the developing person through the life span 8e by kathleen stassen berger chapter 20 – adulthood:...
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The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e
by Kathleen Stassen Berger
Chapter 20 – Adulthood:
Biosocial Development
PowerPoint Slides developed by Martin Wolfger and Michael JamesIvy Tech Community College-BloomingtonReviewed by Raquel HenryLone Star College, Kingwood
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Senescence
• A gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient.
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The Aging Brain
• Neurons fire more slowly, messages sent from the axon of one neuron are not picked up as quickly by the dendrite of another neuron, reaction time lengthens
• Brain size decreases, multitasking gets harder, processing takes longer
• Complex working memory tasks may become impossible
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The Aging Brain
Severe brain loss in middle age is usually due to:
•Drug abuse
•Poor circulation
•Viruses
•Genes
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• Collagen decreases by about 1% per year
• By age 30: Skin is becoming thinner and less flexible; wrinkles become visible
• By age 60: All faces are wrinkled
• Hair turns gray and gets thinner
• “Middle-age spread” appears
• Muscles weaken
• Height decreases by late middle age
• Many changes occur more slowly in people who exercise.
Physical Appearance
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Vision– Peripheral vision narrows faster than frontal vision– Color vision shifts from vivid to faded more quickly
than does black and white– Nearsightedness: Increases gradually beginning in
one’s 20s.– Farsightedness: Lens of the eye is less elastic and
the cornea flattens by middle age.– Younger adults are usually either nearsighted or
farsighted; most older adults are both
Sense Organs
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Vision
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Presbycusis• A loss of hearing that is associated with
senescence and that usually does not become apparent until after age 60
Hearing
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The Sexual-Reproductive SystemSexual responsiveness
• Sexual arousal occurs more slowly with age and orgasm takes longer.
• Distress at slower responsiveness is more associated with anxiety, interpersonal relationships, and expectations than with aging itself.
• Study Findings:
- Adults of all ages enjoy “very high levels of emotional satisfaction and physical pleasure from sex within their relationships.”
- Men and women were most likely to be “extremely satisfied” with sex if in a committed, monogamous relationship.
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Sexual Responsiveness
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Fertility
• Infertility is most common in nations where medical care is scarce and STIs are common.
• United States: 15% of all couples are infertile
– Partly because many postpone childbearing– Half of those trying to conceive in their 40s are
infertile and the other half risk various complications
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Causes of Infertility
In males: – Multiple factors (e.g. advanced age, fever, radiation,
prescription drugs, stress, environmental toxins, drug abuse, alcoholism, cigarette smoking) can reduce sperm number, shape, and motility.
In females: – Fertility can be affected by anything that impairs
physical functioning (e.g. advanced age, diseases, smoking, extreme dieting, obesity).
– Pelvic inflammatory disease can block the fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching an ovum.
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Fertility Treatments• Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
– Advances in medicine have solved about half of all fertility problems.
– Overcomes obstacles such as a low sperm count and blocked fallopian tubes.
• In vitro fertilization (IVF)– Procedure in which ova (egg cells) are surgically
removed from a woman and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory.
– After the fertilized cells (the zygotes) have divided several times, they are inserted into the woman’s uterus
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Menopause• Menopause
– Time in middle age (around age 50) when a woman’s menstrual periods cease completely and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops considerably.
– Dated to one year after a woman’s last menstrual period.
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)– Treatment to compensate for hormone reduction at
menopause or after removal of the ovaries. – Usually involves estrogen and progesterone– Minimizes menopausal symptoms and diminishes the risk of
osteoporosis in later adulthood.– Involves health risks.
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Men in Middle Age
Andropause (male menopause)• Coined to signify a drop in
testosterone levels in older men, resulting in a reduction in sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass.
• Effectiveness of HRT is questionable.
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Health Habits and Age
Drug Abuse• Abuse of illegal drugs decreases markedly over
adulthood. • Marijuana use is slowest to decline.
– In the U.S., 8% of 24-34 year olds still use it, impairing cognition and oral health.
• Abuse of prescribed drugs increases in adulthood.
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Health Habits and Age
Tobacco• Cigarette smoking has declined in the U.S.
over the past 50 years.• Worldwide trends are less encouraging.
• Smoking rates rising in developing nations.• Smoking-related cancers increasing throughout the
world.
• Variations among nations, cohorts, and gender indicate smoking is affected by social norms, laws, and advertising.
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Tobacco
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Alcohol Abuse
Drinking in moderation• No more than two drinks a day increases life
expectancy.• Alcohol reduces coronary heart disease and
strokes.• Increases “good” cholesterol and reduces
“bad” cholesterol.• Lowers blood pressure.
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Alcohol Abuse
Heavy Drinking• Increases the risk of violent death and is implicated in
60 diseases.• Stark international variations in alcohol abuse.• Binge drinking signals a problem
– About 20% of U.S. adults had five or more drinks on a single occasion in the past year.
• Disproportionate burden of harm in poorer countries – Prevention and treatment strategies have not been fully
established.
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Health Habits and Age
Overeating• Many adults choose high-calorie, low-nutrient foods.• Only 27% of U.S. adults eat three daily servings of
vegetables.• Too many high-calorie foods combined with too little
activity leads to obesity.• Excess weight increases the risk of every chronic
disease (e.g. diabetes).
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Health Habits and Age
United States Facts:• Highest rates of obesity and diabetes• 66% of U.S. adults are overweight
– Of those, 50% are obese and 5% morbidly obese
• Metabolism decreases by one-third between ages 20 and 60.
• Genetics: Two alleles that correlate with both diabetes and weight.
• Increase in obesity rates cannot be blamed on genes cultural influences are more important!
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Overeating
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Health Habits and Age
Inactivity• Regular physical activity at every stage of life protects
against serious illness.• Sitting for long hours correlates with almost every
unhealthy condition.• Even a little movement helps
– More intense exercise (e.g. swimming, jogging, bicycling) is ideal.
• Connection between exercise and health is causal: People who are more fit are likely to resist disease and feel healthier as they age.
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Accumulating Stressors• Stressor
– Any situation, event, experience, or other stimulus that causes a person to feel stressed.
• Problem-focused coping– A strategy to deal with stress by dealing with it
directly.
• Emotion-focused coping– A strategy to deal with stress by changing
feelings about the stressor.
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Accumulating Stressors
• Allostatic load– The total physiological stress that a person
has– A high load increases the risk of disease.
• Weathering– Gradual accumulation of stressors over a long
period of time, wearing down the resilience and resistance of a person.
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Measuring Health
• Most of the U.S. expenditure on health goes toward preventing death among people who are already sick.
• Public health– Measures that help prevent morbidity,
mortality, and disability in the public at large. i.e. immunization, preventive health practices
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Measuring Health• Mortality
–Death–Usually refers to the number of deaths each
year per 1,000 members of a given population.
• Morbidity–Disease–Refers to the rate of physical and emotional,
acute (sudden), chronic (ongoing), and fatal diseases in a given population.
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Mortality
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Disability and Vitality
• Disability– Long-term difficulty in performing
normal activities of daily life because of some physical, emotional, or mental condition.
• Vitality– Measure of health that refers to
how healthy and energetic—physically, emotionally, and socially—an individual actually feels.
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Disability and Vitality
• Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)– A measure of the reduced quality of life
caused by disability.
• Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)– Comparing survival without vitality to survival
with good health.
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Correlating Income and Health
Money and education affect health in every nation
• Well-educated, financially secure adults live longer.
• Suspected reasons: – Education teaches healthy habits.– Education leads to higher income, which allows
better housing and medical care.– Education may be a marker for intelligence, which
is a protective factor.
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Correlating Income and Health