The Crowded Universe

The Formation of Planetary Systems

Heretic’s Approach to Solar System

0FormationFForm

Alan P. Boss DTM, Carnegie Institution

National Council of Space Grant Directors’ Spring Meeting Arlington, Virginia February 27, 2014

Mayor & Queloz (1995)

Discovery space with latest discoveries added Discovery space with hot and warm super-Earths and their gas giant planet siblings

Mu Ara

55 Cnc Gl 876

Gl 436:

solo? HD 69830

~30% of solar-type

stars have super-

Earths (Mayor et al.

2009)

Planetary transits

Charbonneau et al. (2000) HD 209458b

Gravitational microlensing

Microlensing detection with Warsaw 1.3m telescope, Las Campanas - 2004

Discovery space with latest discoveries added Discovery space with planets around M dwarf stars highlighted

GJ 876

GJ 436

OGLE-2005-BLG-390

GJ 581

OGLE-2003-BLG-235

OGLE-2005-BLG-071

GJ 876

GJ 876

OGLE-2005-BLG-169

OGLE-2006-BLG-109b,c

GJ 317 GJ 849

GJ 176

cold super-Earths

MOA-2007-BLG-192

OGLE-2005-BLG-071

cold Jupiters

Cassan et al. (2012)

0.5 AU to 10 AU:

17% - 0.3 to 10 MJup

52% - 10 to 30 MEarth

62% - 5 to 10 MEarth

red dwarf K,M stars

Marois et al. (2008, 2010): four exoplanets

M > 5-7 Mjup & distances of 14, 24, 38, 68 AU

A5 star, 1.5 MSun

Discovery space circa 2010

Launched: March 6, 2009

“TPF-T”

Venus transiting the Sun on June 8, 2004 (Robert Traube image)

Radius =1.42 R_Earth

Mass =4.56 M_Earth

Density = 8.8 g/cm3

Semi-major axis = 0.0167 AU

Orbital Period = 0.84 days

Equilibrium Temperature = 1833 K

Composition of Kepler-10b

20

Candidates as of June 2010 Q0-Q1: May-June 2009

Orbital Period in days

Siz

e R

ela

tive

to

Ea

rth

Jun 2010

Candidates as of Feb 2011 Q0-Q5: May 2009 - Jun 2010

Orbital Period in days

Siz

e R

ela

tive

to

Ea

rth

Jun 2010 Feb 2011

Orbital Period in days

Siz

e R

ela

tive

to

Ea

rth

Candidates as of Dec 2011 Q0-Q6: May 2009 - Sep 2010

Jun 2010 Feb 2011 Dec 2011

1 4 10 50 100 200 400

1

4

10

20

Jupiter

Neptune

Earth

Orbital Period in days

Ra

diu

s R

ela

tive t

o E

art

h

Kepler’s Planet Candidates22 Months: May 2009 - Mar 2011

Chris Burke: 216.02

2010,2011 2012 2013

3602

3602 HZ: 1/3?

(first 3 years of data)

NASA’s TPF Coronagraph

NASA’s 2.4m NRO telescopes

Swain et al. (2008) - HD 189733 b with HST Nicmos

Terrestrial Planet Imager?

2 x 17m diameter - 120 km apart