the dardanelles why is it in the husky fight song? bow down to washington, bow down to washington,...

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The DardanellesThe DardanellesWhy is it in the Husky Fight Song?Why is it in the Husky Fight Song?

• Bow Down to Washington,Bow Down to Washington,

Mighty Are The MenWho Wear the Purple and the Gold,

Joyfully We Welcome Them Within the Victors Fold.

We Will Carve Their NamesIn the Hall of Fame

To Preserve the Memory of Our Devotion.Heaven Help the Foes of Washington;

They're Trembling at the FeetOf Mighty Washington,

The Boys Are There With Bells,Their Fighting Blood Excels,

It's Harder to Push Them Over the LineThan Pass the Dardanelles.

Victory the Cry of Washington...Leather Lungs TogetherWith a Rah! Rah! Rah!

And O'er the LandOur Loyal Band

Will Sing the GloryOf Washington Forever.

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Russia[claimed

protectorship over the Orthodox

Christians in the Ottoman Empire]

Ottoman Empire

Great Britain

France

Piedmont-Sardinia

BackgroundBackground• Free-hand in exchange for the balance Free-hand in exchange for the balance

of power, right?of power, right?

• ““Sick man of Europe” and the “Eastern Sick man of Europe” and the “Eastern Question”Question”

• Who is responsible for protecting Who is responsible for protecting Christians in the Ottoman Empire?Christians in the Ottoman Empire?– France or RussiaFrance or Russia

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

“The Lady with the Lamp”

Treaty of Paris [1856]Treaty of Paris [1856]

No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.

All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

Who benefitted?

Who lost big?

Results of the WarResults of the War First use of railroads and the

telegraph

The role of the nurse is literally invented

The British army discovered it needed major reform

Modern news reporting from the field – public learns the horror of war immediately

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist Leaders

Italian Nationalist Leaders

Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the

French, (April 30, 1849)

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the

French, (April 30, 1849)

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Italian unification movement:

Risorgimento [“Resurgence

”]

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821

“Coalmen.”

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops

to the Crimea

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops

to the Crimea

What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at

Plombières, 1858

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at

Plombières, 1858

What “deals” are made here?

Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War,

1859

Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War,

1859

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Austria loses control of Venetia.

Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Italy is united!

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

What problems still remain for Italy?

BackgroundBackground• Bismarck is awesome Bismarck is awesome

• German/Austrian relationsGerman/Austrian relations– Germanic connection historicallyGermanic connection historically– Habsburgs and the H.R.E.Habsburgs and the H.R.E.

• Everybody underestimates the Everybody underestimates the PrussiansPrussians– Why? The hat is scaryWhy? The hat is scary

Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834TPS – What is it, how did it work, and how is it related to German TPS – What is it, how did it work, and how is it related to German

nationalism?nationalism?

Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria RivalryTPS – How were the two at odds with each other?

Kaiser Wilhelm I (1861-1888)

Kaiser Wilhelm I (1861-1888)• Hohenzollern Hohenzollern

familyfamily

• William (German William (German – Wilhelm)– Wilhelm)

• Why accept now?Why accept now?– Remember he Remember he

famously declined famously declined the throne before?the throne before?

Helmut von MoltkeHelmut von Moltke• German Chief of German Chief of

StaffStaff

• Brilliant strategist – Brilliant strategist – created the modern created the modern Prussian army that Prussian army that would dominate the would dominate the last half of the 19last half of the 19thth century and set the century and set the stage for the 20thstage for the 20th

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood&

Iron”

RealpolitikThe “IronChancello

r”

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how

sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

TheGerman

Confederation

TheGerman

Confederation

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]The Peace of

ViennaThe Peace of

Vienna

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

PrussiaPrussia

AustriaAustria

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.

He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

German soldiers

“abusing” the French.

ResultsResults

• Humiliating defeat for FranceHumiliating defeat for France– Napoleon is forced outNapoleon is forced out

• Prussia and Germany convince the last Prussia and Germany convince the last two holdouts to jointwo holdouts to join

• Germany unitesGermany unites

• French / German relations are forever French / German relations are forever stainedstained– See WWI, WWII, and every World CupSee WWI, WWII, and every World Cup

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]

The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I[r. 1871–1888]

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I[r. 1871–1888]

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag

German for “Empire.”

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized.

The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.

The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Bismarck’s relationship Bismarck’s relationship with the socialistswith the socialists

• If you can’t beat them, join themIf you can’t beat them, join them

• Germany becomes the most socially Germany becomes the most socially liberal state in Europe!liberal state in Europe!

– He decides that concessions are easier He decides that concessions are easier than fightingthan fighting• How ironicHow ironic

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

“Dropping

thePilot”[1890]

“Dropping

thePilot”[1890]

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Austrian Imperial Flag

Austrian Imperial Flag

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Hungarian Flag

Russian Imperial FlagRussian Imperial Flag

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

A heterogeneous empire

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]

Autocracy!

Orthodoxy!

Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]

Defeat in the Crimean War.

Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]

Reactionary.

Slavophile.

“Russification” program.

Jews forced migration to the Pale

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

The

Pale

The

Pale

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”