The Islamic State of Madina

Political & Military aspect

Inner Light for ALL

Why this topic ?► Two aspect of Prophets life

Meccan Period Medinan Period

►

►

Some aspects of Prophet’s life not known Islamic state of Medina First constitution of Islamic state

► Military/political aspect of Prophet’s personality

Introduction

Salar e Zaman P-110

Background► Social Structure

Tribe - based on blood relations Social status of

slaves & attached people

►Economic life based on trade, agriculture

►Wars for worldly gains

Muslim life in Mecca►Ummah & brotherhood

►Threat to established order

►Excessive persecution Shayab Abi Talib Hijrat to Abyssinya

►No retaliation allowed

Political Social status of Medina► Pagan Tribes Two tribes : Aus , Khazraj Profession : Agriculture Involved in years of warfare

►Jews Three tribes : B.Qainuqah, B.Nazir,

B.Quraiza Profession : Trade, Agriculture, Usury Militarily strong

Development of Islam in Medina

► Exposure to Islam: 5th year of Nabuwa

►First Pact of Aqaba ( 10th Nabvi) Initial commitments to lead a pious

life

►Second Pact of Aqaba (12 Nabvi) Invitation to Prophet to migrate Commitment to protect the Prophet Pact of War

Importance of Hejirah

Makkah

Foundation of first Islamic State

-Medina-

A constitution was required for the first state to regulate its political and social life

Misaq e Medina

►All tribes of Medina will be single Ummah►Central Authority of Prophet

Matters of difference referred to Prophet No war without permission of Prophet

►Insistence on Loyalty►Warning against treachery & oppression.►Insistence on mutual advice & consultation

Misaq e Medina : Internal affairs

►Diyat & Fidya Collective responsibility of Muslims►Joint action against treachery, rebellion & oppression.►No Muslim will help an un-Believer against a Muslim►No Muslim will help a treacherous element

Qisas : Death penalty for murdererBlood money (Diyat) : money paid to the family of murdered person Fidya : money paid to relieve a prisoner

Misaq e Medina : InternalAffairs

► Protection given by a Muslim will be binding on all Muslims

► Punishment for killing a Muslim If a person kills a Muslim, without reasonable cause, he shall be given death punishment in return or pay blood money if relatives agree- All Muslims will jointly act against the killer

► No one will be stopped from taking revenge for injury

► Any one who is wronged must be helped

► Yasrib will be treated as Haram

Pact of Medina : External Affairs

► Joint defence during attack on Yathrib► No separate peace► Unbelievers will not

protect life & property of Quraysh interfere with the Muslims in such a

matter► Muslims will avenge the Blood

of one another when fighting in the path of Allah

► Quraysh & their allies will not be helped

Misaq e Medina: Status of Jews

►Equality & help to Jews

►Religious Freedom

►Jews will help Muslims in war

►Punishment for treachery & oppression

Enemies & Friends of Medina

Makkah

Khaiber

Medina Nejd TribesZamra,Juhaina,Mazina

Ghassan

International trade route

InitialExpeditions : Hijrat - Badr

► 8 Expeditions before Badr/6 diplomatic in nature► Military impact► Other benefits

Navigation in the desert Observe Meccan trade caravans Military trainingDevelop Leadership qualities► Permission to fight given in Safar

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InitialExpeditions : Hijrat - Badr

Makkah

Khaiber

Medina

Nejd TribesZamra,Juhaina,Mazina

Ghassan

International trade route

Battle of Badr : Ramzan 2 A.H

Battle of Badr : Ramzan 2 A.H

► Result 14 Muslim martyr 70 killed,70 POW

► Islamic state demonstrates its defensive capability

► Immense Prestige for Muslims► Quraysh seek revenge► Reaction of Jews

Military Strategy► Network of

Spies► Immediate preparation & attack► Element of

surprise► Steadfastness on the

field► Inclination towards Peace

Campaigns : Badr - Uhud

► Ghazwa B.Sulaim

► Ghazwa B.Qainqah – Jews exiled► Sirya Zaid B Harisa – Against trade caravan► Ghazwa Sawiq► Ghazwa Kadr► Ghazwa Ghatfan

Due to sound militarytactics, enemy

retreated without battle in all these

campaigns

The Battles : Uhud

400 m

Mount Uhud

The Battles : Uhud

The Battles : Uhud► Lessons learnt

Never disobey the Leader Lack of Discipline can be fatal

►Muslim prestige diminishes

► Muslim state could not be defeated by Quraysh alone

Period between Uhud & Ahzab

►

►

Muh 4 AH-Sha 5 AH7 Military Campaigns Sirya Qatn Sirya Wadi Urna Ghazwa Banu Nazir (Jews of Medina

exiled) Ghazwa Badr al Mo’id Ghazwa Zaat Al Riqah Ghazwa Dumat ul Jandal Ghazwa Bani Mustaliq ( casualties)2 Religious campaigns Bair Maona (40 Muslim preachers

murdered) Rajih (2 Muslim preachers murdered)

Battle of Trench: Ahzab 26-27

بج ہک ہوگول مت رپ آ ےھڑچ ےھترپوا یک فرط ےس ےھت یھب روا ےچینیک فرط ےس یھب روا بج ہک ںیھکنآ یلھک نامگ رک ےہر یک یلھک ہر ںیئگںیھت روا ےجیلک ہنم وک ےنآ ےگل حرط ےک روامت گول اےک ھتاس حرط۔

ےھت

ساعقوم رپ رادنامیا ےئامزآ ےئگ روا تخس لہ ےید ےئگ

Battle of Trench► Confederation of tribes► 10,000 Vs 3,000► Trench

10 km in 6 days 22’ wide, 16’ depth

► Role of Jews

Battle of Trench : 5 AHUhud

Ayr

Medina

Quraysh, Ghatfan, Sulaim,Ashja,Marr’a, Saad, As’ad, B.Qainuqah,B.Nazir

B.Quraiza

10 km in 22 days22’ wide, 16’ deep

Result : The Islamic State demonstrates impregnable defence.

Treason

Ghazwa Banu Quraiza► B.Quraiza violated Pact of Medina (Cl

17,26,34,46)► Ahzab 26-27

روا نج ہا لzباتک ےن نzا یک دzدzمz یک یھتنzا وک نzا روا ےک ںولد ںیم ےک ںوعلق ےس ےچینراتا اید نzا بعراھٹب اید ضعب وک مت لتق ےنرک ےگل روا

ہارامتضعب وک دیق رک ۔ایل

Ahzab – Fatah Mecca

Total 16 Campaigns(2 Ghazwa) 4 Battles2 against individuals

1 against trade caravan

Hudaibiya : Zi Qad 6 AH► Muslims stopped from Umra► Peace pact

م ب ي3 ان اح ف ي5 ك ل ي6 ان ف ت ان ا

ےب کش مہ ےن پآ وک یلھککیا حتف ید

► Meccans recognize the Islamic State► Invitation letters to Head of States► Islam starts to spread

Hudaibiya : The Victory

Makkah

Mutah

Pact of Medina Clause 20: Muslims will avenge the blood of one another when fighting in the path of Allah

Khyber Jizya imposed 5 attacks on Nejd

Total 15 campaigns

Prophet’s Military Skill

► Meccans surrendered without battle

To fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence;

supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting.

Sun Tzu

The Last Ghazwa : Tabuk Raj 9 A.H

Medina

Makkah

Tabuk

News of Romans gathering for war

Prophet prepares 30,000 strong Muslim army with 10,000 horse

Romans did not turn up after 20 days

Result

Year of Delegations

روا نا ںورفاکےک ےیل سج ردق مت ےس ےکسوہ توق

ےلپ ےئوہ ںوڑوھگ ےس ناماس تسرد ( ےس روا وھکر نا رایھتہ)( ےئامج نمشد ںیہ روا وھکر روا ساےک ہعیرذ ےس مت بعر)

رپہکوج رفک( یک ہجو ےس) اzzz ےک روا ےک ہولع ںورسود رپ یھب ےراھمت نمشد ںیہ نا

( ہںین ےتناج نا وک ایہ اتناج ےہ نجوک مت نیقیالب)

Muslim State should have a strong army (Anfaal:60)

Analysis of Campaigns

Total 72 CampaignsGhazwa : 27Siraya : 45

Campaigns during different Phases

20

1210864

181614

H ihrah-P re B adr

B adr-Uhud

A / Uhud- A hz ab

A / A hz ab- A / Hudaibiy aA- / M ec c a-E nd Hudaibiy a

F M ec c a

To

t

W

iLosDra

Analysis of Campaigns :Casualties

► Prophet’s campaigns = 1200-1500► WW I

= 21 million

► WW II = 50 million

►Iraq : < 1 mil (antiwar.com)

►Afghan (due Russian invasion) : 0.6-2 mil

Campaigns : Blood Shed

Bloodshed 38%

No Bloodshed 62%

Cause of Muslim Victories►Leadership based on talent

Zaid B Harisa commanded 12 Sirya►Devotion to cause►Martyrdom (shahadat)►Iron discipline

Hazrat Umar & Abu Bakr placed under Usama bin Zaid.

►Superior Military Strategy

Qualities of a Winning Army Sun Tzu

► Which of the two Ruler carries moral authority over his subjects?► Which of the two generals has most ability?

► With whom lie the advantages derived from terrain & climate?► On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?

► Which army is stronger?

► On which side are officers and men more highly trained?

► In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?

Role of Muslim Women► Uhud :

Umm e Ammara► Tabuk :

Social boycott of Sahaba

Hazrat Abu Bakr’s example

► Yarmuk : Muslim women avoid

retreat.► Karbela :

Spread of Islam during Prophet’s life

10 lac Sq mile

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