THE D~v~L~PME~~ OF A JOURNAL EVALUATION

DATABASE USING MICROSOFT ACCESS

Leonard Rhine

With continuing high annual rates of price inflation and level or decreasing serials budgets, academic libraries supporting the health sciences need to develop more effective tools for evaluating their lists of subscriptions for retention or possible cancellation. The 1995 project reported here provided the University of Florida Health Sciences Center Library (HSCL) with a powerful new relational database that includes data on use, cost, and other evaluative information for each of the 2,450 cur- rent journal subscriptions and continuation titles in the library’s collection. The primary objective of the project was to use the database to develop a numeric formula to rank individual titles for possible cancella- tion. However, it quickly became evident that such a database (which now includes twenty eight data ele- ments) can also effectively support a variety of descrip- tive and analytical tasks associated with the ongoing evaluation of the library’s serial collections. (See Appendix 1.) Microsoft ACCESS was chosen for the database software because it is a powerful, Windows- based database m~agement package with excellent sort and retrieval options, internal calculating capabili- ties and a desktop publishing component. Because Microsoft ACCESS runs on our local area network, library staff throughout the library can access the data- base from their own workstations.

Rhine is Assistant Director, Collection Development, Although the Technical Services Department spent

Health Science Center Library, University of Florida, many hours inputting the data into the ACCESS file,

Box 100206, Gainesville, FL 3261 O-0206. and the Information Access Department spent consid-

WINTER 1996 27

erable hours gathering the in-house usage data for the regional study. the total staff time for the project was not measured. While the Library completed the project without additional staff, several individuals concen- trated on the undertaking for three months. The project was a collaborative effort that involved staff from the Technical Services. Information Access, Interlibrary Loan and Reference Departments.

The HSC Library supports the biomedical information needs of the University of Florida (Gainesville) Col- leges of Medicine. Dentistry. Nursing, Phartnacy. Vet- erinary Medicine, and Health Professions. In fiscal year (FY) 1994/l 995. the State library materials alloca- tion was $557.587. which supported the acquisition of 2,450 journals and continuation subscriptions. Since FY 198911990. State funding has not kept up with the rate of inflation for library materials. forcing the Library to rely on soft money to pay for an increasing percentage of acquisitions. This has included supple- ments from grant funds and the teaching hospital. Since FY 1989/l 990, the purchase of books and audiovisuals has also been decreased by fifty percent to protect the serials budget. The proportion of acquisitions funds allocated to journal and other serial renewals has increased to over ninty percent of the annual library materials budget.

Prior to building the journal evaluation database. we reviewed the current literature to identify possible eval- uation factors to be included. Bostic’ argues that jour- nal worth is a weighted sum of usage, relevance and availability elsewhere. Usage includes external circula- tion, in-house use, interlibrary lending traffic, and cita- tions in other articles. She defines relevance as a miscellaneous category that allows for professional judgment and opinion. This includes the opinions of subject experts and reviewers. The third factor mea- sures the convenience and cost of acquiring copies of articles from other libraries. Bostic also introduces the concept that these factors can be rated on a scale. She notes that the weights are “subjective estimates of the relative importance of each factor to the librarian.”

Duerenberg’ suggests using multiple criteria such as journal coverage, local usage, citation frequency and availability elsewhere. Bourne’ also notes the use of criteria such as cost, journal coverage by indexing ser- vices. availability elsewhere, local usage, frequency of citation and ranking by library constituencies. He sug- gests dividing the collection into smaller subject

groups before the evaluation. For his project. Bourne uses subject categories from the LC ciassificatiotl scheme. He concludes that once a study is completed. “the same format and structure can readily be used to update information in a year or two to retlect changes in holdings. prices. and other factors.”

Smith ’ describes the use of the Science Citation Index’s Joutxd C‘itdctn Repnr’t (JCR) its “a good assessment of. a journal’s standing in the academic c~~it~ll~ill~it~.‘. He notes that the JCR rankings are effec- rive in comparing journals in the same subject area and concludes that the JCR is a valuable tool for journal deselection decisions when used with other criteria.

Miller and O’Neil ’ suggest including a “rank/cost” factor to ascertain a title’s value. The rank/cost factor is calculated by dividing the annual subscription cost b!, the number of articles published each year. They note that this is a useful component when linked with l’actorx that determine which journals are most productive within a subject area.

Trolio and Bao ” also argue for the inclusion of the cost-per-article. in r-e\,iewing Bradford’s “Law of Scat- ter” for determining journal deselection, they note that the model does not include subscription costs. They agree with Sengupta’s adaptation that includes the number of articles and overall cost in the application of the “Law of Scatter.” In the model, Trolio and Baa refine this further by adopting the alternative measure of’ cost-per-article. The team also uses the totals from

fiye years’ cumulation of Index Medicus to identify the number of articles in various journals covering pediat- rics. Trolio and Baa note that MEDLIN~ search hits would have added fifteen to twenty percent to the totals but conclude that this added cost was not necessary for the project.

Bostic also points out the strong correlation between many of these journal evaluation factors. High numbers of citations per article are correlated with high use sta- tistics, while low numbers of citations are correlated with low use statistics. The probability ;~journat will be used frequently ix enhanced by its inclusion in an indexing tool. Howe\,er. once a journal is indexed in one major indexing tool. its inclLlsioI1 iI1 other indexing or abstracting ser\-ices has no appreciable effect WI usage. She also cites many studies showing that the journal literature in every field has a \-cry skewed dis- tribution. with most of the relevant articles in a subject area appearing in a relatively small number ofjournals. Thus. highly ranked titles constitute a core journal cot- lection. and low ranked journals are stronger candi- dates for cancellation.

AJOURNALRANKINGFORMULA

At HSCL, we identified five journal worth factors:

. in-house use,

. whether the title is indexed,

. incoming interlibrary loan requests,

l Journal Citation Report ranking and

l faculty input.

For each factor, we devised a “1” (high) to “5” (low) ranking scale. With this formula, a low score was good and a high score was bad. We concluded that in-house use and faculty input were critical factors and gave these elements a double weight. As Bostic notes, the weights are subjective estimates of relative importance by professionals.

The database was constructed to calculate a benefit ratio of the journal (BRJ) by multiplying the cost per journal article (CJA) by the sum of the worth factors (WJ) or

BRJ = CJA x WJ: I

Benefit ratio of journal = (annual cost of joumal/#of full articles per year) x (2 x in-house use + indexing + ILL incoming requests + JCR Rank + 2 x faculty input).

These journal evaluation data elements were gath- ered and entered into the database from a variety of sources. During 1995, the Library’s Information Access Department gathered in-house journal usage statistics for a regional study. For one week each month, staff collected data on every journal issue that required shelving. The totals from the first three months of this study were entered into the database. The 1994 total number of incoming interlibrary loan requests was also entered for each title.

The 1993 Subject Category Listings of the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) were used to provide citation data for each title. Each JCR subject category was divided into quintiles and assigned rankings. For titles not ranked in JCR, the formula used an average score of the other four factors. Without a score for this element, the database would not have been able to tabulate the weighted factor total for approximately twenty percent of the journals. By using the average score we expected to minimize the bias from not having a JCR ranking.

For the indexing factor, the database records included all the indexes listed in the University of Flor- ida’s NOTIS bibliographic records. If the information

was not available in the NOTIS bibliographic record, an issue of the journal was checked. When the title was not indexed in the discipline’s primary index (i.e., for medicine, the National Library of Medicine’s List of

Serials Indexed for Online Users or, for dentistry, the Index to Dental Literature), the journal received no higher than a “3” or average score.

To obtain faculty input, a subject list of titles was for- warded to each college dean or department chair, asking that it be distributed to all the faculty. (See Appendix 2.) Each faculty member was asked to rank every journal for his or her discipline, and also to rank the titles used from related fields. For example, the biochemistry faculty ranked all the biochemistry titles plus those used from the microbiology/immunology and basic sciences list. We used the broad categories from the National Library of Medicine Classification, a scheme for the shelf arrangement of biomedical library materials, to create the subject categories that were distributed to the col- leges and departments.

Every journal was ranked on a “1” to “5” scale for each worth factor. A “1” score meant heavy use or a high ranking. A “3” score meant an average use or ranking and a “5” score indicated minimal use or a low ranking. For the JCR factor, a “1” equaled citation rankings in the highest 20%, “3” equated to a ranking in the 41-60% range, and a “5” ranking was in the lowest 20%. For in-house use, 20 or greater uses during the three months of the use study equaled a “I”, 15- 19 equaled a “2”, lo-14 equaled a “3”, 5-9 equaled a “4” and less than 5 equaled a “5”. Similar scales were developed for ILL requests and indexing. The faculty providing input were also asked to use this five point scale, and their responses for each title were averaged.

The 1995 subscription rate was used for the annual cost of the journal. To tabulate the number of articles per year, each title was searched in MEDLINE for 1993. If the journal was not indexed in MEDLINE, staff counted the number of articles in the 1993 issues. If the journal had numerous issues, several issues were sampled. This established a per-year issue total, which was multiplied by the total number of 1993 issues.

RESULTS

By compiling and tabulating the data from the five fac- tors, the database was able to provide an initial rank- ordered cancellation list. (See Appendix 3.) This list was distributed back to the faculty asking if any titles should be reinstated. After reviewing the comments and additional in-house usage statistics for the full nine

- THE DEVELOPMENT OF A JOURNAL EVALUATION DATABASE USING MICROSOFT ACCESS- WINTER 1996 29

months of the use study, fifteen titles were reinstated. (See Appendix 4.)

The benefit ratio of journal (BRJ) scores for the library’s serials ranged from 1.66 to 1.330, with a mean score of 70. The cost-per-journal article (CJA) ranged from $.23 to $73.75, with a mean cost of $4.76. The sum of the worth factors (WJ) ranged from 7 to 33, with a mean score of 18.

Since the list of journal subscriptions was divided into subject categories, staff were able to limit the can- cellations in any discipline to under 20%. The initial cancellation list included titles with a benefit ratio above 200. Staff also looked closely at the worth fac- tors and added titles with a score of 23 or higher. (See Appendix 5.) For example, they recommended cancel- lation of Biotechnic und Histochemistp. For this jour- nal. the $1.70 per article cost was modest but the in- house use, ILL use. JCR impact rank and faculty input factors were all high. And while the benefit ratio was an average score (42.6), the worth factors total was quite high (25). The following are some additional examples which show how the journal evaluation formula aided in decisions to either maintain or cancel serial titles:

For ./AMA. the benefit ratio was:

BRJ = ($230/732) x (2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2) = $38 x 7 = 2.66

Due to the minimal cost per article and extremely low (good) worth factor rankings, this title was defi- nitely not a candidate for cancellation.

For Brain Rewarch, the benefit ratio was:

BJR = ($10181/1569)x (2 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 4) = $6.13 x 12 = 73.56

This is an extremely expensive title. However, staff justified the subscription because of its moderate cost per article and low (good) worth factor rankings.

For Child? Nervous System, the benefit ratio was:

BRJ = ($800/104) x (10 + 4 + 1 + 4 + 8) = $7.69 x 27 = 207.63

With a relatively high cost per article and high (bad) worth factor rankings. this title was a clear candidate for cancellation.

CONCLUSION

Initially, the HSCL staff used the journal evaluation database to identify titles that warranted cancellation from each broad subject category. The weighted jour- nal evaluation formula contains several interrelated

factors that measure the use and relevance of titles. However, the database has quickly become a valuable multipurpose tool useful for a variety of collection development and budgetary purposes. The database includes important information that cannot be obtained from most integrated library systems.

We plan to regularly update the database. During FY 1995/1996, we will add the 1996 subscription cost and the twelve months’ data from the 1995 in-house journal usage study. The database will provide infor- mation for the ongoing analysis of the library’s serial collection especially for titles that received marginal benefit ratio scores.

The networked Microsoft ACCESS software pro- vides staff throughout the library with the ability to view the entire database and edit its data elements eas- ily. The desktop publishing component has allowed us to create a variety of standard and one-time reports that were not envisioned as a part of the original evaluation project. For example, the database has been used to develop various lists of subsets of the library collec- tions, and specific subject area listings for collection development selectors. Each report contains a unique package of information from the different fields. Staff anticipate many additional uses for the database and the potential exists to share and compare journal evalua- tion data with other health sciences libraries which build such databases using Microsoft ACCESS or com- patible software products.

NOTES

I Mary J. Bostic, “Serials Deselection.” Serirds Librctrinrz

9. no.3 (Spring 1985) : 85 101.

7 . . Rickie Deurenberg, “Journal Deselection In a Medical University Library By Ranking Periodicals Based on Multi- ple Factors,” Bulletin of‘ the Metlirnl Librtrc Association 8 I. no.3 (October 1993) : 3 16-3 19.

3. Charles P. Bourne, “Planning Serials Cancellations and Cooperative Collection Development in the Health Sci- ences,” Bdletirl of the Metliccrl Library A.ssmcicctior~ 6.3, no.4

(October 1975) : 366-377.

4. Thomas E. Smith, “The Journal Citation Reports as a Deselection Tool,” Bdletir7 ofthe Metlictrl Librcwy Associrl-

tim 73, no.4 (October 1985) : 387-388.

5. Edward P. Miller and Ann L. O’Neill, “Journal Deselec- tion and Costing,” Librcuy~ Aupisitiorr.s: Ptuctice rrml The-

or-y I4 (1990) : 173-178.

6. Victor A. Trolio and Dachun Baa, “A Decision Model For Technical Journal Deselection With an Experiment in Biomedical Communications,” Journtrl o/’ the Anlericm

Society,for Ir~fixwtrtion Scierm, 44. no.3 ( I993 ): I48- 160.

- I,F:OSAKI~ R~~hli -

Appendix 1

Journals Database-All Fields Template

IO-Jul-96

title: ACADEMIC MEDICINE vendor: Ebsco

publisher: ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES

annual cost: $70.00 vendor title #: 004105672

luis #: AFG 1764 issues per year: 12

subject: MEDICAL PROFESSION articles per year: 243

# inhouse uses: 23 inhouse usuage: 1

ILL usuage-incoming: 2 indexing: 1

SC1 impact factor: faculty input:

notes: HSC Location:

UF Libraries owns: evaluation outcome:

UMKalder Library owns: LJSF/HSC Library owns:

Borland Library owns: holdings:

UF Libraries input: #ILL incoming requests:

call #: fund code:

annual cost 1996:

journal no renew

yes no

yes V.64 1889.

2

$70.00

Appendix 2

HSC Library Journal Subscriptions

OY-Jul-96

Subject Title Publisher Annual Articles/ (Highest)

cost Year l-5 Ranking

BIOCHEMISTRY Advances in Applied Biotechnology Series Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and

Biochemistry

$0.00 0 $83.60 0

Advances in Enzyme Regulation Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of

Molecular Biology

Pergamon Press $418.00 $99.44

21

0

Advances in Lipid Research $0.00 0 Advances in Prostaglandin Thrombox~e and $0.00 0

Leukotriene Research Advances in Protein Chemistry Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein

$79.20 0 $111.00 0

Research Analytical Biochemistry Annual Review of Biochemistry Annual Review of Nutrition Antisense Research and Development Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Bio-Tecnology Biochemical and Biophysical Research

Coll~mui~ations Bi[~~hemi~al and Molecular Medicine Biochemical Journal Biochemical Society Symposia Biochemistry Biochemistry and Cell Biology Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International Biochimica et Biophysics Acta Biochimie Bioconjugate Chemistry Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler Biology of Extracellular Matrix Series

Academic Press

Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Academic Press Nature Publishing Co. Academic Press

Academic Press Biochemical Society

American Chemical Association National Research Coucil of Canada Academic Press Elsevier Societe de Chimie Biologique American Chemical Society W. De Gruyter

$1576.00 566 $43.12 0 $42.24 0

$142.95 37 $1600.00 600

$195.00 137 $1.359.00 1,363

$414.00 73 $1,735.00 1050

$84.75 0 $1,517.00 1771

$242.00 77 $695.00 391

$7,555.00 I.758 $509.00 141 $318.00 7s $856.84 97 $184.75 0

-THE D~~~L~~P~~~~~ OF h JOURNAL EVAL~AI‘ION DATABASE USING MICROSOFT ACCESS- WINTER 1996 31

Appendix 3

07-act-96 HSC Library: Journal “Cancellation” List

Subject Title Annual Cost % of Cancellation

Anatomy

Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica

Anatomia, Histologia, Embryolgia

Biotechnic and Histochemistry

Clinical Anatomy

Histochemical Journal

Histochemistry and Cell Biology

Journal of Anatomy

Journal of Morphology

Teratology

Aviation and Space Medicine

Aerospace Medicine and Biology

Basic Sciences Cytotechnology

Endeavour

Human Heredit)

Roux’s Archives of Developmental Biology

Bibliography/Library Science Bowker Annual of Library and Book Trade Information

Campus Wide Information Systems

College and Research Libraries News

Database

Journal of Academic Librarianship

New Serial Titles

Online and CD-ROM Review

Publishers, Distributors. and Wholesalers of the United States

Serial Sources for the Biosis Previews Database

Biochemistry Biophysical Chemistry

Chemical Titles

Chemistry and Physics of Lipids

Clinical Biochemistry

Developments in Biological Standardization

Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods

Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry Journal of Molecular Graphics

Journal of Receptor and Signal Tranduction Research

Matrix

Methods in Molecular Genetics

Molecular Membrane Biology

Natural Product Reports

Peptide Research

$232.00 $532.00 $ I OY.00

$‘wX .oo !$76S.O0

5 1 .7s I .oo

$661.00

$ I .396.00

$ I .260.00

$7,105.00 6.42%

Q34.00

$234.00 0.21%

$678.00

$l4s.00

$.i32.S0

$7OY.O0

$1,864.50 1.69%

$147.35

$107.00

$35.00

$Yc).OO

$13.00

$440.00

$1 10.00

$166.15

$66.45

$1,295.95 1.177C

$ I ( 17 I .oo

ssx~.oo

$ I, 168.00

$243.00

$587.73

$SO3.00

$460.00 $475.00

$175.00

$505.00

$374.00

$160.00

$547.50

575.00

Appendix 4

lo-Jill-96 HSC Library: Journal “Resubscribe” List (from faculty responses)

Subject Title Annual Cost % of Cancellation

Biochemistry Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Dentistry/Oral Surgery European Journal of Orthodontics Journal of Dentistry

Ethics, Medical Journal of Religion and Health

Microbiology~mmunology Journal of Autoimmunity

Pathology Acta Oncologica

Pediatrics

American Baby

Pharmacology Drug Delivery Journal of Controlled Release Journal of Ph~aceuticaI and Biomedical Analysis

Physiology Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

Psychology Behavioral Medicine

Respiratory System Respiratory Medicine

Surgery Arthroscopy

Urogenital System Clinical Nephrology

$1,890.00

$1,890.00 29.58 %

$195.00

$269.00

$464.00 7.26%

$215.00

$215.00 3.36 %

$355.00

$355.00 5.56%

$280.00

$280.00 4.38 %

$23.94

$23.94 0.37 %

$144.00

$1,100.00

$842.00

$2,086.~ 32.65 %

$25 1 .oo

$251.00 3.93 %

$84.00

$84.00 1.31%

$256.00

$256.00 4.01%

$235.00

$235.00 3.68%

$250.00

$250.00

$6,389.94

3.91%

Grand Total

- THF, DEVELOPMENT OF A JOURNAL EVAL~JATION DATABASE USING MICROSOFT ACCESS- WINTER 1996 33

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168

23

1

27.3

23

1

19.2

23

1

194

22

1

238

22

1

43.1

22

1

178

22

1

233

21

1

75.9

21

1

89.7

21

1

183

21

1