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The Cuban - American Community & the New U.S. - Cuba Relations Jorge Duany Cuban Research Institute Florida International University

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Page 1: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.-

Cuba Relations

Jorge DuanyCuban Research Institute

Florida International University

Page 2: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Main ObjectivesTrace development of Cuban exodus since 1959

Examine similarities & differences among migrant waves

Analyze diverse views about U.S. policy toward Cuba

Assess Cuban-American contributions to Cuba’s development

Page 3: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

The Postrevolutionary Exodus

Page 4: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands)

0

100

200

300

1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Page 5: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Population of Cuban Origin in the U.S. (Millions)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1960 1980 2000 2014

Page 6: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Five Main Migrant Waves

Golden Exiles (1959–62)• 248,070

persons

Freedom Flights (1965–73)• 260,561

persons

Mariel Exodus (1980)• 124,779

persons

BalseroCrisis (1994)• 30,879

persons

Post-Soviet Exodus (1995– )• 549,013

persons

Page 7: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

“The Golden Exiles” (1959–62)

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/exile/pedro-pan.jpg
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/exile/pedro-pan.jpg
Page 8: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Cuban Refugees, 1959–62, & Cuban Population, 1953 (%)

0 15 30 45

Farm

Service

Skilled, semi-skilled, &unskilled

Clerical & sales

Professional & managerial

Cuban refugees Cuban population

Page 9: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Operation Pedro Pan (1960–62)

Page 10: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

“Freedom Flights”

(1965–73)

Page 11: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Comparing the First & Second Waves of Cuban Refugees

1959–62 1965–73

Median age at arrival (years) 40.4 40.2

Female (%) 53.9 57.6

White (%) 98 96.9

Born in Havana (%) 62 63.2

High school graduates (%) 36 22

Professional & managerial (%) 37 21

Page 12: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Cuban Adjustment Act (1966)

Page 13: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

“The Refuge,” 1967

Page 14: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Resettled Cuban Refugees, 1961–72

New York

New Jersey

California

IllinoisFloridaLouisiana

Massachusetts

Texas

ConnecticutPennsylvania Elsewhere

Page 15: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

The Mariel Boatlift (1980)

Page 16: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

A Marielito in a Refugee Camp

Page 17: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Comparing 1980 & 1973 Cuban Refugees

1980 1973Median age at arrival (years) 34 40.3Single (%) 42.6 17.1Black or mulatto (%) 12.6 3.1Born in Havana (%) 48.4 41.1Mean number of relatives at arrival 3.1 10.2Average years of education in Cuba 9.1 8.6No knowledge of English (%) 57.4 44.8Professional & managerial in Cuba (%) 14 10Current median earnings per month ($) 523 765

Page 18: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Cuban Migration to the U.S. since 1989 (Thousands)

0

10

20

30

40

50

1989 1994 1999 2004 2009

Page 19: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

The BalseroCrisis (1994)

Page 20: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

A Balsero in Miami

Page 21: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

“Wet Foot / Dry Foot” Policy (1995)

Page 22: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Cubans Interdicted by U.S. Coast Guard (Thousands)

0

1

2

3

1995 1999 2003 2007 2011

Page 23: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Cubans Legally Admitted to the U.S. (Thousands)

0

10

20

30

40

50

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Page 24: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Cuban Immigrants & Cuban Population, 2012 (%)

0 15 30 45

Service

Skilled, semi-skilled, &unskilled

Sales & office

Professional, technical, &managerial

Cuban immigrants Cuban population

Page 25: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Recent Legal Changes

Page 26: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

New Wave of Cuban Rafters

Page 27: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Undocumented Cuban Migrants (Thousands)

0

1

2

3

4

Oct.2014

Nov.2014

Dec.2014

Jan.2015

Feb.2015

Mar.2015

Florida U.S.-Mexico Border

Page 28: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

The “Intransigents”

Page 29: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

A Growing Generation Gap

Page 30: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

FIU Cuba Poll: Support for Unrestricted Travel to Cuba

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

1995–2014

1981–94

1974–80

1965–73

1959–64

Favor Oppose

Page 31: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

FIU Cuba Poll: Support for U.S. Embargo of Cuba

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

1995–2014

1981–94

1974–80

1965–73

1959–64

Favor Oppose

Page 32: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

FIU Cuba Poll: Support for Diplomatic Relations with Cuba

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

1995–2014

1981–94

1974–80

1965–73

1959–64

Favor Oppose

Page 33: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

After D17?

Page 34: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Bendixen & Amandi: Support for Restoring Diplomatic Ties (%)

44 48

8

5140

9

Agree Disagree Don't Know/NoAnswer

Dec. 2014 Mar. 2015

Page 35: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Reopening Embassies

Page 36: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

The Pope’s Visit to Cuba

Page 37: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Reconciliation among Cubans

Page 38: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Sending Money Home

Page 39: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Remittances to Cuba (US$ Billions)

0

1

2

3

1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

Page 40: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Remittance Agencies & Exchange Houses in Havana

Page 41: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

“La Chopin”

Page 42: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Use of Remittances in Cuba, 2015 (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100

No AnswerOther

Buy PropertyBusiness Investment

EducationSavingsLuxuries

Everyday Expenses

Page 43: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Means to Finance Small Businesses in Cuba, 2013 (%)

Sales63%

Remittances27%

Savings9%

Family Loans

1%

Page 44: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Self-Employment in Cuba (Thousands)

0

150

300

450

2000 2005 2010 2015

Page 45: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Sending Packages to Cuba

Page 46: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Transnational Trade

Page 47: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Cuban-American Visits to Cuba (Thousands)

0

100

200

300

400

500

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

Page 48: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9
Page 49: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Telephone Calls to Cuba (Millions)

0

20

40

60

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Page 50: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Cellular Phones in Cuba

Page 51: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

The Future of U.S.-Cuba Relations

Page 52: The Cuban-American Community & the New U.S.- Cuba Relations · Cuban Migration to the U.S. after 1960 (Thousands) 0. 100. 200. 300. 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–9

Conclusions

Changes in U.S. & Cuban regulations

Cuban-American contributions to Cuban economy

Diverse reactions to restoring U.S.-Cuba diplomatic ties

Five major waves of Cuban migration


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