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Name _________________________________________________________ Date _______________ Period ______ Class __________ The Crusades – The Next Generation Second Crusade The First Crusade had been launched during a time of disunity and instability in the Muslim World. Jerusalem itself had shifted hands from the Fatimids to the Seljuks, and then back the Fatimids again, before finally being taken by the “Franks.” The lands surrounding the new Crusader States were separated into independent cities and states, but a new Seljuk leader named Zengi decided to united the Muslim lands. He did so by force, waging war against fellow Muslim leaders, as did his son after him, until they had united all of Syria under their rule. Within a few years the new Seljuk power began fighting to recapture lands that they had lost in the First Crusade. In 1144, they took the city of Edessa, the capital of one of the Crusader states. Upon learning that Edessa had been lost, European leaders called for a second Crusade, and the Pope made an official announcement launching a Crusade in 1147. Among the Crusaders were King Conrad III of Germany, King Louis VII of France, and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. However, unlike the First Crusade, the Byzantine Emperor had not requested any help, so when Crusader knights robbed Byzantine towns along the way East for food and supplies, as they had done in the first Crusade, the relations with the Byzantines grew even worse. As they crossed Asia Minor, they were attacked by the Seljuk Turks, possibly at the advice of the Byzantine Emperor himself, and most of the knights were killed. The small group of survivors that did reach the Holy Land went to battle, but were easily defeated by their enemies. 1. Why was the Second Crusade such a failure? Give multiple reasons. Third Crusade While the second Crusade was a failure for the Crusaders, it was an enormous success for the Muslims. The new hostility from the Franks convinced other still independent Muslim states to join forces with the Seljuks for protection, making them stronger than ever. About 30 years after the Second Crusade, a new leader arose in the Muslim world. His name was Salahuddin, but he was known to Europeans as Saladin. Saladin was a Kurdish Muslim who had become famous as a great general for the Seljuks. When the leader of Fatimid Egypt died, they Fatimids asked him to become their new leader. In a stroke of luck for Salahuddin, the ruler of the Seljuk Turks died soon after, and Salahuddin was able to unite both lands, taking the title of sultan for himself.

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Page 1: The Crusades The Next Generation - mrcaseyhistory · PDF fileThe Crusades – The Next Generation Second Crusade The First Crusade had been launched during a time of disunity and instability

Name_________________________________________________________Date_______________Period______Class__________

The Crusades – The Next Generation SecondCrusadeTheFirstCrusadehadbeenlaunchedduringatimeofdisunityandinstabilityintheMuslimWorld.JerusalemitselfhadshiftedhandsfromtheFatimidstotheSeljuks,andthenbacktheFatimidsagain,beforefinallybeingtakenbythe“Franks.”ThelandssurroundingthenewCrusaderStateswereseparatedintoindependentcitiesandstates,butanewSeljukleadernamedZengidecidedtounitedtheMuslimlands.Hedidsobyforce,wagingwaragainstfellowMuslimleaders,asdidhissonafterhim,untiltheyhadunitedallof

Syriaundertheirrule.WithinafewyearsthenewSeljukpowerbeganfightingtorecapturelandsthattheyhadlostintheFirstCrusade.In1144,theytookthecityofEdessa,thecapitalofoneoftheCrusaderstates.UponlearningthatEdessahadbeenlost,EuropeanleaderscalledforasecondCrusade,andthePopemadeanofficialannouncementlaunchingaCrusadein1147.AmongtheCrusaderswereKingConradIIIofGermany,KingLouisVIIofFrance,andhiswife,EleanorofAquitaine.However,unliketheFirstCrusade,theByzantineEmperorhadnotrequestedanyhelp,sowhenCrusaderknightsrobbedByzantinetownsalongthewayEastforfoodandsupplies,astheyhaddoneinthefirstCrusade,therelationswiththeByzantinesgrewevenworse.AstheycrossedAsiaMinor,theywereattackedbytheSeljukTurks,possiblyattheadviceoftheByzantineEmperorhimself,andmostoftheknightswerekilled.ThesmallgroupofsurvivorsthatdidreachtheHolyLandwenttobattle,butwereeasilydefeatedbytheirenemies.

1. WhywastheSecondCrusadesuchafailure?Givemultiplereasons.ThirdCrusadeWhilethesecondCrusadewasafailurefortheCrusaders,itwasanenormoussuccessfortheMuslims.ThenewhostilityfromtheFranksconvincedotherstillindependentMuslimstatestojoinforceswiththeSeljuksforprotection,makingthemstrongerthanever.About30yearsaftertheSecondCrusade,anewleaderaroseintheMuslimworld.HisnamewasSalahuddin,buthewasknowntoEuropeansasSaladin.SaladinwasaKurdishMuslimwhohadbecomefamousasagreatgeneralfortheSeljuks.WhentheleaderofFatimidEgyptdied,theyFatimidsaskedhimtobecometheirnewleader.InastrokeofluckforSalahuddin,theruleroftheSeljukTurksdiedsoonafter,andSalahuddinwasabletounitebothlands,takingthetitleofsultanforhimself.

Page 2: The Crusades The Next Generation - mrcaseyhistory · PDF fileThe Crusades – The Next Generation Second Crusade The First Crusade had been launched during a time of disunity and instability

SalahuddinsetouttotakebacktheCrusaderstates.Withastrongerandmoreunitedforcethanbefore,hesucceededinhisconquestanddroveEuropeanChristiansoutofJerusalem.Shockedanddevastated,ChristiansrespondedtothislossbylaunchingtheThirdCrusade.ThethreemostpowerfulkingsofEuropesetoutontheThirdCrusade:KingRichardtheLion-HeartedofEngland,KingPhilipIIAugustusofFrance,andEmperorFrederickBarbarossaofGermany.Troublebeganalmostimmediately.Whilecrossingariver,theelderlyFrederickdrowned,whichbrokethespiritoftheGermanknights,manyofwhomreturnedhome.BackinEurope,FranceandEnglandhadbeeninaconflictovercertainlandsthattheybothwantedtocontrol,buttheyputtheirdifferencesasidetofightinCrusade.However,uponreachingtheHolyLand,RichardofEnglandandPhilipofFrancebegantoargue,andPhilipdecidedtoreturntoFrancewithmanyofhisknights.Richardalonewaslefttoleadtheremainingarmy.

RichardtheLion-HeartedandSalahuddinhadgreatrespectforeachothereventhoughtheywereonoppositesidesofthewar.Bothwereadmiredasmilitaryleadersandalsofortheirhonorablebehavior.StoriesspreadaboutSalahuddinprovidinghorsesforRichardandsendinghisowndoctorwhenRichardwasill,alongwithafruitbasket.Thetwomenalsomadeproposalsforpeace,includingamarriagealliancebetweenRichard’ssisterandSalahuddin’sbrother,whichnevertookplacebecauseofreligiousdifferences.DespitenegativeviewstowardsMuslimsingeneral,SalahuddinwasevenpraisedinEurope.OutofhisdesiretofightforGod'scause[Salahuddin]leftbehindhisfamily,children,country,homeandallthetownsunderhiscontrol.Salahuddinwaswell-manneredandentertaining…Ineversawhiminsultanyone.Healwaysstucktohiswordandwasloyal.NoorphanevercametohimwithoutSalahuddinofferingtoprovidethesameamountofcareashisfatherhaddone.Hetreatedoldpeoplekindly…"Source:Baha'ad-DinIbnShaddad,aMuslimwriterwholivedinthecourtofSalahuddinDespitetheirmutualadmiration,RichardandSalahuddinfoughtfiercelyforcontroloftheHolyLand.AfterRichardcapturedthecityofAcre,hetook2,700Muslimmen,women,andchildrenasprisoners.WhennegotiationswithSalahuddindidnotgoashewanted,Richardkilledalltheprisoners,cuttingofftheirheadsinfrontoftheMuslimarmy.SalahuddinthenkilledalltheCrusadersthathehadcapturedinresponse.AlthoughRichardwonseveralbattlesagainsttheMuslims,hewasnotabletodrivethemoutoftheHolyLandortotakeJerusalem.Intheend,hehadtoadmitthattheCrusadewasadrawandreturntoEngland.

2. WhydoyouthinkbothMuslimsandChristiansrespectedSalahuddin?

3. SomepeopleviewRichardasahero,someasavillain.Whichdoyouthinkisright?Explain.


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