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The contribution of scholars in Islamic civilization

Title :The contribution of scholars in Islamic civilization

Pages : 367Author : Ghazali DarusalamHe was born in 1959 in Perak . His early education in

Changkat primary schools, Nibong Tebal. Then, his secondary school at Smk Agama Irsyadiah , Seberang Prai. After finished at secondary level , he furthered his studies at the college Mahmud Alor Setar and then he entered the Maktab Perguruan Malaysia (1981-1983).Then he furthered his study at UKM (1984-1988) and get a degree with honors in Islamic studies. He resumed his graduate studies in the same course at the same university. Now he is preparing a thesis for his Ph.D at University of Malaya in Dakwah and human development at the academy of Islamic studies.

الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم

Chapter 1 : Islamic civilization Chapter 2 : The contribution of Islamic civilization and

the achievments Chapter 3 : Islam and the arts Chapter 4 : The relationship between human morality

and civilization Chapter 5 : Moral properties based on religion, customs,

and laws Chapter 6 : The moral community build a moral

civilization and civilization Chapter 7 : The problem of moral decay Chapter 8 : The responsibility of social agents in dealing

with social problems

CONTENTS

Definitions:The word civilization was first introduced by Zidan Jurji the

Christian writer who has written about Islamic history and Arabic literature in the book Tarikh al-Islami.Some scholars would argue that Ibn Khaldun is the first one that introduce the term of civilization.

In Arabic, there are several words used to describe the meaning of civilization. Modern Arab writers use the same word means hadarat in the same meaning with civilization. Ìn the 20th century came the word madaniyyat.

Madaniyyat -Show a high level in terms of development, planning and organization of City as the provision of infrastructure and basic living needs such as food, drink, shelter and entertainment.

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

Hadarat - Aspects of thinking, moral and social life of society and obviosly knowledge, science, literature, art, government system , moral rules, customs, moral values and religious beliefs.

Mohd Taib Mahmod Al Najmi (1971) in his book The History Of Civilization describes civilization as rules that can help to increase the production of thought and matter.

AS Hornby and EC pornwell (1972) in his book The progressive English defines civilization as the purpose of enhancing the performance of human life from backwardness to progress in knowledge, science, technology, politics and morality.

Islamic civilization is a special civilization and have a certain principles based on al-Quran and Sunnah. The principle is:

1. Protect your soul and your life2. protect the mind and thought3. protect the dignity and descent4. protect the property5. protect the rights and freedoms

THE BASICS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION1. Centric to the word faith.2. Devotion to God.3. The purity of human values over material values.4. Honor and appreciation of human nature.5. Functionality of human duties and responsibilities as a caliph.6. Bound, obedient and submissive to the laws and regulations.7. Production of a substance or composition in the form of the

value of innovation and creative elements of value and morality.

 

PRINCIPLES OF CIVILIZATION

The speciality of islamic civilization1. Derived from the al-quran and sunnah.2. Founded in firm and fixed without the influence of

matter.3. Is open to all types of civilization and religion.4. According to the disposition and habits of human

nature5. Its complete, perfect, consistency and global.

The Goal of Islamic civilization1. Human relationship with the Creator.2. Man's relationship to human.3. Human relationship with nature.4. Human relationship with nature Nabatat.5. Human relationship with nature jamadat.6. Human relationship with nature hayamariat.

Sources of Islamic civilization1. Revelation(wahyu) - the main source of the formation of Islamic

civilization. This happens because each civilization requires knowledge, skills and attitude change. The first revelation clearly suggest that people need to seek and increase knowledge among the followers.

2. Mind- the second important source. This is because the mind can create and produce something new and create a civilization. Muslims are required to use their minds to the guidance and instructions from al-Quran and Sunnah.

3. New discoveries and inventions- many inventions designed from the use of mind to study, examine, evaluate, formulate, and eventually create. There are thousands of men who have contributed to create and find a variety of findings such as Ibn Sina, al-Razi, al-Ghazali, al-Farabi.

4. Modification and re-completion - Caliph attitude plays an important role in Islamic civilization such as the caliph Haron Rasyid has appointed an officer in Baitul hikmah regardless of race or religion, but prioritize the expertise, hard work and their intellectual honesty. Many translators involved in the operation of translation such as Hunayn Bin Ishak, Yuhana Ibn Al-bitriq, Ishaq Bin Hunayn, Yahya Ibn Mansur And Others.

kNOWLEDGE  Contributions and achievements of this civilization can be seen from the

time of Uthman bin Affan, where during the reign of his bookkeeping quran holy book and setting according to the reading of the Quraish had been made. 

At the time of Ali ibn Abi talib, Arabic grammar has been developed and fine tuned to make the language higher and quality. Sorf knowledge expanded to new ways in order Umayyad period (40hijrah-132 Hijri). System signs of sound in the writing like dhammah, kasrah and fathah has been arranged completely at that time. Knowledge development center that tyme is in the mosques.

Progress of knowledge had expanded and deeper in terms of knowledge naqli (from al-Quran and Sunnah) as interpreted hadith, jurisprudence and other in the presence of such figures like Imam Malik, Imam Abu Hanifa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal and others. Aqli knowledge (intellect) as astronomy, medicine, philosophy, mathematics and so on grow due to such figures like al-khawarizme, Ibn Sina and others at the time of the Abbasids.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION AND THE ACHIEVEMENT

ISLAMIC FINANCIAL AND ECONOMICEconomic thinking in the Muslim: Ibn Khaldun (1331-1406) discusses the various type in

economic fieldssuch as the number system, distribution and production, money, capital formation, population growth and business cycles. It also discusses the various stages experienced by each community in the heading of economic development. According to Spengler, Ibn Khaldun was the first person created a business cycle theory.

Ibn taimiya (1262-1328).Economic principles by Ibn Taimiya has been discussed by some economists, such as Muhammad Al-mubarak, Sherwani, Illyas Ahmad, Kahf And Siddiqi. He also discussed the price control system's intervention in the market because of the monopoly, speculation, and the concept of ownership in Islam.

EDUCATIONo The education in time of Prophet Begins at home Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam in

Assafa, Makkah in the year 610 AD. education has been arranged and conducted by the prophet Muhammad s.aw. privately for about three years.

o Prophet teaching materials Spread the message of teaching a revelation from

God. Revelation here is in the process of teaching materials to educate or teach his followers, whether it be al-Quran and Hadith.

o The Prophet Teaching steps Establishing a center for education1. Home as a learning center2. Deliver lessons in public3. Make the mosque as a place of teaching

Prophet methods of teaching1. Lectures and sermons2. Dialogue and discussion3. Questions and answers4. Mujadalah / debate5. using drawings6. Practical and demonstrations7. halaqah 

ISLAMIC EDUCATION THROUGHOUT THE AGES Muslim scholars who contribute to education is:1. Al-Imam as-syafie- specialist in knowledge of fiqh, knowledge

assessment, ethics, astronomy, science doctorate.2. Imam malik- specialists in hadith and the hadith analysis to

formulate the rules of Islam. He also wrote a books like Muwatta.3. Imam Ahmad- memorized a million hadiths (imam abu zirah). He

also wrote a book like al-Musnad.4. Imam Abu Hanifah- when childhood he interested in science.

Specialist in tauhid knowledge, al-Quran, Hadith, and art. His book such as al-faraid, fikrah akhbar, al-Alim wal mutaalim, Musnad etc.

PHILOSOPHY The first work of Islamic philosophy was developed by Abu Yusuf

Ya'kub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, Arab nation that was born in 850 AD at the Kuffah and educated in Baghdad and Basra. Even Aristotle had argued earlier on, but Al Kindi theology refuses to accept the concept of religious and theological debate since the concept of religion and the al-Din is very different especially with Rububiyah term introduced by al-Kindi.

Other Islamic philosophers:1. Al-Farabi (350h/961M) In Europe known as AlpharabiusStudied philosophy with Abdul Basher Matta And Yuhanna Ibn

Khailan In Basra. 2. Ibn Sina (370-428h/980-1037)At the age of 21 , he has authored a great writing about

medicine and philosophy. His writing is like Al-shafa, Najat, Qanun, Saddiyya, Al-mantiq, Al-musiqa, Qamus Al Arabi, Danesh Nameh, Uyun Al-hikmah And Mujiz Kabir Wa Al-saghir .

3. Al-Ghazali known as the Hujjatul Islam for his expertise in various fields and become a reference . His writings in philosophy are like Al-minqizh Min Al-dholalah, Tahafut Al-falasifat, Mizan Al-amal, Ihya 'Ulum Al-din, Al Wajiz, Mahkun Nazar, Mi'yar Al-ilmi, Maqasid Al-falasifa.

4. Ibn Rushd write a book like Mabadi 'Al Falasifa, Kulliyat, Tafsir Urjuza, Taslul, Kashful Fair, Tahafut Al-Tahafut And Muwafaqat Al Hikma Wa Shari'a. Ibn Rushd philosophy is not in line with the philosophy of Al-Ghazali .As the philosopher, al-Ghazali's more focused on the question of sufism but ibn Rushd more while using the theory of mind. Ibn Rushd philosophy is more acceptable in Europe.

ARCHITECTURE In the reign of al-Walid in Spain has been erected the buildings are

very beautiful and full of high aesthetic value, especially in the construction of mosques and palaces. As well as Umar Mosque in Jerusalem, Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Mosque at Tunis Okbah etc.

Technology and engineering1. Ibn khazani -He had successfully created a range of tools that had

a perfect balance. The compass invented by him have been used in Europe until today.

2. Ibn Yunus (10 AD)- Create a tool to measure the sun.3. Abdul Abbas Al-Farghani (11 AD) - Produce a books relating to

astronomy and the position and state of stars in the sky.4. Ibn zarkali- Create some tools and equipment that can determine

the position of stars in the sky,5. Abu Abdullah Muhammad al banana (829m)-An investigation on

the eclipse of the sun and the moon.6. Ibn firnas- Create a device that allows him to fly. He died in an

accident and did not leave a successor to extend and improve the work. Idea was extended by the Wilbur and Orville family Wright until the advent of airplanes.

ASTRONOMYo The contribution of islamic scholars in astronomy1. Abdul rahman al-Sufi was the first person who

wrote a book about astronomy. The name of star introduced by him continued to be used by western astronomers until today like algorab, adbebara, acrab, algedi and atair.

2. Al-Battani explaining the detail about the solar eclipse.

3. Abu Ishaq al-bitruji has published a new theory about the movements of stars. Fi Al Ha'ia is his most important book.

4. Other Islamic scholars in astronomy is Abu Al-abbas, Al-biruni, Al-zarqali, Abu Ma'syar, Ibn Al-shatir, Ibn Yunus, Shakir Banu, Abu Ma'shar Al -Baltaji.

MEDICAL1. Ar-Razi (Rhazes) 865-925 AD Kitab al-Hawi (Liber Continents). This book is an encyclopedia of

medicine. This book as a guide and reference source on the 12-17 century.2. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 980-1037m Al-Qanun is the famous medical textbook, and used for six centuries in

Europe.3. Al-Zahrawi (ABUCASSIS) 936-1013m Known as a famous surgeon and knows about medicine and pharmacy.

produce the book at-tasrif (al-Zahrawi).4. Ali Abbas al Majusi (HALLY ABBAS) Called the father of pharmacology classify and sort a variety of drugs.5. Abu Marawan Abdul Malik or Ibn zuhr(AVENZOAR) Wrote the book Al-taysir Fil-morawahwa Al-tadbir (facilitation of

treatment) which contains the medical rules.6. Ibn al-Quff (1233-1286m) It is written Al-umbdah Fisini At Al-jurabah (the authority of surgery),

which contains 20 clauses.7. Ibn al-Nafis Has introduced a system of blood flow and the transfer. He also studied

about the nature and the human heart and also the factors and medication.

ZOOLOGIZoology is a branch of biological science

related to scientific research on animals.Al-Asmai was the first scientist who

contributed in Zoology.Among other figures famous is al-Masudi, al-

qazwimi and many more.Most of them were born in Umayyad times

and they have made a preliminary study on the habitat, behavior and classification of animals based on references from the Qur'an.

One of the animals they are study is the Camels.

Camels are the most abundant animals are bred by the Arab community living in the desert.

Privileges because of her camel is a large and suitable for use as transportation.

It also does not require a lot of food and very obedient.

Camels also are smart animals and when they are sick, the animal itself would find and eat the leaves of a 'oak' to restore itself.

When the snake cave camel, it will eat sand crabs can prevent it from spreading.

Among others in this field is al-Damiri from Egypt, who wrote a book entitled al-hayawan life that has been translated in French and in English the next diterjemakan in 1906/8.

Al-Jahiz (776-868) from Basra who has written a book entitled Kitab al-Hayawan. This book touches on the competition between the animals to life and their adaptation to the environment.

Al-Jawaliqi who lived in the 12th century AD and al-Mu'min in the 13th century is a lot to write about the study of horses. They have also been successfully further develop these areas to make further research more widely and deeply based on the findings of the Greek scientists at the time of the ancient Greek civilization earlier.

BotanyAl-Quran has produced many Muslim

scientists in the field of botany.Among them was Jabir Ibn Haiyan, Sumail ibn

Abi Nadir, Abi Zaid al-Ansari, Ibn Sina, Ibn al-Awwam, Hamadullah Mustanfi and Mulla Sadri.

Ibn Sina famous in Europe in the development of botany and medicine. His book Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb has been described many crops and new medicines.

Al-Awwam Ibybiki has written a book called al-Falahad. This book describes 585 species of plants by means keeping, treating and fertilizing.

Al-Riya ibn al-Zarit from Egypt had written a book about trees and the use of lime.

PhysicsAl-Biruni (973-1048 AD) is a critic of Aristotle's

theory of physics. Al-Biruni also do research on gravity, mass. Space and ground motion, mechanics and hydrostatics.

Al-Barakh al-Baghdadi (1077-1165 AD) wrote a book Kitab al-Mu'labar physicist who serves as a reference later European scholars of physics. He also reviewed jasah fell and crushed the movement.

Suhrahwadi is the founder of the theory of light, including the movement and speed of light. He also believed that the earth and other planets of the same law-abiding.

Al-Hatimi (Surah al-Hazan) (965-1028 AD), as well as master of physics, he was also master mathematics and a premier astronomical figures. He is also founder of the optics, wrote a book Kitab al-Manazir. Al-Hazan has found the principle of "Inertia". He was the first person who expresses the light travels from the object to the eye.

Abdul Rahman Al-Khazimi has studied mechanical and hydrostatic and wrote a book Mizan al-Hikmah.

Ibn Musa to the study of mechanics and geometry to the physics building. Excellent work he is Hiyal Banu Musa.

BiologyDevelopment of biological knowledge inherited

from the progress of science that comes from the Greek. Roman, Babylon, Persia and India, especially in botany and Zoology.

Most of the use in both these areas is for agriculture and medicine.

After receiving the knowledge of the country mentioned, members of Islamic science has developed the field to a very high level.

This work includes the areas of physiology, breeding, production and conservation.

Among the Islamic scholars who give contributions in this area are: Al-Asma'l (739-783 AD). He is an Arab descent and came

from Basrah. He has written several books as Kitab al-Ibil, Kitab al-Khail, Kitab al-Wahusy and Kitab al-Sha 'which contains the study of animal biology. Book of al-Insan khalaq also reveal a lot of knowledge about human anatomy.

Al-Jahiz (died in 868 AD). Originally from Basra and has written a book about animals entitled Kitab al-Hayawan. The book covers the competition between the animals for survival of life and their adaptation to the environment.

Al-Damiri (died in 1405 AD). He was one of the famous biologist once among the Muslims who came from Egypt. His book entitled al-Hayawan Life has been translated into English in 1906/8.

Al-Dimasyqi. He appeared in the 13th century AD and has studied the plants of various levels and types of plants all over the state which surrounds Damascus and surrounding mountains of Lebanon.

Al-Ghafaqi (died in 1165 AD) is a doctor at Cordova had collected many plants from Spain and Africa. He also tried to classify plants by giving the name in Arabic, Latin and Berber. His book on medicinal herbs, namely Al-Mufaradah Adwuya been in use as a reference book by other experts in this field.

GeographyGeographical knowledge emerged in

medieval Islam. At that time, aspects of sailing and navigation.

According to Hamzah Abu Bakar (1964), Islamic geography was founded by Tariq bin Ziyad who has successfully led his army to Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq) during the reign of the Caliph Muawiya bin Abi Sufyan (611-681 AD).

Geography Achievement in the Field of Islamic Knowledge and Adventure Cruises.This knowledge has been ruled by Muslims

following the discharge of his pilgrimage in Mecca in which they indirectly had traveled from country to country and from continent to continent.

Evidence of voyage and adventure of Muslims have been discovered through the piece of money found with the image of Islam from the West Arab governments throughout the country and the continent as in Northern Europe, Africa, Egypt, Portugal, Russia, and Southeast Asia (Arnold, 1930).

Among the personalities who are in this area are:Al-Muqaddasi (974 AD), also known as al-

Maqdisi. He traveled for 20 years limit throughout the Islamic empire Islamic Korografi. That resulted Colonies contain descriptions of the desert and the ocean, lakes and rivers, town and Villages of the famous.

Ibn Jubyr (1145 AD) is a browser-born Muslims in Spain. Through the Vast territorypelayaranya to make a picture of a State and the very detailed.

Ibn Batutah (1304-1377 AD) traveled for 28 years, as far as 120 675 kilometers. Places that once visited is Tengier, Algiers, Egypt, Palestine, Syiria, Makkah, Yunan, Aden, Mombasa, Iran, Central Asia, India, China, South Ukraine, Astrakhan, Khurassan, algorithm, Bukhara, and more.

Ibn Majid and Sulaiman al-Mahri, both these figures have contributed in terms of 'Scientific Geography' in medieval times for their work as principles of Sailing by Ibn Majid and Umda and Minhaj Al-Mahri is information on Southeast Asia , especially the Malay archipelago.

TYPE OF ISLAMIC ARTS Islamic literature.

• (Al-Quran and Hadith)• Story of 1001 Nights, the work of Firdausi• Rubaiyat Omar Khayyam by Firdausi.• Shah Nameh of Firdausi• Gulistam and Bustam by Al-Saadi Muslehuddin• Hayy bin Yaqzhan, the work of Ibn Tufail.

 Art Voice• Marhaban and Qasidah• nasyid• Nazam (the zikir that has beem translated into malay language)• Ghazal (derived from Arabic poetry translated into Malay language)• Games dabus (derived from syiah’s drama  to remember the death of Saiyidina Hassan and Hussin)

Arts Participation(Khat)• The type of khat Thuluth, khufi, Andalus, naskh, akhbar, Traditional Arabic,Mudhir.

Architecture• Mosque Architecture• Architectural Tower (Tower Islam copied by European countries. Or Cairene Cairo Tower Building is the most beautiful tower)• Fort Military Architecture (As Citadel in City Haleb, Michicolation form has existed since the time of Sultan Sallehuddin Al-Ayubi )

Fine Arts• Carved wood and metal (in the days Fatimiyah)• Carving enamel (developed in Europe, the Cairo- Fatimiyah)• Ceramics• Stopless• Art Embroidery• Al-Ramzu• Carpet• Textiles

Portraiture• Beginning in the reign of Caliph Muawiyan in Dymasik, Baghdad.• Sheets of shafhah Quran.

 Music• Starting in Abbasid times.• Al-Syatibi is a famous Viola player.

The end..thank you