2)

(b) Give one feature of the flask which reduces heat loss by radiation.

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(Total 3 marks)

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Q13. (a) The diagram shows hot water being poured into a mug.

(i) Complete the sentence by choosing the correct words from the box. Each word may be used once or not at all.

Heat energy is being transferred from the ...................................................... to

the ........................................................... . (1)

air mug table water

(ii) When will this transfer of heat energy stop?

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(b) In the box are the names of four types of fuel used to heat homes.

Which one of these types of fuel is renewable?

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

coal gas oil wood

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(c) The diagram shows where heat energy is lost from a house.

(i) Complete the sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. Each word may be used once or not at all.

conduction conductor convection electric evaporation insulator

The amount of heat energy lost through the windows by

....................................................... can be reduced by using thick curtains. The

curtains trap a layer of air and air is a good ................................................... .

The curtains will also stop .................................................... currents pulling

cold air into the room through small gaps in the window. (3)

(ii) Write down one other way of reducing heat loss from a house.

..........................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................... (1)

(Total 7 marks)

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Q14. (a) The diagram shows an immersion heater used to heat water inside a tank. Heat is transferred through the water by convection.

(i) Draw arrows on the diagram to show the movement of the water in the tank when the heating element is switched on.

(2)

(ii) Explain how a convection current is set up in the water. The explanation has been started for you.

When the heating element is switched on, the hot water nearest the element rises

because ...........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................... (2)

(b) The diagram shows two ways to reduce heat loss through the walls of a house.

(i) How is the aluminium foil able to reduce heat loss?

..........................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................... (1)

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(ii) The plastic foam is good at reducing heat loss through the walls. Explain why.

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.......................................................................................................................... (3)

(c) Evaporation is an important heat transfer process. When sweat evaporates, it takes heat energy from your body. As humidity increases, you are more likely to feel hot and uncomfortable. Explain why.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 10 marks)

Q15. The diagram shows part of a solar water heater. Water circulating through the solar panel is heated by the Sun.

(i) Complete the following sentence.

Heat energy is transferred from the Sun to the solar panel by

..................................... . (1)

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(ii) The pipe inside the solar panel is black. Why?

.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(iii) There is a layer of expanded polystyrene behind the black pipe. Why?

.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(iv) A silvered surface is used at the back of the solar panel. Explain why.

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.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 5 marks)

Q16. Many people use a sleeping bag when they sleep in a tent. Sleeping bags, designed to keep a person warm, have a fibre filling.

(i) Complete the sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.

The fibre is designed to reduce heat transfer by ..................................... and

.......................................

conduction convection radiation

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(ii) Explain why the fibre is good at reducing heat loss from a person sleeping in the bag.

.....................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... (Total 3 marks)

Q17. The vacuum flask shown has five features labelled, each one designed to reduce heat transfer.

(a) (i) Which labelled feature of the vacuum flask reduces heat transfer by both conduction and convection?

........................................................................................................................ (1)

(ii) Explain how this feature reduces heat transfer by both conduction and convection.

........................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................ (2)

(b) (i) Which labelled feature of the vacuum flask reduces beat transfer by radiation?

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(ii) Explain how this feature reduces heat transfer by radiation.

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........................................................................................................................ (2)

(Total 6 marks)

Q18. (a) The diagram shows the ways in which heat energy can be transferred from an old house.

(i) Calculate the percentage of energy transferred by draughts.

% energy transferred by draughts = ...................................... (1)

(ii) Complete the following sentence using one of the words from the box.

Draughts transfer heat energy by ...................................................................... (1)


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(iii) State one way of reducing the heat transfer by draughts.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(b) The diagram shows a section through the walls of a house built in 1930.

Explain how the air cavity between the two walls reduces the heat transfer from the house.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (2)

(c) The table shows the installation costs and yearly savings on energy bills for different methods of insulating a house.

Method of insulation

Installation cost in £ Yearly saving on energy bills in £

Double glazing 4000 65

Loft insulation 240 60

Cavity wall insulation 600 80

(i) Give one reason why loft insulation is often fitted to an old house before double glazing or cavity wall insulation.

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (1)

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(ii) The time it takes for the saving on energy bills to equal the cost of installing the insulation is called the pay-back time.

Calculate the pay-back time for loft insulation.

...........................................................................................................................

Pay-back time = .................................................... years (1)

(Total 7 marks)

Q19. The drawing shows water being heated in a metal saucepan.

(a) Explain, in terms of the particles in the metal, how heat energy is transferred through the base of the saucepan.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (2)

(b) Energy is transferred through the water by convection currents. Explain what happens to cause a convection current in the water. The answer has been started for you.

As heat energy is transferred through the saucepan, the water particles at the bottom

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(c) Some energy is transferred from the hotplate to the air by thermal radiation. What is meant by thermal radiation?

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..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(Total 6 marks)

Q20. A student was asked to investigate the heat loss from two metal cans, L and M. The cans were identical except for the outside colour.

The student filled the two cans with equal volumes of hot water. He then placed the temperature sensors in the water and started the data logger. The computer used the data to draw the graph below.

(a) Which one of the following is a categoric variable?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

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the outside colour of the cans

the starting temperature of the hot water

the time

the volume of hot water (1)

(b) For can L, state the temperature drop of the water:

(i) in the first two-minute interval

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) in the second two-minute interval.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(c) In both cans the water cooled faster at the start of the investigation than at the end of the investigation. Why?

.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(d) One can was black on the outside and the other can was white on the outside.

What colour was can L? ..............................................

Explain the reason for your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... (3)

(Total 7 marks)

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Q21. (a) The graph shows the temperature inside a flat between 5 pm and 9 pm. The central heating was on at 5 pm.

(i) What time did the central heating switch off?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) Closing the curtains reduces heat loss from the flat.

What time do you think the curtains were closed?

...........................................................................................................................

Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................... (2)

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(b) Less heat is lost through double-glazed windows than through single-glazed windows.

Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. Each word may be used once or not at all.

Air is a good ........................................... . When trapped between two sheets of glass it

reduces heat loss by .......................................... and .................................................... (3)

conduction conductor convection evaporation insulator radiation

(c) The table gives information about three types of house insulation.

Type of insulation Cost to install

Money save each year on heating

bills Payback time

Double glazing £4000 £200 20 years

Loft insulation £300 £100 3 years

Cavity wall insulation £600 £150

(i) Use the information in the table to calculate the payback time for cavity wall insulation.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

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(ii) Explain why people often install loft insulation before installing double glazing or cavity wall insulation.

...........................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 9 marks)

Q22. A student had read about a glacier that had been covered in insulating material. The idea was to slow down the rate at which the glacier melts in the summer.

She investigated this idea using the apparatus shown in the diagram.

(a) These are the steps taken by the student.

• Measure 30 cm3 of cold water into a boiling tube.

• Place the boiling tube 25 cm from an infra red lamp.

• Record the temperature of the water.

• Switch on the infra red lamp.

• Record the temperature of the water every minute for 5 minutes.

• Repeat with boiling tubes covered in different insulating materials.

(i) Why did she use an infra red lamp?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) Name one control variable in this investigation.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

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(iii) Give one advantage of using a temperature sensor and data logger instead of a glass thermometer to measure temperature.

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........................................................................................................................... (1)

(b) The results of the investigation are shown in the graph.

(i) Why did the student use a boiling tube with no insulation?

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........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) From her results, what should she recommend is used to insulate the glacier?

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(iii) Explain why the insulation recommended by the student will reduce the heat transfer from the Sun to the glacier.

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........................................................................................................................... (2)

(c) Explain, in terms of particles, how heat is transferred through the glass wall of a boiling tube.

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..................................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 9 marks)

Q23. The diagram shows potatoes being baked in a gas oven. Each potato has a metal skewer pushed through it.

(a) Explain how heat is transferred by the process of convection from the gas flame at the bottom of the oven to the potatoes at the top of the oven.

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(b) The metal skewers help the potatoes to cook by transferring heat to the inside of the potatoes.

By what method is heat transferred through a metal skewer?

....................................................................... (1)

(c) When the potatoes are taken from the oven, they start to cool down.

Suggest one factor that will affect how fast a potato cools down.

.................................................................................................................................... (1)

(d) If the potatoes need to be kept hot, they may be wrapped in shiny aluminium foil.

Why does this help to keep the potatoes hot?

.................................................................................................................................... (1)

(Total 6 marks)

Q24. (a) In winter, energy is transferred from the warm air inside a house to the air outside.

(i) What effect will the energy transferred from the house have on the air outside?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) What would happen to the energy transfer if the temperature inside the house were reduced? Assume the temperature outside the house does not change.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

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(b) To increase energy efficiency, a householder installs a heat exchanger to an outside wall of the house. The heat exchanger uses heat from the air outside to warm the inside of the house. The diagram shows the idea of the heat exchanger.

Physics Through Applications edited by J Jardine et el (OUP, 1989), copyright © Oxford University Press, reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press.

(i) Why does the heat exchanger cost money to run?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) The heat exchanger is cost effective in reducing energy consumption. Explain why.

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........................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 5 marks)

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Q25. The diagram shows a fridge-freezer.

(a) By which method is heat transferred through the walls of the fridge-freezer?

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(b) The inside of the fridge is at 4 °C. The inside of the freezer is at –18 °C.

Into which part of the fridge-freezer will the rate of heat transfer be greater?

Draw a ring around your answer.

the fridge the freezer

Give a reason for your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(c) The outside surface of the fridge-freezer is white and shiny.

Give two reasons why this type of surface is suitable for a fridge-freezer.

1 ..................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (2)

(Total 4 marks)

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Q26. (a) The graph compares how quickly hot water cooled down in two glass beakers with different surface areas.

The volume of water in each beaker was the same.

Describe how the surface area of the water affected how fast the water cooled down.

.....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(b) Some foxes live in a hot desert environment.

This type of fox has very large ears.

Explain how the size of the fox’s ears help it to keep cool in a hot desert.

.....................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... (2)

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(c) Polar bears and reindeer are adapted to live in cold environments.

Use the words in the box to complete the following sentences.


(i) The white colour of a polar bear’s fur helps to keep the polar bear warm by

reducing the heat lost by .................................................. . (1)

(ii) The hairs of a reindeer are hollow. The air trapped inside the hairs reduces the

heat lost by .................................................. . (1)

(Total 5 marks)

Q27. A vacuum flask is designed to reduce the rate of heat transfer.

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(a) (i) Complete the table to show which methods of heat transfer are reduced by each of the features labelled in the diagram.

The first row has been done for you.

(2)

(ii) Explain why the vacuum between the glass walls of the flask reduces heat transfer by conduction and convection.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (2)

Feature Conduction Convection Radiation

vacuum

silvered surfaces

plastic cap

(b) The diagram shows a gas flame patio heater.

(i) Explain why the top surface of the reflecting hood should be a light, shiny surface rather than a dark, matt surface.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (2)

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(ii) Most of the chemical energy in the gas is transformed into heat. A small amount of chemical energy is transformed into light.

Draw and label a Sankey diagram for the patio heater.

(2)

(iii) State why the total energy supplied to the patio heater must always equal the total energy transferred by the patio heater.

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(Total 9 marks)

Q28. The picture shows one type of solar water heater. Water from the tank is slowly pumped through copper pipes inside the solar panel where the water is heated by energy from the Sun.

(a) Explain why the copper pipes inside the solar panel are painted black.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (2)

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(b) Each day the average European family uses 100 kg of hot water. To kill bacteria, the water going into the tank at 20 °C must be heated to 60 °C.

Calculate the energy needed to increase the temperature of 100 kg of water by 40 °C.

Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg °C.

Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Energy transferred = .................................... J (2)

(c) The bar chart shows how the amount of solar energy transferred to the water heater varies throughout the year.

How many months each year will there not be enough solar energy to provide the hot water used by an average European family?

.................................................. months (1)

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(d) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

The water in the tank could be heated by using an electric immersion heater.

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using solar energy to heat the water rather than using an electric immersion heater.

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(Total 11 marks)

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Q29. The bar charts show the rate of energy loss from the body of a runner at the start of a marathon race and half way through the race.

(a) It is important that the energy loss by evaporation increases during the race.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

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(b) At the end of the marathon the runner covers herself in a silvered space blanket.

Explain how the space blanket helps keep the runner warm.

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(Total 4 marks)

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M1. (a) radiates absorbs / conducts reflects

for 1 mark each 3

(b) C make sure the lamp is the same distance from both tubes B switch on the lamp A switch off the lamp E wait for the temperature to stop rising D read the thermometers

for 1 mark each 5

[8]

M2.

each for 1 mark allow ‘error carried forward' to the last box’

[3]

M3. (a) (i) the outlet mark

hot water rises or floats up

do not accept heat rises

the inlet mark 1

cold water replacing any drawn off comes in at the bottom and does not mix with hot or cool the hot water

do not accept descriptions of a convection current 1

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(ii) only heats top (of tank) or a small volume

credit heats less water 1

no mixing occurs with cold because hot water is less dense or water is a poor conductor

no mixing because cold water is more dense 1

(b) radiation (losses from tank) do not accept reflection of heat

1

lower from light or white or shiny surfaces

credit they are poor radiators for both marks 1

[6]

M4. (a) (i) conduction 1

convection they may be in either order

1

(ii) radiation 1

(iii) evaporation 1

convection they may be in either order

1

(iv) convection 1

(v) conduction 1

(b) in the middle above halfway up (above line joining top of spacers) below the surface of the liquid

1

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(c) by particles vibrating more particles shake more or move more do not credit they start vibrating

1

they pass on the energy or vibrations

do not credit heat 1

[10]

M5. (a) insulation

allow example e.g fibreglass 1

double glazing allow curtains

1

draught excluder allow double glazing / close fitting door allow turning down thermostat once only / turn down the heating

1

(b) transfers more useful energy allow converts more energy into light / less into heat / less energy wasted

1 [4]

M6. (a) convection air is heated by the burner / particles gain energy air expands / particles move about more / particles move faster air becomes less dense / particles are more spread out air rises / particles rise - not heat rises air from C moves into the heater / particles from C move into the heater to replace it / them

any four for 1 mark each 4

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(b) (i) radiation for one mark

1

(ii) black surface radiates / emits well (allow absorbs and emits well) (allow comparison with shiny / white surfaces)

large surface area needed high temperature (of the lumps)

any one for 1 mark 1

[6]

M7. …….. conduction …….. convection …….. insulation …….. radiation

for 1 mark each [4]

M8. (i) currents of moving liquids/gases/fluids carrying/transferring energy (can name fluid)

1

(ii) liquids/gases expand when their temperature rises/when they are heated

the density of the heated liquid/gas is then less than that of the colder liquid/gas which has not been heated

the warmer/less dense liquid/gas then rises through the colder/denser liquid/gas

the colder/denser liquid/gas falls to replace the liquid/gas which has risen, and in turn becomes heated

for 1 mark each 4

[5]

M9. (a) (i) £150

gets 2

Else 1000 – (250 + 350 + 100 + 150) or 1000 – 850 gets 1

2

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(ii) (Named) floor covering OR Insulation under floor

for 1 mark 1

(b) (i) Draught proof doors or fibre glass in loft or in cavity For draught proofing

gains 1 mark

Very low cost/easy to install Repays for itself quickly/cost recuperated quickly Reasonable energy saving

any 2 for 1 mark each

For loft insulation

Second lowest installation cost/easy to install Reasonable large energy savings for this cost Reasonable payback time

gains 1 mark

For foam filled cavity Biggest energy/cash saving Cost effective

any 2 for 1 mark each 3

(ii) Double glazing

gains 1 mark

Costs most Saves least energy Least cost effective

any 2 for 1 mark each 3

[9]

M10. (a) (i) hot water rises (not heat)

for 1 mark

due to convection currents or water expands/becomes less dense on heating or less dense water rises

any for 1 mark 2

(ii) inside hotter (than outside) for 1 mark

1

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(iii) (heat transfer by) conduction for 1 mark

1

(iv) surround/cover/insulate tank with poor conductor or named insulator

for 1 mark each 2

(b) (i) air is an insulator/poor conductor for 1 mark

1

(ii) convection stopped foam is an insulator/poor conductor for 1 mark each

2 [9]

M11. (a) (i) Carries heat up (as convection current) 1

(ii) (1) By conduction or from molecule to molecule (2) By radiation or as IR

2

(iii) Use shiny surface (inside or outside) or small area 1

(b) (i) Rise more quickly 1

(ii) Dull surface good absorber (accept “attract” = “absorb” if context correct, then penalise spg mark.

Shiny surface poor absorber 2

(c) (i) Fall more quickly 1

(ii) Dull surface good emitter Shiny surface poor emitter

2 [10]

M12. (a) plastic/glass walls; vacuum; insulating top

any two for 1 mark each 2

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(b) silvering/shiny on either wall for 1 mark

1 [3]

M13. (a) (i) any one from:

water to the mug water to the air mug to the air mug to the table

both required direction of transfer must be correct

1

(ii) when temperatures are the same accept a specific example eg when the temperature of the water and mug are the same accept radiant heat transfer will never stop

1

(b) wood 1

(c) (i) conduction

accept convection if not given as 3 answer

1

insulator 1

convection 1

(ii) any one from:

do not accept any rebuilding of house

double glazing

loft insulation accept roof for loft

1

rd

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carpets

(cavity) wall insulation do not accept closing doors and windows

draft excluders

foil behind radiators accept blocking chimney

paint inside walls white [7]

M14. (a) (i) convection current correctly shown with arrows extending to above insulation label line

circulation must show water rising in the left half of the tank accept continuous or broken arrows must be at least one arrow up and one arrow down allow 1 mark for correct diagram which does not extend high enough

2

(ii) it expands or it gets less dense do not allow hot water rises do not accept explanation in terms of molecules expanding or changing density do not accept lighter or heavier

1

more dense water falls allow cold water falls if qualified with a suitable reason

1

(b) (i) reflects heat back into the room or where it came from

accept infrared or radiation or energy for heat accept bounce for reflect if in correct context

1

(ii) air is a (good) insulator or poor conductor or air stops conduction

do not accept plastic foam is a good insulator or bad conductor 1

air is trapped 1

convection loss reduced or stopped 1

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(c) two out of the following three:

any answer which gains credit must contain a comparison

rate of evaporation decreases accept less sweat can evaporate or evaporation is more difficult

less heat energy removed from the body

higher humidity the less water vapour can be absorbed (into the air) accept sweat for water vapour do not credit description of high humidity accept a correct answer in terms of dynamic equilibrium

2 [10]

M15. (i) radiation or infra red

do not accept rays do not accept waves accept electromagnetic waves

1

(ii) good absorber (of heat) to absorb heat (or infrared)

do not accept ‘attract’ or ‘capture’ or soak 1

(iii) reduce heat loss (from the panel) accept (good) (heat) insulator accept stop or reduce conduction accept stop or reduce convection accept traps heat accept keeps water hot

1

(iv) to reflect (back into the panel) heat or infrared or Sun’s energy

do not accept ‘bouncing’ do not accept reflect Sun do not accept reflect sunlight or sun’s rays

1

radiated or given out by the (black) pipe

accept back to pipe accept reduce heat loss for 1 mark accept reduce heat loss by radiation for 2 marks accept stop heat loss by radiation for I mark

1 [5]

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M16. (i) conduction, convection

answer can be in either order 1

(ii) traps (lots of) air do not accept heat is trapped in the fibre

1

air is a (good) insulator or poor conductor 1

[3]

M17. (a) (i) vacuum

do not allow stopper 1

(ii) (absence of particles) means no (transfer of energy between) particles for conduction

accept particles or atoms or molecules or electrons 1

no movement of molecules for (transfer of energy by) convection accept particles/atoms/electrons if answer to (a)(i) is correct: then in (a)(ii) have stated ‘conduction and convection both need a medium/particles/materials’ = 2 marks (If medium is specified, it must be correct, conduction can be solid, liquid or gas, convection must be liquid or gas) if answer to (a)(i) is incorrect then in (a)(ii) have stated ‘conduction and convection both need a medium...’= 1 mark, unless further qualified by stating about absence of particles, in which case get a second mark.

1

(b) (i) silvered surface accept silver surface

1

(ii) silvered is a bad emitter/radiator 1

surface reflects heat/energy/radiation (at inner and outer surface) or is a bad absorber (of energy)

accept bounces off 1

[6]

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M18. (a) (i) 20 1

(ii) convection 1

(iii) fit draughtproof strips 1

accept lay carpet accept fit curtains accept close doors / windows / curtains accept any reasonable suggestion for reducing a draught ‘double glazing’ alone is insufficient

(b) air is (a good) insulator 1

or air is a poor conductor

accept air cavity / ‘it’ for air

reducing heat transfer by conduction accept stops for reduces ignore convection do not accept radiation do not accept answers in terms of heat being trapped

1

(c) (i) most cost effective accept it is cheaper or lowest cost accept shortest payback time accept in terms of reducing heat loss by the largest amount do not accept it is easier ignore most heat is lost through the roof

1

(ii) 4 1

[7]

M19. (a) ions / electrons gain (kinetic) energy

accept atom / particles / molecules for ion accept ions vibrate faster accept ions vibrate with a bigger amplitude accept ions vibrate more do not accept ions move faster

1

(free) electrons transfer energy by collision with ions or energy transferred by collisions between vibrating ions

1

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(b) move faster or take up more space do not accept start to move / vibrate

1

(warmer) water expands or becomes less dense (than cooler water)

do not accept answers in terms of particles expanding 1

warm water rises (through colder water) or colder water falls to take its place 1

(c) transfer of energy by waves / infrared (radiation) accept rays for waves do not accept transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves ignore reference to heat

1 [6]

M20. (a) the outside colour of the cans 1

(b) (i) 18 (°C) or 88 to 70

ignore negative sign 1

(ii) 8 (°C) or 70 to 62

ignore negative sign 1

(c) greater temperature difference between water and surroundings (at start) must mention temperature difference ignore just water hotter accept energy used to heat cans initially

1

(d) black 1

temperature falls the fastest (in L) accept (can L) loses more heat / cools quicker accept heat for temperature

1

black is a good / the best / better emitter (of heat / radiation) accept converse ignore black is best absorber

1 [7]

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M21. (a) (i) 7pm

accept 19.00 / 1900 1

(ii) 8pm accept 20.00 / 2000

1

temperature drops more slowly accept heat for temperature accept line is less steep

1

(b) insulator 1

conduction * 1

convection * * answers can be either way around

1

(c) (i) 4 (years) 1

(ii) it is the cheapest / cheaper / cheap do not accept answers in terms of heat rising or DIY

1

has the shortest / shorter payback time do not accept short payback time

1 [9]

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M22. (a) (i) as a source of thermal radiation

accept heat for thermal radiation accept to act as the Sun do not accept sunlight alone

1

(ii) any one from:

• volume of water accept amount for volume

• distance between lamp and boiling tube

• initial / starting temperature of water

• same room temperature do not accept time or same insulation material

1

(iii) any one from:

• greater sensitivity / precision do not accept more reliable (negates mark)

• could link to a computer for (automatic) data analysis

• could take more frequent readings

• reduces instrument reading error accept more accurate do not accept easier to use on its own

1

(b) (i) acts as a control accept to be able to make a comparison accept to see the difference do not accept ‘to make it a fair test’ OWTTE on its own

1

(ii) (plastic) foam and aluminium foil 1

(iii) (aluminium) foil is a poor absorber of thermal radiation accept heat / infra red for thermal radiation

1

or (aluminium) foil is a (good) reflector of thermal radiation

do not accept ‘reflects sunlight’ on its own

(plastic) foam traps air which is a (good) insulator accept (plastic) foam is a poor conductor / (good) insulator do not accept ‘the material’ is a good insulator / poor conductor

1

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(c) particles vibrate with a bigger / stronger amplitude / faster / with more (kinetic) energy

accept particles vibrate more do not accept start to vibrate only

1

energy transferred by collisions with other particles do not accept answers in terms of free/mobile electrons

1 [9]

M23. (a) any three from:

ignore reference to skewer

• (air) particles / molecules / atoms gain energy

• (air) particles / molecules / atoms move faster do not accept move more do not accept move with a bigger amplitude / vibrate more

• (air) particles / molecules / atoms move apart

• air expands do not accept particles expand

• air becomes less dense

• warm / hot air rises do not accept heat rises if credit is to be given for answers in terms of particles it must be clear they are air particles not gas particles

3

(b) conduction accept conductor

1

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(c) any one from:

• temperature of the potato do not accept heat for temperature

• temperature of the surroundings / room / surface / atmosphere accept how hot the potato / room is

• size / mass / weight / volume of the potato

• shape of the potato

• surface area of the potato potato cut open insufficient

• nature of the surface of the potato

• type of surface it is placed on

• in a draught

• type of potato

• whether the skewers are left in or taken out 1

(d) (foil) reflects heat (back towards potato) reduces heat loss is insufficient do not accept reflects hot air

or (foil) is a poor emitter (of heat radiation)

accept reduces / stops heat loss by radiation do not accept heat is trapped

1 [6]

M24. (a) (i) makes it warmer / raises the temperature

accept produces convection (current) accept makes it less dense

1

(ii) reduced or slows down 1

(b) (i) electrical energy (to run the pump) must be paid for accept electricity for electrical energy accept electricity is needed for the pump accept it uses electricity accept because of the pump

1

of 64

(ii) more useful (heat) energy is transferred into the house than the energy used to operate the pump

or reduced cost of heating the house is greater than the cost of running the (electrical) pump

or costs little to run compared to the savings made

accept for 1 mark reduces energy bills or reduced fuel costs / heating costs owtte do not accept it’s cheap

2 [5]

M25. (a) conduction

do not accept conductor 1

(b) the freezer both parts needed

greater temperature difference (between freezer and room) do not accept because it is the coldest

1

(c) any two from:

• poor absorber of heat / radiation accept does not absorb heat poor emitter of heat / radiation is neutral

• reflects heat / radiation (from room away from fridge-freezer)

• reduces heat transfer into the fridge-freezer

• reduces power consumption of fridge-freezer do not accept it is a bad conductor / good insulator

2 [4]

M26. (a) the bigger the surface area, the faster the water cools down / temperature falls

answers must imply rate accept heat for temperature provided rate is implied do not accept cools down more unless qualified

1

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(b) any two from:

the ears:

• have large surface / area not just has large ears

• radiate heat accept loses heat, but does not score if the reason given for heat loss is wrong

• keep blood cooler 2

(c) (i) radiation 1

(ii) conduction 1

[5]

M27. (a) (i) silvered surfaces

more than the correct number of ticks in a row negates the mark

radiation 2

plastic cap

conduction, convection (both required)


vacuum

silvered surfaces (1)

plastic cap (1)

(ii) any mention of air or any other substance in a vacuum scores zero

because there are no particles in a vacuum accept atoms / molecules for particles accept vacuum is empty space accept there is nothing in a vacuum accept there is no air / gas in the vacuum

conduction and convection need particles / medium

need reference to both conduction and convection accept correct descriptions

2

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(b) (i) less heat lost (to air above the heater) do not accept no heat lost

light shiny surfaces are poor emitters (of radiation) accept radiators for emitters references to reflection are neutral

or dull, matt surfaces are good emitters (of radiation)

do not credit answers which infer reflection from the underside of the hood ignore correct reference to absorption

2

(ii) correct diagram drawn with one output arrow narrower than the other

ignore input

arrows correctly labelled with energy form eg

flow charts score zero

2

(iii) energy cannot be destroyed accept (principle of) conservation of energy do not accept because energy cannot be lost without clarification

1 [9]

M28. (a) because black is a good absorber of radiation 1

there will be a faster transfer of energy allow the temperature of the water rises faster

1

(b) 16 800 000 allow 1 mark for substitution into correct equation ie 100 × 4200 × 40

2

(c) 7 allow ecf from part (b)

1

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(d) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.

No relevant content. 0 marks

There is a brief description of the advantages and disadvantages of using solar energy to heat the water rather than using an electric immersion heater, including either advantages or disadvantages from the examples below.

Level 1 (1-2 marks)

There is a description of some of the advantages and disadvantages of using solar energy to heat the water rather than using an electric immersion heater, with at least one advantage and one disadvantage from the examples below.

Level 2 (3-4 marks)

There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of the advantages and disadvantages of using solar energy to heat the water rather than using an electric immersion heater, with a minimum of two advantages and two disadvantages from the examples below.

Level 3 (5-6 marks)

examples of the points made in the response

advantages

accept specific examples of polluting gases

• a renewable energy source

• energy is free

• does not pollute the atmosphere

• no fuel is burnt

• energy can be stored (in the water)

disadvantages

accept unreliable energy source

• only available in daylight hours

• availability fluctuates

• insufficient hours of sunlight in some countries

• average low intensity in some countries [11]

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M29. (a) energy needed to produce evaporation comes from the body 1

therefore this stops the body temperature rising 1

(b) the silver space blanket reflects energy back to the runner accept heat for energy

1

and this reduces the energy transferred from the body by radiation 1

[4]

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the diagram shows an experiment to find out what...

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