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National Environmental Research InstituteMinistry of the Environment . Denmark
The Danish Air Quality Monitoring ProgrammeAnnual Summary for 2005
NERI Technical Report, No. 584
(Blank page)
National Environmental Research InstituteMinistry of the Environment
The Danish Air Quality Monitoring ProgrammeAnnual Summary for 2005
NERI Technical Report, No. 5842006
Kåre KempThomas EllermannFinn Palmgren Peter Wåhlin
2
Data sheet
Title: The Danish Air Quality Monitoring ProgrammeSubtitle: Annual Summary for 2005.
Authors: Kåre Kemp, Thomas Ellermann, Finn Palmgren & Peter Wåhlin
Department: Department of Atmospheric Environment
Serial title and no.: NERI Technical Report No. 584
Publisher: National Environmental Research Institute Ministry of the Environment
URL: http://www.dmu.dk
Date of publication: June 2006
Referee: Axel Egeløv
Technical assistance: Axel Egeløv, Lone Grundahl, Henrik Skov, Bjarne Jensen, Christina F. Emborg, Hen-rik W. Madsen, Birgit Thomsen, Jane Søfting, Lizzi Stausgaard
Financial support: Ministry of the Environment, Municipalities of Copenhagen, Aalborg, Aarhus andCounties of Funen.
Please cite as: Kemp, K., Ellermann, T., Palmgren, F. & Wåhlin, P. 2006: The Danish Air QualityMonitoring Programme. Annual Summary for 2005. National Environmental Re-search Institute, Roskilde Denmark 42 pp. -NERI Technical Report No. 584http:\\technical-reports.dmu.dk
Reproduction is permitted, provided the source is explicitly acknowledged.
Abstract: The air quality in Danish cities has been monitored continuously since 1982 withinthe Danish Air Quality (LMP) network. The aim has been to follow the concentrationlevels of toxic pollutants in the urban atmosphere and to provide the necessaryknowledge to assess the trends, to perform source apportionment, and to evaluatethe chemical reactions and the dispersion of the pollutants in the atmosphere. In 2005the air quality was measured in four Danish cities and at two background sites. NO2
and PM10 were at several stations found in concentrations above EU limit values,which the Member States have to comply with in 2005 and 2010. While the concen-trations for most other pollutants have been strongly decreasing since 1982, only aslight decrease has been observed for NO2.
Keywords: Atmospheric pollution, urban pollution, nitrogen compounds, ozone, sulphur com-pounds, heavy metals, volatile organic pollutants, dispersion models
Layout: Majbritt Pedersen-Ulrich
ISBN: 978-87-772-935-5ISSN (electronic): 1600-0048Number of pages: 42
Internet-version: The report is available only in electronic format from NERI’s homepagehttp://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR584.pdf
For sale at: Ministry of the EnvironmentFrontlinienRentemestervej 8DK-2400 København NV, DenmarkTel.: +45 70 12 02 [email protected]
3
Contents
Summary and Conclusion 5
1 Introduction 7
2 Measurements 9
3 Nitrogen oxides 113.0 Yearly Statistics 113.0 Episodes 133.0 Trends 14
4 Ozone 174.1 Annual statistics 174.2 Trends 18
5 Carbon monoxide 195.1 Annual statistics 195.2 Trends 20
6 Benzene and Toluene 216.1 Annual statistics 21
7 Particles (TSP, PM10) 237.1 Annual statistics 237.2 Trends 26
8 Heavy Metals 298.1 Annual statistics 298.2 Trends 30
9 Sulphur Compounds 319.1 Annual statistics 319.2 Trends 32
References 35
Danish summary - Dansk resumé 37
Appendix 39Pollutants measured in the LMP Network 39
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5
Summary and Conclusion
The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme (LMP IV) has beenrevised and is still under revision in accordance with the FrameworkDirective and the four daughter directives of SO2, NOx/NO2, PM10,lead, benzene, CO, ozone, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The data sets for year 2005 are al-most complete for most stations. The monitoring programme consistsof 10 stations. Also results from one station under the Municipality ofCopenhagen are included in this report.
The concentrations were in 2005 almost the same as in 2004. Changesmay mainly be due to meteorological conditions. Three exceedancesof the limit value occurred for PM10.
The limit value + the margin of tolerance for the annual average ofNO2 (50 µg/m3 in 2005) was exceeded in Copenhagen at the streetstation on H.C. Andersens Boulevard. The limit value (to be compliedwith in 2010) of the annual average of NO2, was in 2005 exceeded atthree street stations. The NO2 concentrations seem to have been al-most unchanged during the last ten years.
The ozone level was in 2005 - more or less - the same at all rural andurban background stations and no clear trend is observed. The in-formation threshold of 180 µg/m3 was not exceeded. The target val-ues were not exceeded, but the long-term objectives of max 8 hourson 120 µg/m3 were exceeded at three urban background and ruralstations. The long term objective for AOT40 at 6000 µg/m3 · hourswere exceeded in one case. The O3 pollution in Denmark is to a largeextent caused by emissions in other European countries.
The limit value for the 35th highest daily average value for PM10 (50µg/m3 for 2005) was in 2005 exceeded at 3 stations. The limit valuefor the yearly average (40 µg/m3) was exceeded at one out of thesestations. (The margin of tolerance is =0 from 2005). At all stations theindicative limit values for PM10, supposed to be met in 2010, (annualaverage value at 20 µg/m3 and 50 µg/m3 not to be exceeded morethan 7 times per year) were exceeded (including the rural stationKeldsnor/9055). Emission in other European countries contributessignificantly to the PM10 levels in Denmark.
The SO2, and lead levels have been decreasing for more than twodecades and are far below the limit values. The limit values for ben-zene and CO are not exceeded and the levels have been decreasingfor the last decade.
Supplementary assessment of the air quality was carried out usingNERI’s air quality models in the agglomerations Copenhagen andAalborg. An assessment for 2004 for NOx / NO2, CO, O3, and PM10 /PM25 in urban background and in selected streets in Copenhagen andAalborg was described in last years annual report (Kemp et al. 2005).The work is continuing.
NO2
O3
PM10
SO2, CO and benzene
Dispersion models
6
Actual data, quarterly reports, annual and multi-annual summariesare available at the website of NERI(http://www.dmu.dk/International/Air).
7
1 Introduction
The fourth Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme (LMP IV) wasstarted in 2000. The programme comprises an urban monitoring net-work with stations in the four largest Danish cities (fig. 2.1). The re-sults are used for assessment of the air pollution in urban areas. Theprogramme is carried out in a co-operation between the National En-vironmental Research Institute (NERI), the Danish EnvironmentalProtection Agency, the Environmental Protection Agency of the Mu-nicipality in Copenhagen, the Municipality of Aarhus, the County ofFunen (for the city of Odense) and the Municipality of Aalborg. NERIis responsible for the practical programme. The results are currentlypublished in quarterly reports in Danish and they are summarised inannual reports in English with a Danish summary (e.g. last years re-port Kemp et al. 2005). This report includes results from the LMPnetwork and a station in Greater Copenhagen organised by the Envi-ronmental Protection Agency of the Municipality in Copenhagen.Statistical parameters and actual data are accessible at the website:http://www.dmu.dk/International/Air. Selected actual data are alsoavailable at tele-text, Danish National Television.
Two national air quality monitoring networks are in operation inDenmark. Beside the LMP programme a network in rural areas (theDanish Background Monitoring Program) was established in 1978(fig. 2.1). NERI runs both programmes. At present gas and aerosolmeasurements are performed at six stations, and various ions are de-termined in precipitation collected at 9 sites. The EnvironmentalProtection Agency of the Municipality in Copenhagen is responsiblefor a street station in the central part of Copenhagen (www. mil-joe.kk.dk). The site (H.C. Andersens Boulevard) is operated by NERIand is under the same quality control/quality assurance as the othermeasurement stations in LMP IV.
Further measurements are carried out in the counties of Aarhus(http://www.aaa.dk/aaa/index/serviceomraader/nm/nm-industri_affald_jord_luft/nm-mfs-luft.htm and Funen (www.fyns-amt.dk/wm108516/).
The present Danish limit values are identical with the limit valueslaid down in the EU directives. The new EU legislation consists of theframework directive (EC 1996), giving general rules for network de-sign and limit value strategies, and a number of daughter directivesgiving limit values, target values, alert thresholds, reference methodsand monitoring strategies for specific pollutants. The limit values areclose to the recommendations (WHO, 2000) based on the knownhealth effects of the pollutants. The limit values must in most cases beattained in 2005 or 2010. Until then a so-called margin of tolerance areadded to the limit values. The margin of tolerance is gradually re-duced to zero at the date of compliance. Daughter Directives for NO2,SO2, particulate matter (PM10) and Pb (EC, 1999), CO and benzene(EC, 2000) and O3 (EC, 2002) are adopted. Most recently a daughterDirective for Cr, As, Cd, Hg and PAH (EC, 2005) have been adopted.In the following chapters the measured results are compared to limit
LMP IV
Other air quality networksin Denmark
Limit values implementedby the EU Commission
8
and threshold values. Please refer to the Directives for a detailed de-scription of the exact definitions of the limit values, margin of toler-ance, target values and alert thresholds.
9
2 Measurements
The measuring strategy is in short to place one or more pairs of sta-tions in each city. One of the stations is located close (at the sidewalk)to a street lane with a high traffic density. The other is located withina few hundred meters from the street station, and is representativefor the urban background pollution; it is not influenced by a single ora few streets or other nearby sources. In most cases the backgroundstations are placed on rooftops. In addition, two rural stations moni-tor the pollution outside the city areas. Further information about theprogram and results is found at the website:http://www.dmu.dk/International/Air.
N
Background Network
Urban Network (LM P) traffic urban background rural
100 km
Aalborg
Århus
Lille ValbyKøben-havn
Odense
Keldsnor
Figure 2-1 Monitoring stations in the two nation-wide air quality networks(including the Copenhagen Municipality Station).
Station locations
10
The following compounds were measured:
- NO, NOx (including NO2=NOx-NO), PM10 and elements (heavymetals) in PM10 were measured at all stations (TSP is measured instead of PM10 at Copenhagen/1103). PM10 was measured gra-vimetrically.
- PM10 was measured at Copenhagen/1103, -/1257 and -/1259 bymeans of TEOM.
- PM2.5 was measured at Copenhagen/1103, -/1259 and LilleValby/2090 by means of TEOM.
- O3 was measured at all urban background and rural stations, Co-penhagen/1257 and Copenhagen/1103
- CO was measured at all street stations, the urban background sta-tion, Copenhagen/1259 and the rural site Lille Valby /2090.
- Benzene and Toluene were measured at Copenhagen/1257
- SO2 was measured at Aalborg/8151 and at Copenhagen/1103. Themain purpose was to monitor episodic high concentrations.
- The meteorological parameters - temperature, wind speed and di-rection, relative humidity and global radiation - were measured atall urban background stations.
The pollutants are described in the appendix.
Apart from gravimetric measurements of PM10 and TSP all parame-ters were recorded as ½-hour averages. PM10, TSP and elements in theparticles were measured as 24 hour averages. TEOM results are re-corded as ½-hour averages for PM10 and PM2.5.
Short descriptions of the measured pollutants are given in the appen-dix. The actually applied measurement methods are listed at the web-site: http://www.dmu.dk/International/Air.
Table 2-1 Stations in the LMP IV network and the Copenhagen Municipality included in this report for2005
Name Street/location Type Remarks
Copenhagen/1257 Jagtvej Street
Copenhagen/1259 H.C. Ørsted Institute Urban background
Copenhagen/1103 H.C. Andersens Boulevard Street Copenhagen Municipality
Århus/6153 Banegårdsgade Street
Århus/6159 Valdemarsgade Urban Background
Odense/9155 Albanigade Street
Odense/9159 Town hall in Odense Urban background
Aalborg/8151 Vesterbro Street
Aalborg/8158 Østerbro Urban background
Lille Valby/2090 - Rural CO measurements startetFebruary 2006
Keldsnor/9055 - Rural
Compounds measured
Averaging time
Other information
11
3 Nitrogen oxides
3.1 Yearly Statistics
Table 3-1 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 2005. All parameters are calculated with hourly averages.
Unit: µg/m3 Number Average Median 98. percentile 19. highest
Traffic:
Copenhagen/1257 8616 47 45 103 133
Copenhagen/1103 8348 54*) 53 111 147
Århus/6153 8617 47 44 107 137
Odense/9155 8477 31 26 89 114
Aalborg/8151 8671 40 34 102 127
Urban Background:
Copenhagen/1259 8662 23 19 59 82
Århus/6159 8631 22 18 66 92
Odense/9159 8244 18 15 54 75
Aalborg/8158 8711 18 15 57 77
Rural:
Lille Valby/2090 8348 12 9 38 54
Keldsnor/9055 8130 10 7 38 59
Limit values/limit value + mar-gin of tolerance for 2005
>7884 40/50 200/300
*) Limit value + margin of tolerance exceeded.
12
Table 3-2 Nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) 2005. All parameters are calculated with hourly averages.
Unit: µg/m3
(as NO2) Number Average Median 98. percentile 19. highest
Traffic:
Copenhagen/1257 8616 109 88 364 579
Copenhagen/1103 8348 133 110 402 695
Århus/6153 8617 106 83 366 639
Odense/9155 8477 78 48 334 631
Aalborg/8151 8671 111 77 405 649
Urban Background:
Copenhagen/1259 8664 29 23 95 182
Århus/6159 8631 33 22 142 295
Odense/9159 8244 25 19 96 242
Aalborg/8158 8711 29 20 132 367
Rural:
Lille Valby/2090 8348 14 10 55 124
Keldsnor/9055 8130 12 8 46 69
The limit values are based on EU Council Directive 1999/30/1999(EC 1999) and implemented through a national Regulation from theMinistry of Environment (Miljøministeriet 2003A).
13
3.2 Episodes
The Alert threshold is given in EU Council Directive (EC, 1999) andimplemented through a national Regulation from the Ministry of En-vironment (Miljøministeriet 2003A).
Table 3-3 Episodic results for Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 2005. All parameters are calculated with hourly av-erages.
Unit: µg/m3 Max. 3 hours Date:hour Max. hour Date:hour
Traffic:
Copenhagen/1257 173 051019: 6 222 051019: 7
Copenhagen/1103 195 051019 5 248 051019: 6
Århus/6153 158 051128: 10 236 051019: 6
Odense/9155 116 051017: 6 139 050401: 7
Aalborg/8151 125 051128: 8 154 051128: 9
Urban Background:
Copenhagen/1259 85 050304: 1 102 050404: 6
Århus/6159 107 050303: 19 122 050303: 20
Odense/9159 82 051017: 6 94 051017: 7
Aalborg/8158 87 051128: 8 113 051128: 8
Rural:
Lille Valby/2090 56 050304: 6 65 050304: 8
Keldsnor/9055 60 050521: 18 83 050521: 19
Alert threshold 400 - - -
Table 3-4 Episodic results for Nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) 2005. All parameters are calculated withhourly averages.
Unit: µg/m3 (as NO2) Max. 3 hours Date:hour Max. hour Date:hour
Traffic:
Copenhagen/1257 1300 051019: 6 1669 051019: 7
Copenhagen/1103 1205 051019: 5 1817 051019: 6
Århus/6153 709 051128: 10 1571 051019: 6
Odense/9155 788 051017: 6 1075 051017: 7
Aalborg/8151 744 051005: 7 920 051128: 9
Urban Background:
Copenhagen/1259 229 051019: 7 474 051019: 7
Århus/6159 302 051128: 16 424 051128: 10
Odense/9159 374 051017: 6 469 051128: 9
Aalborg/8158 416 051128: 8 667 051128: 8
Rural:
Lille Valby/2090 126 051128: 19 274 050203: 11
Keldsnor/9055 76 050925: 15 130 050203: 15
14
The "Max 3. hour" values are defined and calculated in the followingway: First find the lowest one hour value for all consecutive three-hours periods. Second find the highest of these lowest one hour val-ues which is defined as the “Max 3. hours” values, which is listed intable 3-3 and 3-4.
3.3 Trends
Figure 3-1 The graphs show the time series for the annual average valuesmeasured at street stations. Previous results from Copenhagen/1103 can befound at the homepage of Copenhagen Environmental Protection Agency(www.Miljoe.kk.dk)
NO 2 - annual averages
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04
µg/m
3
C openhagen/1257 Copenhagen/1103 Århus/6153 Odense/9155 Aalborg/8151
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04
NO x - annual averages
µg/m
3 (as NO2)
15
Figure 3-2 The graphs show the time series for the annual average valuesmeasured at urban background and rural stations.
NO 2 - annual averages
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04
µg/m
3
C openhagen/1259 Århus/6159 O dense/9159A alborg/8159 Lille Valby/2090 K eldsnor/9055
0
10
20
30
40
50
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04
N O x - annual averages
µg/m
3 (as NO
2)
16
17
4 Ozone
4.1 Annual statistics
The target values and long time objectives are given in the EU Coun-cil Directive (EC, 2002) and implemented through a national Regula-tion from the Ministry of Environment (Miljøministeriet 2003B).
Number of information to the public due to exceedance of the infor-mation threshold (180 µg/m3) in 2005: 0.
Number of information to the public due to exceedance of the alertthreshold (240 µg/m3) in 2005: 0.
Table 4-1 Ozone (O3) 2005. All parameters are calculated with one-hour average values. The eight hourvalues are calculated as a moving average based on hourly measurements. For the "26. highest 8 hour"value is used the highest daily 8 hour average values calculated as described in the EU Directive2002/3/EC.
Unit: µg/m3 Number ofresults
Average Median Max. 8hours
26. highest8 hour
Max. 1hour
AOT40µg/m3.h
Urban Background:
Copenhagen/1259 8176 48 50 110 75 124 1839
Århus/6159 8541 46 49 119 71 158 3715
Odense/9159 8388 50 51 129 95 138 4866
Aalborg/8158 8715 46 49 116 81 136 1341
Rural
Lille Valby/2090 8419 56 58 140 104 156 10990
Keldsnor/9055 8032 56 57 126 98 140 4912
Traffic
Copenhagen/1257 8628 33 32 83 68 97 19
Copenhagen/1103 8424 31 29 102 69 121 26
Target value >7884 - - - 120 - 18 000
Long term objective >7884 - - 120 - - 6 000
18
4.2 Trends
Figure 4-1 Annual average values and the max. 8 hour average value. The latter is calculated ashourly moving 8 hour averages according to the provisions in the EU Council Directive (EC,2002). Previous results from Copenhagen/1103 can be found at the Website of the CopenhagenEnvironmental Protection Agency (www. Miljoe.kk.dk).
O 3 - m ax. 8 hours average
0
50
100
150
200
250
92 94 96 98 00 02 04
µg/m3
O 3 - annual average
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
92 94 96 98 00 02 04
µg/m
3
C openhagen/1259 Århus/6159 O dense/9159 Aalborg/8159Lille Valby/2090 Keldsnor/9055 C openhagen/1257 C openhagen/1103
19
5 Carbon monoxide
5.1 Annual statistics
The limit value is based on EU Council Directive (EC, 2000) and im-plemented through a national Regulation from the Ministry of Envi-ronment (Miljøministeriet 2003B).
The guideline values are proposed in WHO, 2000. (Air QualityGuidelines for Europe, Second Edition, WHO Regional Publications,European Series, No. 91, Copenhagen 2000).
Table 5-1 Annual statistics for carbon monoxide (CO) 2005. All parameters are calculated with hourly av-erage. The 8-hour values are calculated as a moving average based on hourly results.
Unit: µg/m3 Number Average Median 98-percentile 99.9-percentile Max. 8-hours Max hour
Traffic:
Copenhagen/1257 8629 769 640 2142 4255 4076 7984
Copenhagen/1103 8419 713 640 1747 3026 2610 5550
Århus/6153 8446 433 379 1122 2335 1882 2983
Odense/9155 8139 564 423 1861 3593 3148 4420
Aalborg/8151 8679 739 601 1987 3075 2504 3538
Urban Background:
Copenhagen/1259 8686 287 264 640 1356 1238 2460
Rural
Lille Valby/2090 7110 244 233 457 926 909 1281
Limit value - - - - - 10 000 -
Guideline values - - - - - 10 000 30 000
20
5.2 Trends
Figure 5-1 Annual average values and highest 8-hour value calculated based on an hourlymoving average. Previous results from Copenhagen/1103 can be found at the website of theCopenhagen Environmental Protection Agency (www. Miljoe.kk.dk).
C O - Annual average
0
500
1000
1500
2000
94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
µg/m
3
C openhagen/1257 C openhagen/1103 Århus/6153O dense/9155 Aalborg/8151 Copenhagen/1259
C O - Annual 8 hour m ax.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
µg/m
3
21
6 Benzene and Toluene
6.1 Annual statistics
The limit value is based on EU Council Directive (EC, 2000) and im-plemented through a national Regulation from the Ministry of Envi-ronment (Miljøministeriet 2003B).
Table 6-2 Annual statistics for Toluene 2005. The max. 7 days is calculated asthe highest value for a moving 7 days average based on daily averages(WHO, 2000).
Unit: µg/m3 Number ofresults
Average Max.
7 days
Max.
1 hour
Copenhagen/1257 7347 11.2 76 152
Guideline value - - 260 -
The guideline and lifetime risk level are established by WHO (WHO,2000).
Table 6-1 Annual statistics for Benzene 2005. All values are calculated as 1hour averages. The 8 hours values are calculated as a moving average ofhourly averages. The life time risk level is defined as the concentration thatthrough a lifelong exposure is estimated to give an excess risk of 1:105 fordeveloping cancer.
Unit: µg/m3 Numberof results
Average Max.
8 hours
Max.
1 hour
Copenhagen/1257 7504 2.8 14 33
Limit value >7784 5 - -
Life time risk level at 1:105 1.7
22
23
7 Particles (TSP, PM10)
7.1 Annual statistics
The limit values are based on the EU Council Directive (EC, 1999) andimplemented through a national Regulation from the Ministry of En-vironment (Miljøministeriet 2003A). However, it is widely recognisedthat the present knowledge is insufficient for definition of the limitvalues. It is therefore stipulated that the indicative limit values (to bemet in 2010) will be reviewed.
At all stations (except Copenhagen/1103) PM10 is collected continu-ously on filters in 24 hours intervals for later gravimetric determina-tion of the mass. These measurements are considered to be equivalentto the reference methods in the Directive (EC, 1999). AdditionallyPM10 is measured at the stations in Copenhagen using a TEOM (Ta-pered-element oscillating microbalance) instrument. The TEOMmeasurements are performed with a time resolution of 30 minutes.During sampling the particles are heated to 50°C. At that temperaturesome of the volatile compounds may evaporate (mainly secondaryaerosols). The loss will depend of the actual composition of the aero-sols. The European Commission has accepted that TEOM measure-ments can be used in relation to EU limit values if the measured val-ues are multiplied with a factor 1.3 (see textbox on next page).
The limit values are implemented through EU Council Directive (EC,1999) and a national Regulation from the Ministry of Environment(Miljøministeriet 2003A).
24
Estimated PM10 (and PM2.5) at H.C. Andersens Boulevard, 2005
PM10 is measured as 24h averages with a gravimetric method (with SM200 monitor) that isequivalent with the EU reference method at two sites in Copenhagen
• Copenhagen/1257 (JGTV), at kerbside in a street canyon (Jagtvej)• Copenhagen/1259 (HCOE), an urban background station on the roof of the H.C. Oersted
Institute
PM10 (and PM2.5) is measured with half-hour time resolution with TEOM monitors at JGTV,HCOE, and Copenhagen/ 1103 (HCAB) at H.C. Andersens Boulevard. The TEOM monitors donot measure PM10 and PM2.5 correct, because the high collecting temperature (50°C) results inlosses of volatile material from the collecting filter. A comparison of PM10 and 24h averages ofTEOM PM10 at JGTV and HCOE has shown that the losses are the same at the two sites taking theuncertainties of the measurements into account. The losses are 8-10 µg/m3 in average on an an-nual basis. The average PM10/TEOM_PM10 ratio is approximately 1.4 at JGTV, and 1.7 (in 2003) atHCOE. The EU commission has accepted that TEOM PM10 can be used with a correction factor 1.3as substitute for PM10 measurements according to the EU reference method.
Table: Using the assumption that the PM losses with the TEOM monitor are the same at HCAB asat JGTV and HCOE it is possible to make a correction of the 24h TEOM_PM10 average at HCABon days when measurements of the PM loss at JGTV or HCOE are available. The results of thiscorrection for 2005 are shown in the table below together with results corrected using the correc-tion factor 1.3. Using the measured PM10 loss as an upper estimate of the TEOM PM2.5 loss, anupper estimate of the corrected PM2.5 at HCAB is calculated are shown in last column.
TEOMPM10
(HCAB)
TEOMPM2.5
(HCAB)
PM10
loss(HCOE)
PM10
loss(JGTV)
PM10 loss(JGTV
and HCOEcombined)
TEOM PM10
corrected forlosses
(HCAB)
1.3*TEOMPM10
(HCAB)
TEOM PM2.5
corrected forPM10 losses
(HCAB)
Average value 33.2 15.3 9.1 9.5 9.3 43.2 43.2 24.9
Number of 24h values 308 314 265 216 278 232 308 230
90% percentile 49.7 23.1 17.2 17.8 16.9 64.7 64.6 43.1
36th highest value 48.6 21.9 15.1 15.5 15.6 60.6 63.1 34.0
Unit: µgm-3
We can conclude that the factor 1.3 gives corrected PM10 values that are close to the values cor-rected for losses, so the factor appears to be nearly OK for HCAB, while it is definitely too smallfor JGTV and HCOE. Under all circumstances we consider the value corrected for losses to be themost reliable estimate of PM10 at HCAB. According to both values the limit value (40 µg/m3) forthe annual average is exceeded in 2005. The number of measurements is smaller than the required90% of days in the year, so the 90% percentile seems to be more adequate than the 36th highestvalue. Both the 90% percentile and the 36th highest value clearly exceed the limit value (50 µg/m3).
25
*) Limit value exceeded.
*) Limit value exceeded.
Table 7-1 Annual statistics for PM10 2005. All parameters are calculated as daily averages. The limit valuesshall be met at 2005. The indicative limit values are valid from 2010. They will, however, be reviewed be-fore that.
Unit µg/m3 Number ofresults
Average 36.highestresult
90 percen-tile
95 percen-tile
8.highestresult
Max. day
Traffic
Copenhagen/1257 351 33 53*) 54 63 70 110
Århus/6153 337 29 45 45 55 65 83
Odense/9155 348 34 55*) 55 68 86 140
Aalborg/8151 319 33 49 52 63 68 189
Urban background
Copenhagen/1259 320 23 37 39 50 54 67
Århus/6159 330 24 39 39 49 55 88
Odense/9159 297 27 43 44 52 57 79
Aalborg/8158 338 25 39 41 49 55 88
Rural
Lille Valby/2090 356 25 40 40 49 57 69
Keldsnor/9055 231 26 37 42 52 52 63
Limit values (2005) >329 40 50 - -
Limit values (2010)(indicative)
20 - - 50 -
Table 7-2 Annual statistics for TSP (Total Suspended Particles) 2005. All parameters are calculated as dailyaverages.
Unit µg/m3 Number ofresults
Average 36.highestresult
90 percen-tile
95 percen-tile
8.highestresult
Max. day
Traffic
Copenhagen/1103 361 80 129 129 156 188 279
Table 7-3 Annual statistics for PM10 measured 2005 using TEOM. The values are calculatedbased on daily averages. Please refer to the text box.
Unit µg/m3 Numberof results
Average 36.highestresult
90 percen-tile
Average
· 1.3
36. highest
· 1.3
Traffic
Copenhagen/1257 342 24 36 36 31 46
Copenhagen/1103 308 33 49 50 43*) 63*)
Urban background
Copenhagen/1259 334 17 25 26 22 33
Limit values >329 - - - 40 50
26
7.2 Trends
Up till 2000 the particulate matter was measured as Total SuspendedParticulate matter (TSP) corresponding to particles with a diameterup to around 25 µm. The exact cut-off depended however strongly onthe wind velocity. From 2001 PM10 measurements are started at allstations except Copenhagen/1103 where the TSP measurements werecontinued. The TSP is on the average 30-80% higher than PM10 at thestreet stations, while the difference is less at urban background andrural sites.
Table 7-4 Annual statistics for PM2.5 measured in 2005 using TEOM.The values are calculated based on daily averages. Please refer to thetext box.
Unit µg/m3 Numberof results
Average 36.highestresult
90 percen-tile
Traffic
Copenhagen/1103 315 15 24 22
Urban Background
Copenhagen/1259 333 11 19 18
Rural
Lille Valby/2090 275 11 18 16
Figure 7-1 Annual averages for TSP and PM10 measured at street stations. Re-sults from 2000 and earlier are for TSP, while later results are for PM10 – exceptfor Copenhagen/1103, where TSP measurements are continued. The PM10 re-sults are shown in the area in the bottom left of the plot area.
Annual averages
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04
µg/m
3
Copenhagen/1257 Copenhagen/1103 Å rhus/6153 O dense/9155 A alborg/8151
TS P PM 10
27
Figure 7-2 Annual averages for TSP and PM10 measured at urban backgroundand rural stations.
Annual averages
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
µg/m
3
Copenhagen/1259 Å rhus/6159 A lborg/8159 Lille V alby/2090 Keldsnor/9055
TSP PM 10
28
29
8 Heavy Metals
8.1 Annual statistics
+) Measured in TSP (Total Suspended Particulate matter). Most of the heavy elements are present inparticles. The heavy metals are primarily found in fine particles. The TSP and PM10 results are in mostcases comparable because the heavy metals primarily are found in fine particles.
*) Target values for Ni, As and Cd are implemented through EU Council Directive 2004/107/EC (EC,2005). A limit value for Pb is found in EU Council Directive 1999/30/EC (EC, 1999). The guidelines andlife time risk for the carcinogenic metals are established by WHO (WHO, 2000).
Table 8-1 Annual statistics for Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Cupper (Cu),Zink (Zn), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) measured in PM10 during 2005 Thelifetime risk level is defined as the concentration that through a lifelong exposure is estimated to give anexcess risk of 1:105 for developing cancer. The filters are occasionally contaminated with Cr, Ni, Cu andZn. The out-layers for these elements are excluded before average calculation. At urban background andrural stations the contamination with Cr still contributes with a significant amount to the average values.
Unit: ng/m3 V Cr Mn Ni Cu Zn As Se Cd Pb
Traffic
Copenhagen/1257 7.0 6.8 14.6 4.2 60.9 39.5 0.7 0.4 < 1.3 9.1
Copenhagen/1103 +) 10.7 16.7 72.3 5.0 104.7 106.4 0.8 0.3 < 0.7 15.6
Århus/6153 6.0 3.7 11.1 5.6 33.9 35.8 0.9 0.4 < 1.3 7.6
Odense/9155 5.4 5.9 20.5 3.0 44.6 68.2 1.0 0.5 < 1.4 11.8
Aalborg/8151 4.4 5.9 11.0 2.8 44.1 66.9 0.7 0.4 < 1.3 7.5
Urban background
Copenhagen/1259 7.2 2.2 6.9 3.9 10.9 21.3 0.6 0.4 < 1.3 6.8
Århus/6159 4.9 < 1.9 5.6 6.0 9.3 24.2 0.8 0.4 < 1.3 6.3
Odense/9159 4.3 < 1.9 7.2 2.2 9.4 39.0 0.8 0.5 < 1.3 8.6
Aalborg/8159 4.1 < 2.0 7.2 3.2 10.2 44.3 1.3 0.5 < 1.3 11.5
Rural
Lille Valby/2090 4.9 < 2.8 4.5 2.4 6.7 17.8 1.0 0.4 < 1.3 6.1
Keldsnor/9055 8.0 2.3 3.7 4.5 12.8 23.3 < 0.5 0.5 < 1.3 6.4
Target/limit values *) 20 6 5 500
Guideline value (WHO) *) 1000 150 5
Life time risk level at 1:105
(WHO) *)25 6.6
30
8.2 Trends
Figure 8-1 Biannual averages from selected stations for some Heavy Metals in particulate matter.Until 2000 in TSP and later in PM10 – except for Copenhagen/1103 where TSP measurements con-tinue. The heavy metals are usually found in fine particles, which makes the TSP and the PM10
values comparable. The remarkable increase in the concentrations of especially Mn and to someextent Cr at Copenhagen/1103 may be caused by the use of slag from steel production for fillingmaterial in the bitumen at H. C. Andersens Boulevard. The increase of Cu (especially at Copenha-gen /1103), which to a large extend comes from brake pads, reflects the increase in traffic volume.y-axis units are ng/m3. (Note that the scale for Pb is logarithmic.)
C r
0
5
10
15
20
25
83-84 87-88 91-92 95-96 99-00 03-04
M n
0
20
40
60
80
100
83-84 87-88 91-92 95-96 99-00 03-04
Zn
0
50
100
150
83-84 87-88 91-92 95-96 99-00 03-04
Copenhagen/1257 Aalborg/8151 Keldsnor/9055 Copenhagen/1103
V
0
10
20
30
83-84 87-88 91-92 95-96 99-00 03-04
C u
0
20
40
60
80
100
83-84 87-88 91-92 95-96 99-00 03-04
Pb
1
10
100
1000
83-84 87-88 91-92 95-96 99-00 03-04
31
9 Sulphur Compounds
9.1 Annual statistics
The limit values are based on EU Council Directive (EC, 1999) andimplemented through a national Regulation from the Ministry of En-vironment (Miljøministeriet 2003A).
Table 9-1 Annual statistics for SO2 2005. All parameters are calculated based on hourly averages. The de-tection limit for the monitors is a few µg/m3, which makes the average and median values encumberedwith high relative uncertainties.
Unit: µg/m3 Numberof results
Averageyear
Averagewinter
Median 98-percentile
Max.Hour
4. highestday
TrafficCopenhagen/1103 7609 4.2 3.6 2.9 18 71 9Aalborg/8151 8671 2.8 2.8 1.7 11.5 45 28Limit values >7884 20 20 350 125
Table 9-2 Annual averages for particulate sulphur (S) measured in PM10 2005(for Copenhagen/1103 in TSP). The sulphur containing particles are mainlypresent in sub-micron particles, which make the TSP and PM10 results com-parable. Measurements are daily averages.
Unit: µg(S)/m3 Number of results AverageTrafficCopenhagen/1257 353 0.85Copenhagen/1103 361 1.13Århus/6153 346 0.92Odense/9155 349 0.98Aalborg/8151 324 0.80Urban backgroundCopenhagen/1259 321 0.82Århus/6159 331 0.80Odense/9159 299 0.87Aalborg/8158 340 0.77RuralLille Valby/2090 363 0.79Keldsnor/9055 231 0.92
32
9.2 Trends
SO 2 - annual averages
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
µg/m
3
C openhagen/1257 O dense/9155 A alborg/8151 Lille V alby/2090
Figure 9-1 Annual averages for SO2. The results are obtained using KOH im-pregnated filters for collection of SO2. These measurements ceased in 2000 be-cause the concentrations had become far below the limit and guideline values.
Figure 9-2 Annual averages for particulate sulphur at street stations. The par-ticulate sulphur from 2000 and earlier is determined in TSP, and the 2001 re-sults and later are for PM10 – except for Copenhagen/1103, where TSP meas-urements are continued. The sulphur containing particles are mainly presentin sub-micron particles, which makes the TSP and PM10 results comparable.
S (particulate) - annual averagesstreet stations
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04
µg/m
3
C openhagen/1257 Copenhagen/1103 Århus/6153 O dense/9155 Aalborg/8151
TSP PM 10
33
Figure 9-3 Annual averages for particulate sulphur at urban background andrural stations. The particulate sulphur from 2000 and earlier is determined inTSP and the 2001 results and later are for PM10. The sulphur containing parti-cles are mainly present in sub-micron particles, which makes the TSP andPM10 results comparable.
S (particulate) - annual averagesbackground stations
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04
µg/m
3
C openhagen/1259 Århus/6159 A alborg/8159 Lille Valby/2090 Keldsnor/9055
TSP PM 10
34
35
References
EC (1996): Directive 96/62/EC of September 27 on ambient air qual-ity assessment and management. J. Europ. Commun. L296/55.
EC (1999): Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limitvalues for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen,particulate matter and lead in ambient air. J. Europ. Commun.L163/41.
EC (2000): Directive of the European Parliament and of the council2000/69/EC of 16 November 2000 on limit values for benzene andcarbon monoxide in ambient air. J. Europ. Commun. L313/12.
EC (2002): Directive 2002/3/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 12 February 2002 relating to ozone in ambient air. Offi-cial Journal L 067 /14.
EC (2005): Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mer-cury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Of-ficial Journal L23/3.
Kemp, K., Ellermann, T., Palmgren, F., Wåhlin, P., Berkowicz, R. &Jørgen Brandt (2005): The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Pro-gramme. Annual Summary for 2004. National Environmental Re-search Institute, Roskilde Denmark 66 pp. -NERI Technical ReportNo. 544
Miljøministeriet (2003A): Bekendtgørelse om grænseværdier for luf-tens indhold af visse forurenende stoffer. Bekendtgørelse nr. 58 af 23.Januar 2003. (In Danish). Ministry of Environment; Copenhagen,Denmark.
Miljøministeriet (2003B): Bekendtgørelse om mål- og grænseværdierfor luftens indhold af visse forurenende stoffer. In preparation. (InDanish). Ministry of Environment; Copenhagen, Denmark.
WHO (2000): Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, Second Edition,WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91, Copenhagen2000. See also http://www.euro.who.int/air
36
37
Danish summary - Dansk resumé
Rapporten præsenterer resultaterne fra overvågningsprogrammet forluftkvalitet i danske byer (LMP IV) for 2005. Formålet med pro-grammet er at fastlægge koncentrationer af skadelige stoffer i luften idanske byer, følge udviklingen af koncentrationerne og vurdere kil-derne til de enkelte stoffer. Målingerne bruges til at vurdere effektenaf allerede gennemførte tiltag og beregne virkningen af mulige frem-tidige tiltag. Desuden tjener resultaterne som videnbasis for en rækkevidenskabelige undersøgelser, fx vurdering af små partiklers effektpå sundheden.
Der er fastsat grænse- og målværdier for flere af de målte stoffer.Grænseværdierne skal overholdes fra 2005 eller 2010. Frem til da erdet dog tilladt at overskride disse grænseværdier indenfor en fastsattolerance margin, som løbende reduceres. En detaljeret beskrivelse afgældende mål- og grænseværdier og deres gennemførelse findes ibekendtgørelser fra Miljøministeriet (se referencerne Miljøministeriet2003A og 2003B). Bekendtgørelserne er baseret på EU-direktiverne(EC 1996, 1999, 2000, 2003 og 2005).
De væsentligste konklusioner er at:
- Generelt var niveauerne i 2005 på samme niveau som i 2004. Æn-dringer kan for en stor del skyldes meteorologiske forhold.
- Indholdet af kvælstofdioxid (NO2) overskred i 2005 grænseværdi-erne, som skal overholdes fra 2010 på flere målestationer. Grænse-værdien + tilladte margin (i 2005: 50 µg/m3) blev i 2005 overskre-det på H.C. Andersens Boulevard i København.
- Indholdet af partikler mindre end 10 µm (PM10) overskrider græn-seværdierne som skal overholdes fra 2005 på tre gadestationer(H.C. Andersens Boulevard og Jagtvej i København samt Albani-gade i Odense).
- Der er ikke fastsat egentlige grænseværdier for ozon (O3), men kun"målværdier" og ”langsigtede mål” (hensigtsværdier). Flere lang-sigtede mål er overskredet på flere stationer.
- De øvrige målte stoffer findes i koncentrationer under grænse-værdierne, og for flere stoffer (fx svovldioxid og bly) er indholdetfaldet kraftigt siden målingernes start.
Supplerende vurdering af luftkvaliteten gennemføres ved hjælp afDMU’s luftkvalitetsmodeller i byområderne København og Aalborg.En fyldig vurdering af resultater fra 2004 var indeholdt i sidste års-rapport. Arbejdet fortsættes og vil blive rapporteret når nye resultaterforeligger.
38
39
Appendix
Pollutants measured in the LMP Network
NO and partly NO2 are formed by combustion at high temperatures.The main sources are power plants and traffic. At the street stationsthe traffic is the main source. The application of catalytic converter inthe exhaust reduces the emission considerably. NO is relativelyharmless, but NO2 can cause respiratory problems.
Most of the NO2 in the urban atmosphere is produced by oxidation ofnitrogen monoxide (NO) by ozone (O3). The reaction will take placeimmediately, if sufficient O3 is present. O3 is often the limiting com-ponent for a complete oxidation in the street canyons, but practicallyall NO is oxidised at the urban background and rural stations. Withina few hours the NO2 is further oxidised to nitrate and/or nitric acid,which may cause acid precipitation and eutrofication. NO2 is a toxicgas, which may cause respiratory problems. There are limit values forthe allowed concentration of NO2 in the atmosphere.
O3 is formed by photochemical reactions (i.e. by the influence of sun-light) between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds(VOC’s). The VOC’s can be of natural and anthropogenic origin. Themajor part of the O3 measured in Denmark originates from sourcesoutside the country. Usually the highest concentrations are found atrural and urban background sites. O3 is removed by NO at streetlevel. O3 is a toxic gas, which may cause respiratory problems anddamage on crops and forests. There are so-called target values for theconcentration of O3 in the atmosphere.
The main source of CO in urban air is petrol-fuelled cars. The CO isformed due to incomplete combustion. The application of catalyticconverter in the exhaust reduces the emission considerably. CO isonly slowly removed from the atmosphere. CO is a toxic gas that mayprevent the uptake of oxygen in the blood. There are limit values forthe allowed concentration of CO in the atmosphere.
Benzene is present in petrol. It may also be formed in engines due toincomplete combustion. Since 1994 the benzene content in petrol hasbeen reduced by up to a factor of 5. The concentration in the atmos-phere has been reduced correspondingly. Benzene is a carcinogenicgas. There is a limit value for the average content in the atmosphere.
Many different VOC’s are present in the air. Several of these areemitted by incomplete combustion in e.g. engines and wood burningstoves. Several of the VOC’s are carcinogenic. A “target value” is im-plemented through an EU Council Directive in 2004 for Benzo(a)-pyrene as indicator for PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbones).Of the VOC’s only benzene, toluene and xylenes are measured rou-tinely in LMP IV at present.
Nitrogen oxides (NO andNO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Ozone (O3)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Benzene
Other volatile organiccompounds (VOC’s)
40
The main sources for PM10 are resuspended dust and combustion.
PM10 particles are also created in the atmosphere by oxidation of ni-trogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. The submicron particles, whichare formed by combustion and chemical reactions in the atmosphere,are suspected to be the most harmful for the health. There are still alack of knowledge about the connection between health effects andparticle size. Limit values for the PM10 concentration in the atmos-phere are implemented at present. The limit values will be revisedwithin a few years, when better knowledge about the adverse healtheffects of fine particles influence on health has been obtained.
PM10 is measured using two different methods in the LMP program:
• The particles are collected on filters in 24h intervals. The mass onthe filters is determined by weighing after storage in a condi-tioned climate room. This method is considered to be equivalentto the reference method (EN 12341).
• The particles are collected on a “tapered oscillating microbalance”(TEOM) and heated to 50°C. During heating volatile compoundsmay evaporate. The loss will be most pronounced for “secondaryaerosols” containing ammonia, nitrate and sulphate.
There are a number of different HM’s in the atmosphere. They areemitted from e.g. coal and oil fired power plants, waste incineratorsand industries. HM’s may also be emitted from traffic due to wear onengines, tires and brake pads. Several HM’s are toxic even in lowconcentrations and a few also carcinogenic. A limit value is imple-mented for lead. Target values are values are implemented for arse-nic, cadmium, nickel and mercury. WHO has proposed guidelinevalues for the toxic non-carcinogenic and estimated life time risks forthe carcinogenic HM’s.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is formed by burning of fossil fuel and bio-mass. The SO2 is oxidised in the atmosphere to particulate sulphuricacid and sulphate. The conversion time depends strongly of the tem-perature and humidity in the air. It is typically of the order of oneday. Sulphuric acid contributes to “acid rain” and the deposition ofsulphate causes damage to sensitive ecosystems. During the last 20years the reduction of sulphur in fossil fuel and improved flue gascleaning has reduced the concentration of SO2 with one order ofmagnitude. SO2 may cause respiratory problems. There are limit val-ues for the allowed concentration of SO2 in the atmosphere.
Particles smaller than 10µm(PM10)
Heavy metals (HM’s)
Sulphur compounds
41
National Environmental Research Institute
The National Environmental Research Institute, NERI, is a research institute of the Ministry of theEnvironment. In Danish, NERI is called Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser (DMU).NERI's tasks are primarily to conduct research, collect data, and give advice on problems related tothe environment and nature.
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Publications:NERI publishes professional reports, technical instructions, and the annual report. A R&D projects'catalogue is available in an electronic version on the World Wide Web.Included in the annual report is a list of the publications from the current year.
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Af Schou, J.S. & Abildtrup, J. 64 s. (elektronisk)Nr. 543: Valuation of groundwater protection versus water treatment in Denmark by Choice Experiments and
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By Kemp, K. et al. 64 pp. (electronic)Nr. 545: Naturbeskyttelse og turisme i Nord- og Østgrønland. Af Aastrup, P. et al. 131 pp. (electronic)Nr. 546: Environmental monitoring at the Nalunaq Mine, South Greenland, 2004.
By Glahder, C.M. & Asmund, G. 32 pp. (electronic)Nr. 547: Contaminants in the Atmosphere. AMAP-Nuuk, Westgreenland 2002-2004.
By Skov, H. et al. 43 pp (electronic)Nr. 548: Vurdering af naturtilstand. Af Fredshavn, J & Skov, F. 93 s. (elektronisk)Nr. 549: Kriterier for gunstig bevaringsstatus for EF-habitatdirektivets 8 marine naturtyper.
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et udvalgt opland. Af Schou, J.S. et al. 42 s. (elektronisk)Nr. 576: Overvågning af Vandmiljøplan II – Vådområder 2005. Af Hoffmann, C.C. et al. 127 s. (elektronisk)Nr. 577: Limfjordens miljøtilstand 1985 til 2003. Empiriske modeller for sammenhæng til næringsstoftilførsler,
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By Andersen, J.M. et al. 136 pp. (electronic)
584 T
he Danish A
ir Quality M
onitoring Programm
e
National Environmental Research Institute 978-87-772-935-5Ministry of the Environment ISSN 1600-0048
The air quality in Danish cities has been monitored continuously since 1982 within the Danish Air Quality (LMP) network. The aim has been to follow the concentration levels of toxic pollutants in the urban atmosphere and to provide the necessary knowledge to assess the trends, to perform source apportionment, and to evaluate the chemical reactions and the dispersion of the pollutants in the atmosphere. In 2005 the air quality was measured in four Danish cities and at two background sites. NO2 and PM10 were at several stations found in concentrations above EU limit values, which the Member States have to comply with in 2005 and 2010. While the concentra-tions for most other pollutants have been strongly decreasing since 1982, only a slight decrease has been observed for NO2.