the constitutional systems of the australian states...

The Constitutional Systems of the Australian States and Territories

Dealing specifically with the constitutional systems of the States and territories,this book is the only Australian legal reference work of its kind. It fills a significantgap in Australian constitutional scholarship.

The Constitutional Systems of the Australian States and Territories explores andcompares the nature and functioning of the constitutional systems of the sixStates and ten Commonwealth territories within Australia’s federal system. Theprincipal focus of the book is to determine the scope of their legislative, executiveand judicial powers and the extent to which these powers are restricted. Forinstance, it examines the limited capacity to entrench legislation, to enact lawsbeyond their borders and to affect the judicial system. It does this within thehistorical context of the States’ evolution from colonies to States of a federation,and considers their future constitutional development, including transformationto a republic. These issues are also covered in relation to the three self-governingterritories of the Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory and NorfolkIsland. Their constitutional status is fully explored, including the extent to whichthe Commonwealth retains authority over them pursuant to its territories power.

Written for all students of constitutional law, this book is an invaluableresource for legal practitioners and legal advisors, as well as judges and polit-ical scientists.

Gerard Carney is a Professor of Law at Bond University, Queensland, and aVisiting Professor of Law at the University of Western Australia.

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The Constitutional Systemsof the Australian States

and Territories

Gerard CarneyProfessor of LawBond University

andVisiting Professor of Law

University of Western Australia






cambr idge university pr essCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

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C© Gerard Carney 2006

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Contents

Table of cases xiii

Table of statutes xxv

Preface xlviii

List of abbreviations xlix

Map l

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Role of the States 21.2 Constitutional relationship between the Commonwealth

and the States 81.2.1 Commonwealth–State financial relations 81.2.2 History of federal cooperation 111.2.3 Cooperative schemes 13

1.2.3.1 The reference power: s 51(xxxvii) 141.2.3.2 History of State referrals 161.2.3.3 Other legislative mechanisms of federal cooperation 171.2.3.4 Alternatives to the reference power 181.2.3.5 Criticism 20

1.2.4 Intergovernmental institutions and agreements 211.2.4.1 Council of Australian Governments 221.2.4.2 Treaties Council 231.2.4.3 Ministerial councils 241.2.4.4 Intergovernmental agreements 24

1.2.5 Reform 251.2.6 Secession 26

1.3 Role of the territories 281.4 Reform agenda for State and Territory Constitutions 29

1.4.1 Modernisation of State Constitutions 291.4.2 Entrenchment by manner and form 301.4.3 Bill of Rights 301.4.4 Reconciliation 311.4.5 Role of royal assent 321.4.6 Role of Legislative Councils 321.4.7 Appointment of Governors and Administrators 321.4.8 Recognition of local government 33

1.5 Conclusion 34

v






vi CONTENTS

2 Constitutional evolution of the States 35

2.1 Introduction 352.2 Autocratic rule 372.3 Legislative Council 392.4 Representative legislature 402.5 Responsible government 42

2.5.1 New South Wales 422.5.2 Van Diemen’s Land/Tasmania 482.5.3 Western Australia 492.5.4 South Australia 512.5.5 Victoria 532.5.6 Queensland 552.5.7 New Zealand 57

2.6 Federation and statehood 592.6.1 Sections 106 and 107 63

2.7 Democratic accountability: sovereignty of the people 652.8 Termination of imperial power and restrictions: Australia

Acts 1986 662.8.1 Legislative package 682.8.2 Reasons for dual legislation 69

2.9 The future 74

3 The Legislature 76

3.1 Introduction 763.2 Process of enacting laws 78

3.2.1 Process for ordinary Bills 793.2.2 Instructions for assent 823.2.3 Removal of Crown from legislative process 83

3.3 Parliamentary control of finance 853.3.1 Judicial review of financial procedures 87

3.4 Resolution of deadlocks 893.4.1 Deadlocks over financial Bills 893.4.2 Deadlocks over other Bills 913.4.3 Judicial review of legislative process 943.4.4 Judicial intervention in the legislative process 96

3.5 Parliamentary privilege 983.6 Parliamentary terms 1013.7 Prorogation and dissolution 101

4 Legislative power 103

4.1 Introduction 1034.2 State legislative power 104

4.2.1 Status of State Constitution as a local Act 1054.2.2 A plenary power 1064.2.3 Fundamental rights 108

4.3 Legislative power of self-governing territories 1134.4 Doctrine of separation of powers 1144.5 Restrictions on State power 116






CONTENTS vii

4.6 Protection of democratic government 1174.6.1 Parliament 1194.6.2 Implied freedom of political communication 122

4.6.2.1 Implication from State Constitutions 1314.6.2.2 The territories 133

4.7 Conclusion 135

5 Repugnancy 136

5.1 Introduction 1365.2 Reception of English law in the Australian colonies 1375.3 Paramount imperial law 1415.4 Repugnancy to imperial law 1435.5 Effect of Australia Acts 1986 1455.6 Self-governing territories 146

6 Manner and form 149

6.1 Introduction 1496.2 Qualification to parliamentary sovereignty 1526.3 Justification for parliament to bind its successors 153

6.3.1 Prevent implied repeal 1546.3.2 Restricting parliamentary sovereignty 158

6.4 The position in the Australian States 1596.4.1 Section 6 Australia Acts 1986 159

6.4.1.1 The prerequisites of section 6 1616.4.1.2 Conclusion on section 6 179

6.4.2 Grounds outside section 6 Australia Acts 1986 1796.4.2.1 Pre-CLVA position 1796.4.2.2 Alternative grounds 181

6.5 Entrenchment of manner and form provisions 1916.5.1 Prerequisite for double entrenchment 1936.5.2 Severance 195

6.6 Entrenchment under specific State Constitutions 1956.6.1 New South Wales 1956.6.2 Queensland 1966.6.3 South Australia 2006.6.4 Tasmania 2016.6.5 Victoria 2016.6.6 Western Australia 203

6.7 Position in the territories 2046.7.1 Australian Capital Territory 2046.7.2 Northern Territory 2066.7.3 Norfolk Island 207

6.8 The Commonwealth 2076.9 Conclusion 208

7 Extraterritoriality 210

7.1 Introduction 210






viii CONTENTS

7.2 Land boundaries 2117.3 Sea boundaries 212

7.3.1 Regime under the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Cth) 2137.3.2 Commonwealth–State offshore settlement of 1979 214

7.4 Concept of extraterritoriality 2157.5 Legal foundation of restriction 2167.6 Rationale for restriction 219

7.6.1 Australia Acts 1986 2207.6.2 Incapacity to change another jurisdiction’s law 2227.6.3 Statutory presumption 222

7.7 Nature of a sufficient connection or nexus 2247.8 Categories of extraterritoriality 228

7.8.1 General criminal jurisdiction 2387.8.1.1 Multiple or conflicting criminal jurisdictions 2417.8.1.2 Crimes at sea 242

7.9 Extraterritoriality and choice of law rules 2437.10 Inconsistent State laws: constitutional and legislative solutions 2477.11 Court proceedings and extraterritoriality 2517.12 Restriction on executive power 2527.13 Section 92 restriction 2537.14 Restriction on territories 253

8 Executive power 255

8.1 Introduction 2558.2 Responsible government 2578.3 Executive structure 261

8.3.1 The Crown 2618.3.2 Powers of the Queen 2678.3.3 Role of Governors and Administrators 268

8.3.3.1 Office of Governor 2708.3.3.2 Appointment 2718.3.3.3 Tenure 2738.3.3.4 Powers of Governor 2748.3.3.5 Reserve power 282

8.3.4 Executive Council and Governor-in-Council 2948.3.5 Cabinet 2988.3.6 Ministers of State 2998.3.7 Premier and Chief Minister 3028.3.8 Caretaker governments 3028.3.9 Reform 3038.3.10 The position in the ACT 303

8.4 Scope of executive power 3058.4.1 Royal prerogative powers 306

8.4.1.1 Source of royal prerogative powers 3078.4.1.2 Classification of prerogative powers 3088.4.1.3 The self-governing territories 3098.4.1.4 Judicial review of exercise of prerogative power 310






CONTENTS ix

8.4.1.5 Statutory abrogation 3118.4.1.6 Division of prerogatives between the Commonwealth, the

States and the territories 3138.4.2 Power to engage in contracts and business enterprises 3158.4.3 Powers delegated to the Executive by parliament 317

9 Republic 318

9.1 Introduction 3189.2 A State republican model: formal head of Executive 320

9.2.1 Title 3249.2.2 Appointment 3249.2.3 Removal 3279.2.4 Powers and functions 3279.2.5 Entrenchment 329

9.3 Legal obstacles to State republicanism 3309.3.1 Section 7 Australia Acts 1986 3319.3.2 Entrenchment of a monarchical system 332

9.4 A cocktail of republic and monarchy 3359.5 Commonwealth power to impose State republics 336

9.5.1 Section 51(xxxviii) 3369.5.2 Section 128 337

9.6 Conclusion 339

10 Judicial protection 340

10.1 Introduction 34010.2 State judicial systems 34110.3 State protection 343

10.3.1 Entrenched protection 34310.3.2 Doctrine of separation of powers 344

10.4 Chapter III and the States 34910.4.1 Commonwealth position 351

10.4.1.1 Commonwealth judicial power can be vested onlyin s 71 courts 352

10.4.1.2 Non-judicial power cannot be vested in s 71 courts 35310.4.1.3 Commonwealth Parliament and Executive cannot exercise

judicial power 35410.4.1.4 Commonwealth Parliament and Executive cannot interfere

in the exercise of judicial power 35510.4.2 Chapter III restrictions on State power 356

10.4.2.1 Existence of Supreme Courts 35610.4.2.2 Maintenance of ‘institutional integrity’ 357

10.5 Conclusion on State judiciary 37610.6 Territories 376

10.6.1 Northern Territory 37810.6.2 Australian Capital Territory 37810.6.3 Norfolk Island 37910.6.4 Other external territories 380






x CONTENTS

10.7 Chapter III and the territories 38010.7.1 The disjointed view 38310.7.2 The integration view 387

10.7.2.1 Federal courts 38810.7.2.2 Territory courts 390

10.8 Conclusion on territory judicial systems 391

11 Commonwealth territories power 393

11.1 Introduction 39311.2 The birth of Commonwealth territories 395

11.2.1 State surrender 39511.2.2 Placement by the Queen and Commonwealth acceptance 39711.2.3 Commonwealth acquisition 397

11.3 Nature of a territory 39811.4 The seat of government 39911.5 Commonwealth power over the territories 40211.6 Status of Commonwealth territories 404

11.6.1 Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) 40611.7 Restrictions on section 122 territories power 407

11.7.1 Supporting a wide disjoinder 40811.7.2 Rejecting/confining disjoinder 41211.7.3 Characterisation of Commonwealth laws 416

11.8 Grant of self-government 41811.9 Nature of legislative power of self-governing territories 41911.10 Constitutional restrictions 420

11.10.1 Restrictions on Commonwealth power 42011.10.1.1 Section 116 freedom of religion 42111.10.1.2 Implied freedom of political communication 42211.10.1.3 Section 51(xxxi) 42511.10.1.4 Section 55: restrictions on laws imposing taxation 426

11.10.2 Restrictions on self-governing territories 42711.10.2.1 Section 90 42711.10.2.2 Section 118: full faith and credit clause 42811.10.2.3 Implied freedom of political communication 42911.10.2.4 Section 109 429

11.10.3 Other restrictions on self-governing territories 43011.10.3.1 Compulsory acquisition of property 43111.10.3.2 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse 43111.10.3.3 Euthanasia 432

11.11 Representation in the Commonwealth Parliament 43311.12 Territory to statehood 43411.13 Commonwealth surrender of a territory 435

12 Commonwealth territories 436

12.1 Introduction 43612.2 Australian Capital Territory 437

12.2.1 Constitutional history 437






CONTENTS xi

12.2.2 Self-government: structure and powers 44012.2.2.1 Legislative Assembly 44012.2.2.2 The Executive 44312.2.2.3 The Judiciary 445

12.2.3 Commonwealth control 44612.2.4 The future 446

12.3 Jervis Bay Territory 44712.4 Northern Territory 448

12.4.1 Constitutional history 44812.4.2 Self-government: structure and powers 450

12.4.2.1 Legislative Assembly 45012.4.2.2 The Executive 45212.4.2.3 The Judiciary 455

12.4.3 Commonwealth control 45512.4.4 Constitutional guarantees 45612.4.5 Financial arrangements 45712.4.6 Representation 45712.4.7 The future 458

12.5 External territories 45912.6 Territory of Norfolk Island 461

12.6.1 Constitutional history 46112.6.2 Self-government: structure and powers 464

12.6.2.1 Legislative Assembly 46412.6.2.2 The Executive 46612.6.2.3 The Judiciary 468

12.6.3 Legal regime 46912.6.4 Commonwealth parliamentary representation 46912.6.5 Norfolk Island electoral system 47012.6.6 Referenda 47012.6.7 Taxation regime 47112.6.8 The future 47212.6.9 Conclusion 475

12.7 Indian Ocean Territories: Christmas Island and the Cocos(Keeling) Islands 47612.7.1 Territory of Christmas Island 47712.7.2 Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands 478

12.8 Uninhabited territories 48112.8.1 Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands 48112.8.2 Australian Antarctic Territory 48112.8.3 Coral Sea Islands Territory 48312.8.4 Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands 484

12.9 Former territories 48512.9.1 Papua New Guinea 48512.9.2 Nauru 487






xii CONTENTS

Appendix 1 Constitutional Conventions adopted by Resolution of the AustralianConstitutional Convention, Brisbane 29 July – 1 August 1985 489

Appendix 2 Northern Territory (Self-Government) Regulations 1978 (Cth) –Reg 4 491

Appendix 3 Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988 –Schedule 4 494

Appendix 4 Ten Lessons from the Crisis over the Governor-General, Dr PeterHollingworth (May 2003) 497

Index 499






Table of cases

Abebe v Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510 373, 374Abel Lemon & Co Pty Ltd v Baylin Pty Ltd (1985) 60 ALJR 190 138Administration of Papua and New Guinea v Daera Guba (1973) 130 CLR 353 415Adelaide Company of Jehovah’s Witnesses Inc v The Commonwealth (1943) 67 CLR 116

421Ah Toy v Musgrove 14 VLR 392–4 46Air Caledonie International v The Commonwealth (1988) 165 CLR 462 426Alcock v Fergie (1867) 4 WW & A’B (L) 285 86Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (Engineers case)

(1920) 28 CLR 129 3, 66, 338Amarantos v South Australia (2004) 205 ALR 459 68Anderson v Eric Anderson Radio & TV Ltd (1965) 114 CLR 20 244, 428APLA Limited v Legal Services Commissioner (NSW) [2005] HCA 44 130, 375Arena v Nader (1977) 71 ALJR 1604 196Arena v Nader (1997) 42 NSWLR 427 165, 196Armstrong v Budd (1969) WN (Pt 2) NSW 241 98Ashbury v Ellis [1893] AC 339 217Attorney-General (Commonwealth) v R; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of Australia

(1957 ) 95 CLR 529; [1957] AC 319 352, 353–4Attorney-General for New South Wales v Butterworth & Co (Australia) Ltd (1938) 38

St R NSW 195 307, 314Attorney-General for New South Wales v Love [1898] AC 679 140Attorney-General for Western Australia (Ex rel Burke) v State of Western Australia

[1982] WAR 241 169Attorney-General (NSW); Ex rel McKellar v The Commonwealth (1977) 139 CLR 527

434Attorney-General (NSW) v Trethowan (1931) 44 CLR 394 154, 161, 164, 165, 172,

174–5, 178, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, 191, 194, 334Attorney-General (NSW) v Trethowan (1932) 47 CLR 97; [1932] AC 526 192Attorney-General (NT) v Minister for Aboriginal Affairs (1989) 90 ALR 59 429,

430Attorney-General of Queensland v Attorney-General for the Commonwealth (1915) 20

CLR 148 143, 144Attorney-General of the Commonwealth of Australia v The Queen (Boilermakers’

case) (1957) 95 CLR 529 383, 408, 414Attorney-General of the State of Western Australia (at the Relation of Ansett Transport

Industries (Operations) Proprietary Limited) v Australian National AirlinesCommission (1976) 138 CLR 492 404

Attorney-General (Quebec) v Labrecque [1980] 2 SCR 1057 252

xiii






xiv TABLE OF CASES

Attorney-General v De Keyser’s Royal Hotel [1920] AC 508 311, 312Attorney-General v Radloff (1854) 10 Ex 84; 42ER 366 308Attorney-General v Wilts United Dairies Ltd (1920) 37 TLR 884 86Attorney-General (Vic); Ex rel Black v Commonwealth (DOGS case) (1981) 146 CLR

559 421, 435Attorney-General (Vic) v The Commonwealth (1935) 52 CLR 533 315Attorney-General (WA) v Marquet (2003) 217 CLR 545 70, 71, 73, 74, 96, 97, 102,

120, 151, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 169, 170, 179, 189, 191, 194, 201, 202, 204Auckland Harbour Board v R [1924] AC 318 86, 87Auld v Murray (unreported) 47, 168, 181Austin v Commonwealth (2003) 215 CLR 185 8, 314, 337Australian Alliance Assurance Co Ltd v John Goodwyn, The Insurance Commissioner

[1916] St R Qd 225 86, 315Australian Building Construction Employees’ and Builders Labourers’ Federation v

Commonwealth (1986) 161 CLR 88 371–3Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (ACTV) (1992) 177 CLR 106

119, 122, 123, 124, 133, 401, 412, 417, 423–4Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Minister for Tranport and Communications

(1989) 86 ALR 119 170Australian Communist Party v The Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1 296, 308, 310Australian National Airways Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1945) 71 CLR 29 403,

413Australian Tape Manufacturers Association v Commonwealth (1993) 176 CLR 480

86Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1954) 92 CLR 424 315

Bachrach Pty Ltd v Queensland (1998) 195 CLR 547 373, 374Bailey v Kelsey (1959) 100 CLR 352 142Baker v The Queen (2004) 210 ALR 1 342, 349, 350, 374, 375, 376Bank of Montreal v Metropolitan Investigation and Security (Canada) Ltd [1975] 2

SCR 546 250Barnes v Cameron [1975] Qd R 128 234Barton v Taylor (1886) 11 App Cas 197 99Barton v The Commonwealth (1974) 131 CLR 477 307, 311Benest v Pipon (1829) 1 Knapp 60; 12 ER 243 213Bennett v HREOC (2004) 204 ALR 119 135, 373Berwick Ltd v Gray (1976) 133 CLR 603 403, 405, 415, 418, 440, 450, 463, 471BHP v Dagi [1996] 2 VR 117 157, 172Bilby v Hartley (1892) QLJ 137 140Bistricic v Rokov (1976) 135 CLR 522 65, 141–2Boath v Wyvill (1989) 85 ALR 621 215, 221, 252, 253Bonser v La Macchia (1969) 122 CLR 177 217, 234, 235Booth v Williams (1909) 9 SR (NSW) 421 312Bowles v Bank of England [1913] 1 Ch 57 86Bradken Consolidated Ltd v Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd (1979) 145 CLR 107

264Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1995) 183 CLR 245

353Breavington v Godleman (1988) 169 CLR 41 242, 244, 249–50, 428, 429






TABLE OF CASES xv

Bribery Commissioner v Ranasinghe [1965] AC 172 95, 159, 179, 188, 190, 195,202, 333, 345

Brisbane City Council v Mainsel Investments Pty Ltd [1989] 2 Qd R 204 297Brisbane TV Limited; Ex parte Criminal Justice Commission [1996] QCA 295 133British Broadcasting Corporation v Johns [1965] 1 Ch 32 306British Coal Corporation v R [1935] AC 500 74British Railways Board v Pickin [1974] AC 765 81, 94, 95Broken Hill South Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (NSW) (1937) 56 CLR 337 215,

217, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232Bropho v Western Australia (1990) 171 CLR 1 308Brown v West (1990) 169 CLR 195 86Brownlie v State Pollution Control Commission (1992) 27 NSWLR 78 233, 242,

247, 249Buchanan v The Commonwealth (1913) 16 CLR 315 88, 408, 409, 412, 413, 426Building Construction Employees and Builders’ Labourers Federation of New South

Wales v Minister for Industrial Relations (NSW BLF case) (1986) 7 NSWLR 372108, 111, 347, 348, 371–2, 373

Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75 (HL) 310, 312Butler v Attorney-General (Vic) (1961) 106 CLR 268 137Byrnes v The Queen (1999) 199 CLR 1 18

Calvin’s case (1608) 2 St Tr 659; 7 Co Rep 1a; 77 ER 377 137Cameron v Becker (1995) 64 SASR 238 132Cannon v Kieghran (1843) 1 Legge 170 140Capital Duplicators Pty Ltd v Australian Capital Territory (1992) 177 CLR 248 114,

176, 383, 394, 398, 400, 402, 403, 406, 413, 415, 418, 420, 427, 435, 440, 443,447, 450, 453

Capital TV & Appliances Pty Ltd v Falconer (1971) 125 CLR 591 383, 385, 388Carter v Egg and Egg Pulp Marketing Board (Vic) (1942) 66 CLR 557 314Case of Proclamations (1611) 12 Co Rep 74, 77 ER 1352 310Case of the Sheriff of Middlesex (1840) 11 AD & E 273; 113 ER 419 100Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia (1990) 169 CLR 436 432Chau v DPP (1995) 37 NSWLR 639 375Chenard and Co v Joachim Arissol [1949] AC 127 99China Ocean Shipping Co v South Australia (1979) 145 CLR 172 64, 65, 142Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration (1992) 176 CLR 1 355, 369, 371, 372,

373, 374Clayton v Heffron (1960) 105 CLR 214 84, 89, 92, 95, 96, 107, 119, 171, 172, 174,

185, 186, 193, 199, 218, 334Clydesdale v Hughes (1934) 51 CLR 518 165, 168, 169Clyne v East (1967) 68 SR (NSW) 385 346, 348Cobb & Co Ltd v Kropp [1967] AC 141 18, 86, 116, 176, 177, 224–37Coco v The Queen (1994) 179 CLR 427 112Cole v Whitfield (1988) 165 CLR 360 253, 432Coleman v Power (2004) 209 ALR 182 126, 127, 130, 135, 423Collingwood v Victoria [1993] 2 VR 66 165Collingwood v Victoria [No 2] [1994] 1 VR 652 165, 202, 344, 347, 348Commissioner of Stamp Duties (NSW) v Millar (1932) 48 CLR 618 226, 227, 231,

232–3






xvi TABLE OF CASES

Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Limited v Attorney-General for Queensland(Comalco’s case) [1976] Qd R 231 163, 166, 172, 173, 175, 177, 188, 192

Commonwealth v Burns [1971] VR 825 86Commonwealth v Cigmatic Pty Ltd (in liq) (1962) 108 CLR 372 314Commonwealth v Colonial Combing, Spinning and Weaving Co Ltd (1922) 31 CLR 421

86, 307, 445Commonwealth v New South Wales (The Metals case) (1923) 33 CLR 1 314Commonwealth v Northern Land Council (1993) 176 CLR 604 258, 299Commonwealth v Queensland (1975) 134 CLR 298 65, 265Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam case) (1983) 158 CLR 1 4, 399Congreve v Home Office [1976] 1 QB 629 86Cooper v Commissioner of Income Tax for the State of Queensland (1907) 4 CLR 1304

105Cooper v Stuart (1889) 14 App Cas 286 137, 138Cormack v Cope (1974) CLR 432 95, 97Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1984] 3 All ER 935

310, 311Cox v McAllister [1962] NSWR 1429 140Cox v Tomat (1972) 126 CLR 105 231Crandall v State of Nevada (1867) 73 US 35 401Craw v Ramsey (1670) Vaughan 274; 124 ER 1072 216Croft v Dunphy [1933] AC 156 217, 218, 225, 237Crowe v The Commonwealth (1935) 54 CLR 69 116Cunliffe v The Commonwealth (1994) 182 CLR 272 401

Davenport v R (1877) 3 App Cas 115 298Davis v The Commonwealth (1988) 166 CLR 79 316De Savoye v Morguard Investments [1990] 3 SCR 1077 227, 244Delohery v Permanent Trustee Company of New South Wales (1904) 1 CLR 283 52,

138, 139Dempster v NCSC (1993) 9 WAR 215 223, 229Dooney v Henry (2000) 174 ALR 41 66Doyle v Falconer (1866) LR 1 PC 328 98Dr Bonham’s case (1610) 8 Co Rep 113b; 77 ER 64 110Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 24 ALR 577 360, 365,

366Driffield v Registrar-General SAPP 53 LC 1863 166Drivers v Road Carriers [1982] 1 NZLR 374 108, 109Dugan v Mirror Newspapers Ltd (1978) 142 CLR 583 138, 139Duncan v Theodore (1917) 23 CLR 510 310Durham Holdings v New South Wales (2001) 205 CLR 399 107, 110

Eastgate v Rozzoli (1990) 20 NSWLR 188 97Eastman v R (2000) 203 CLR 1 376, 386, 390, 391Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy (2000) 205 CLR 337 357Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway Co v Wauchope (1842) 8 C & F 710 81, 87, 94Egan v Chatwick (1999) 46 NSWLR 563 101, 258Egan v Willis (1996) 40 NSWLR 650 258, 300Egan v Willis (1998) 195 CLR 424 99, 100, 121






TABLE OF CASES xvii

Ellen Street Estates Ltd v Minister for Health [1934] 1 KB 590 155Esso Australia Resources Ltd v Dawson (1999) 87 FCR 588 374, 376Ex parte Iskra [1963] SR (NSW) 538 224, 230Ex parte McLean (1930) 43 CLR 472 144

FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1982) 151 CLR 342 116, 276, 277, 281, 294, 295,296, 297, 310

Fardon v Queensland (2004) 210 ALR 50 342, 349, 350, 351, 356, 357, 358, 359,360, 362, 363, 364, 368, 373, 375, 376

FCT v Official Liquidator of E.O. Farley Ltd (1940) 63 CLR 278 306, 307, 314, 315Federal Capital Commission v Laristan Building and Investment Co Pty Ltd (1929) 42

CLR 582 147, 429, 430Federated Sawmill, Timberyard and General Woodworkers’ Employees’ Association

(Adelaide Branch) v Alexander (Alexander’s case) (1912) 15 CLR 308 363Felman v Law Institute of Victoria [1998] 4 VR 324 374, 376Ffrost v Stevenson (1937) 58 CLR 528 144Fishwick v Cleland (1960) 106 CLR 186 487Fittock v The Queen (2003) 197 ALR 1 404Fraser Henleins Pty Ltd v Cody (1945) 70 CLR 100 355Fraser v State Services Commission [1984] 1 NZLR 116 108, 109

Garrett v Overy (1968) 88 WN (Pt 2) (NSW) 184 140Georgiadis v Australian and Overseas Telecommunications Corporation (1994) 179

CLR 297 373Gilbertson v South Australia (1976) 15 SASR 66 346, 348Giles v Tumminello [1963] SASR 96 237Gipps v McElhone (1881) 2 LR (NSW) 18 99Giris Pty Ltd v FCT (1969) 119 CLR 365 116Glasbrook Bros Ltd v Glamorgan County Council [1925] AC 270 86Golden-Brown v Hunt (1972) 19 FLR 438 438Gould v Brown (1998) 193 CLR 346 18Grace Bible Church v Reedman (1984) 36 SASR 376 108Graham v Paterson (1950) 81 CLR 1 14Gratwick v Johnson (1945) 70 CLR 1 253, 432Greiner v ICAC (1992) 28 NSWLR 125 283, 285Griffith v Bloch (1878) 4 VLR (L) 294 140Grollo v Palmer (1995) 184 CLR 348 359, 360, 362, 363, 365, 368, 376

Ha v New South Wales (1997) 189 CLR 465 9Harding v Coburn [1976] 2 NZLR 577 411Harris and Others v Minister of the Interior [1952] 2 SA 428 184, 188, 202Heath v Alabama (1985) 242, 250Hilton v Wells (1985) 157 CLR 57 365Hodge v The Queen (1883) 9 App Cas 117 106, 107, 176Holmes v Angwin (1906) 4 CLR 297 368Horgan v Sieber; Ex parte Horgan [1976] Qd R 25 223Hughes and Vale Pty Ltd v Gair (1954) 90 CLR 203 97Hughes v The Queen (2000) 202 CLR 535 17, 18–19, 20Hume v Palmer (1926) 38 CLR 441 144






xviii TABLE OF CASES

Hunt v T & N [1993] 4 SCR 289 227

In re Judiciary and Navigation Acts (Advisory Opinions case) (1921) 29 CLR 257382, 384, 385, 390

In re The Initiative and Referendum Act [1919] AC 935 84, 173, 176, 177, 187, 403,418, 440, 450

Interprovincial Cooperatives v The Queen [1976] 1 SCR 477 233, 244

Jago v District Court (NSW) (1989) 168 CLR 23 242, 250JD & WG Nicholas v Western Australia [1972] WAR 168 346Jeffreys v Boosey (1854) 4 HLC 815 216, 219John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (NSW) (2000) 181 ALR 694

130, 370, 374John Pfeiffer Pty Ltd v Rogerson (2000) 203 CLR 503 244, 245, 247, 250, 251

effect of 247Johnson v Commissioner of Stamp Duties (NSW) [1956] AC 331 217, 218Johnson v Kent (1975) 132 CLR 164 310Jolley v Mainka (1933) 49 CLR 242 397, 398, 399, 460, 486Jolly v Smith (1899) 1 N&S 143 140Joseph v Colonial Treasurer (NSW) (1918) 25 CLR 32 307, 313Jumbunna Coal Mine, No Liability v Victorian Coal Miners’ Association (1908) 6 CLR

309 223

Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions of NSW (1996) 189 CLR 51 66, 110, 111,115, 341, 342, 348, 349, 350, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360, 363, 364, 370, 373, 374–5,376, 382

Kariapper v Wijesinha [1968] AC 717 166Kenny v Chapman (1861) 1 W & W 93 168Kielly v Carson (1842) 4 Moo PC 63 98Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd (No 1) (1985) 159 CLR 351 67Koop v Bebb (1951) 84 CLR 629 244Kruger v The Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1 111–12, 122, 123, 133, 388–90,

391, 401, 403, 415, 421, 423, 424, 427, 429, 434Kutner v Phillips [1891] 2 QB 267 193

L v M [1979] 2 NZLR 519 109Lamshed v Lake (1958) 99 CLR 132 254, 385, 405, 410, 413–14, 415, 416, 417,

421, 422, 428, 429, 431Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520 122, 124, 126,

127, 128, 130, 131, 134, 246, 341, 422Laurie v Carroll (1958) 98 CLR 310 251Lavell v A G Canada [1974] SCR 1349 156Leask v Commonwealth (1996) 187 CLR 579 227Lee v Bude and Torrington Junction Railway Co (1871) LR 6 CP 576 94Leeth v The Commonwealth (1992) 174 CLR 455 8, 370Levy v Victoria (1997) 189 CLR 579 122, 125, 132

579 122Ling v Commonwealth (1994) 51 FCR 88 312Lipohar v R (1999) 200 CLR 485 239, 240, 241, 242, 245, 247, 248, 250, 254






TABLE OF CASES xix

Lisafa Holdings Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Police (1988) 15 NSWLR 1 365Liyanage v The Queen [1967] AC 259 345, 346, 348, 355, 371, 373Lloyd v Snooks (1999) 153 FLR 339 355, 374, 375LNC Industries Ltd v BMW (Australia) Ltd (1983) 151 CLR 575 388

Mabo v Queensland (1988) 166 CLR 186 371Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 35–6, 43, 139MacCormick v Lord Advocate [1953] SC 396 110MacLeod v Attorney-General for New South Wales [1891] AC 455 215, 216–17, 229Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1979] Ch 344 307McCawley v R (1918) 26 CLR 9 169, 191, 193McCawley v The King [1920] AC 691, 28 CLR 106 (PC) 105, 106, 158, 185, 188, 194McDonald v Cain [1953] VLR 411 168McEllister v Fenn (unreported) 47, 143McGinty v Western Australia (1996) 186 CLR 140 64–5, 105, 120, 132, 159, 191,

338McKain v R W Miller & Co (SA) Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 1 245, 246, 250McKendrick v Sinclair [1972] SC (HL) 25 313McKewins Hairdressing and Beauty Supplies Pty Ltd v DCT (2000) 171 ALR 335 66Medical Board of Victoria v Meyer (1937) 58 CLR 62 368Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth (1947) 74 CLR 31 125, 314Mellifont v Attorney-General of Qld (1991) 173 CLR 289 363M’Hugh v Robertson (1885) 11 VLR 410 138, 140Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd (1971) 17 FLR 141 36Minister for the Arts, Heritage and the Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75

ALR 218 310, 311Mistreeta v United States (1989) 488 US 361 366Mitchell v Barker (1918) 24 CLR 365 405Mobil Oil Australia Pty Ltd v Victoria (2002) 211 CLR 1 221, 224, 225, 251Moffat v The Queen [1998] 2 VR 229 355Muldowney v South Australia (1996) 186 CLR 352 121, 125, 130, 132, 209Mulholland v Australian Electoral Commission (2004) 209 ALR 582 122, 123, 126Municipal Council of Sydney v The Commonwealth (1904) 1 CLR 208 262Municipality of Pictou v Geldert [1893] AC 524 139Munro v Lombardo [1964] WAR 63 237Musgrove v Chun Teeong Toh [1891] AC 272 46, 307Myer Emporium v Commissioner of Stamp Duties (1967) 68 SR (NSW) 220 229

Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills (1992) 177 CLR 1 119, 124, 125, 253, 401, 432Nelan v Downes (1917) 23 CLR 546 139Nelungaloo Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1948) 75 CLR 495 371New Brunswick Broadcasting Co v Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)

(1993) 100 DLR (4th) 212 100New South Wales v Bardolph (1934) 52 CLR 455 86, 259, 276, 306, 315–16New South Wales v Commonwealth (Seas & Submerged Lands case) (1975) 135 CLR

337 64, 212, 213, 214, 235, 262, 398New South Wales v Commonwealth (No 1) (Garnishee case) (1932) 46 CLR 155 287New South Wales v Commonwealth (No 3) (1932) 46 CLR 246 287New South Wales v Commonwealth (Wheat case) (1915) 20 CLR 54 352






xx TABLE OF CASES

New South Wales v The Commonwealth (The Incorporation Act case) (1990) 169 CLR482 395

Newbery v The Queen (1965) 7 FLR 34 461, 462, 463Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v The Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 513 248, 254,

403, 404, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 417, 421, 425, 426, 429Nicholas v The Queen (1998) 193 CLR 173 352, 355, 373, 374, 375Nielsen v State of Oregon 212 US 315 (1909) 242, 250North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service Inc v Bradley (2004) 218 CLR 146 2,

342, 349, 350, 354, 357, 358, 364, 369, 376, 377, 378, 382, 391Northern Land Council v The Commonwealth (1986) 161 CLR 1 403, 418Northern Suburbs General Cemetery Reserve Trust v Commonwealth of Australia

(Training Guarantee case) (1993) 176 CLR 555 86Northern Territory v GPAO (1999) 196 CLR 553 147, 148, 389, 390, 416, 429, 430Nott Bros & Co. Ltd v Barkley (1925) 36 CLR 20 401, 438

Oates v Attorney-General (Cth) (2003) 214 CLR 496 312O’Meara v McTackett (2000) 74 ALJR 1010 118Osborne v The Commonwealth (1911) 12 CLR 321 88O’Shea v South Australia (1987) 163 CLR 378 311O’Sullivan v Central Sydney Area Health Service (No 2) [2005] NSWADT 136 308O’Sullivan v Dejneko (1964) 110 CLR 498 230Oteri v R (1976) 51 ALJR 122 238

Palling v Corfield (1970) 123 CLR 52 355Paterson v O’Brien (1978) 138 CLR 276 396, 449Pearce v Florenca (1976) 135 CLR 507 210, 214, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224,

225, 235Pedersen v Young (1964) 110 CLR 162 244Permanent Trustee Co (Canberra) Ltd v Finlayson (1968) 122 CLR 338 222Phillips v Eyre (1870) LR 6 QB 1 143, 244Pickin v British Railways Board [1974] AC 765 87, 108Pioneer Express Pty Ltd v Hotchkiss (1958) 101 CLR 536 117, 401Plaintiff S157/2002 v Commonwealth of Australia (2003) 211 CLR 476 96, 374Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (1991) 172 CLR 501 354, 355, 370, 375Port MacDonnell Professional Fishermen’s Assn Inc v South Australia (1989) 168 CLR

340 69, 70, 212, 214, 215, 218, 222, 224, 225, 237–8, 248, 249, 337–8Porter v The King; Ex parte Yee (1926) 37 CLR 432 382, 383, 384–5Powell v Apollo Candle Co (1885) 10 App Cas 282 88, 106, 107, 176Project Blue Sky v ABA (1998) 194 CLR 353 170

Quan Yick v Hinds (1905) 2 CLR 345 140Queensland v The Commonwealth (The Second Territorial Senators case) (1977) 139

CLR 585 434, 457

R v Archdall (1928) 41 CLR 128 383R v Bernasconi (1915) 19 CLR 629 382, 383, 384–5, 386, 387, 389, 390, 403, 408,

409, 412, 413, 415, 421, 422, 429R v Bevan; Ex parte Elias and Gordon (1942) 66 CLR 452 353R v Black Peter (1863) 2 SCR (NSW) 207 140






TABLE OF CASES xxi

R v Bull (1974) 131 CLR 203 217, 235R v Burah (1878) 3 App Cas 889 106R v Burnshine [1975] 1 SCR 693 156R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; Ex parte Barrett (1945) 70

CLR 141 388R v Cox; Ex parte Smith (1945) 71 CLR 1 353R v Davenport (1874) 4 QSC 99 298R v Davison (1954) 90 CLR 353 354R v De Baun (1901) 3 WALR I 138, 140R v Drybones [1970] SCR 282 156R v Duncan; Ex parte Australian Iron and Steel Pty Ltd (1983) 158 CLR 535 17–18R v Farrell, Dingle and Woodward (1) (1831) 1 Legge 5 139R v Federal Court of Bankruptcy; Ex parte Lowenstein (1938) 59 CLR 556 353R v Foster; Ex parte Eastern & Australian Steamship Co Ltd (1959) 103 CLR 256

217, 218, 221R v Goulden [1993] 2 Qd R 534 240R v Hildebrandt [1964] Qd R 43 239R v Hughes (2000) 202 CLR 535 18, 25R v Humby; Ex parte Rooney (1973) 129 CLR 231 371R v Joske; Ex parte Australian Building Construction Employees and the Builders’

Labourers Federation (1974) 130 CLR 87 354R v Kearney; Ex parte Japanangka (1980) 49 FLR 394 430R v Keyn (1876) LR 2 Ex D 63 212, 239R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254 352, 353R v Lander [1919] NZLR 305 216R v Minister for Justice and the Attorney-General of Queensland; Ex parte Skyring

(unreported) 198R v Moffatt [1998] 2 VR 229 362, 374, 375R v Olney (1996) 1 Qd R 187 238, 243R v Oteri [1975] WAR 120 238R v Phillips (1970) 125 CLR 93 402R v Public Vehicles Licensing Appeal Tribunal (Tas); Ex parte Australian National

Airways Pty Ltd (1964) 113 CLR 207 15R v Randall Unland [1989] Alta. D. 6100–01 156R v Richards; Ex parte Fitzpatrick and Browne (1955) 92 CLR 157 353R v Secretary of State for the Home Department; Ex parte Fire Brigades Union [1995]

AC 513 83R v Secretary of State for Transport, Ex parte Factortame Ltd (No 2) [1991] AC 603

153R v Smithers; Ex parte Benson (1912) 16 CLR 99 117, 401R v The Governor of the State of South Australia (1907) 4 CLR 1497 266R v Toohey; Ex parte Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170 310, 311, 420,

440, 445, 453R v Turnbull [1958] Tas SR 80 99R v White; Ex parte Byrnes (1963) 109 CLR 665 353Radio Corporation Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1938) 59 CLR 170 116Raptis (A) & Son v South Australia (1977) 138 CLR 346 212Ray v M’Mackin (1875) 1 VLR 274 215Re Bonner [1963] Qd R 488 86






xxii TABLE OF CASES

Re Clunies-Ross; Ex parte Totterdell and Another (1988) 82 ALR 475 480Re Colonel Aird; Ex parte Alpert (2004) 209 ALR 311 353Re Cram; Ex parte NSW Colliery Proprietors’ Association Ltd (1987) 163

CLR 117 17Re Criminal Proceeds Confiscation Act 2002 (Qld) [2004] 1 Qd R 41 375Re Governor, Goulburn CC; Ex parte Eastman (1999) 200 CLR 322 305, 379, 393,

399, 400, 438, 450Re Nolan; Ex parte Young (1991) 172 CLR 460 353Re Residential Tenancies Tribunal of New South Wales; Ex parte Defence Housing

Authority (Henderson’s case) (1997) 190 CLR 410 8, 117, 446Re Scully (1937) 32 Tas LR 3 84, 334Re Singh and Minister of Employment & Immigration (1985) 17 DLR (4th) 422 156Re Toohey; Ex parte Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170 453, 456Re Tracey; Ex parte Ryan (1989) 166 CLR 518 353Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally (1999) 198 CLR 511 18, 25, 341, 353, 387, 391Re Ware; Ex parte Bayne (unreported) 180Reg v Burah (1878) 3 App Cas 889 176Registrar of Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission v Communications,

Electrical, Electronic, Energy, Information, Postal, Plumbing and Allied WorkersUnion of Australia, Engineering and Electrical Division WA Branch [1999] WASCA170 135

Rhodes v McKee Harvester (Alberta) Ltd (1979) 9 Alta LR (2d) 179, 99 DLR (3d) 704250

Roberts v Bass (2002) 212 CLR 1 125, 131Robinson v Western Australian Museum (1977) 138 CLR 283 141–2, 210, 219, 221,

235–7Ronald v Lalor (1872) 3 VR (E) 98 140Rothwells Ltd (In liq) v Connell (1993) 27 ATR 137 250Royal Bank of Canada v The King [1913] AC 283 253Ruddock v Vadarlis (2001) 183 ALR 1 307, 311, 312, 313Ruhani v Director of Police (through the Secretary of Justice as Director of Public

Prosecutions) (2005) 219 ALR 199 488Ryder v Foley (1906) 4 CLR 422 259

Sabally and N’Jie v Attorney-General [1965] 1 QB 273 312Sankey v Whitlam (1978) 142 CLR 1 308Scott v Cawsey (1907) 5 CLR 132 140See v The Australian Agricultural Company (1910) 10 SR (NSW) 690 144Sellars v Coleman (2001) 2 Qd R 565 127, 130Sharples v Arnison (2001) 260 FLR 194 198Sharples v Arnison [2002] 2 Qd R 444 297Sillery v The Queen (1981) 180 CLR 353 109Simpson v State 17 SE 984 (1893) 239Skeeles v Hughes (1877) 3 VLR (E) 161 140Skyring v Electoral Commission of Queensland [2001] QSC 080 198Smith v The Queen (1991) NSW CA (unreported) 140South Australia v Commonwealth (1962) 108 CLR 130 24South Australia v Commonwealth (First Uniform Tax case) (1942) 65 CLR 373 8,

66






TABLE OF CASES xxiii

South Australia v O’Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378 299, 310South Australia v Victoria (1911) 12 CLR 667 51, 211, 313South-Eastern Drainage Board (SA) v Savings Bank of South Australia (1939) 62 CLR

603 154, 155, 162–3, 164South Melbourne v Hallam [1995] 1 VLR 247 165Southern Centre of Theosophy Inc v South Australia (1979) 145 CLR 246 65Spinks v Prentice (see Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally (1999) 198 CLR 511) 390Sportodds Systems Pty Limited v New South Wales [2003] FCAFC 237 432Spratt v Hermes (1965) 114 CLR 226 382, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 399, 400, 403,

404, 407, 410, 414, 416, 421, 438, 447State Authorities Superannuation Board v Commissioner of State Taxation (WA)

(1996) 189 CLR 253 221, 222, 248, 249, 251State of Western Australia v Wilsmore [1981] WAR 179 190, 191Stephens v West Australian Newspapers (1994) 182 CLR 211 123, 124, 125, 126,

132, 356, 401, 423Stevenson v R (1865) 2 WW & A’B (L) 143 86Stock Motor Ploughs Ltd v Forsyth (1932) 48 CLR 128 144Stockdale v Hansard (1839) 9 A & E 1; 3 ST TR NS 736; 112 ER 1112 100Strachan v Commonwealth (1906) 4 CLR 455 486Street v Queensland Bar Association (1989) 168 CLR 461 227Sue v Hill (1999) 199 CLR 462 47, 66, 71, 72, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 277, 305,

397Svikart v Stewart (1994) 181 CLR 548 114, 387, 396, 399, 400, 401, 420, 438

Taylor v Attorney-General of Queensland (1917) 23 CLR 457 84, 89, 92, 120, 165,186, 187, 334

Taylor v New Zealand Poultry Board [1984] 1 NZLR 394 108, 109Teori Tau v The Commonwealth (1969) 119 CLR 564 403, 408, 409, 410, 414, 417,

421, 425, 426The King v Sutton (1908) 5 CLR 789 262, 266Theodore v Duncan [1919] AC 696 259Theophanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 104 117, 119–20, 124,

126, 134, 401Thompson v R (1989) 169 CLR 1 239, 240Toy v Musgrove (1888) 14 VLR 349 255, 259, 305, 307Traut v Rogers (1984) 70 FLR 17 210, 254Travinto Nominees Pty Ltd v Vlattas (1973) 129 CLR 1 155Trethowan v Peden (1930) 21 SR (NSW) 183 96, 97Trial of Earl Russell [1901] AC 446 217Trustees Executors and Agency Co Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1933) CLR

220 217, 225, 228, 229

Ukley v Ukley [1977] VR 121 143Union Steamship Co of Australia v King (1988) 166 CLR 1 104, 106, 108, 110, 111,

210, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 225, 234, 241, 342, 424Union Steamship Co of New Zealand Ltd v The Commonwealth (1925) 36 CLR 130

144United States v Texas (1950) 339 US 707 212University of Wollongong v Metwally (1984) 158 CLR 447 147, 429, 430






xxiv TABLE OF CASES

Vauxhall Estates Limited v Liverpool Corporation [1932] 1 KB 733 155Verreault v Attorney-General (Quebec) [1977] 1 SCR 41 252Victoria v Australian Building Construction Employees’ and Builders Labourers’

Federation (1982) 152 CLR 25 252Victoria v Commonwealth (AAP case) (1975) 134 CLR 338 307, 316Victoria v Commonwealth (Federal Roads case) (1926) 38 CLR 399 9Victoria v Commonwealth (Second Uniform Tax case) (1957) 99 CLR 575 8, 9, 66Victoria v Commonwealth and Connor (PMA case) (1975) 134 CLR 81 88, 92, 94,

95, 96, 97, 102, 188, 202, 276–7Victoria v The Commonwealth (Payroll Tax case) (1971) 122 CLR 353 63–4Victorian Stevedoring and General Contracting Company Pty Ltd v Dignan (1931) 46

CLR 73 115, 259, 351, 403, 418, 440

Wacando v The Commonwealth (1981) 148 CLR 1 37, 211Wake v Northern Territory of Australia (1996) 5 NTLR 170 451Walker v New South Wales (1994) 182 CLR 45 139Wallace Brothers & Co Ltd v Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay City and Bombay

Suburban District (1948) 75 Indian Appeals 86 218Wanganui-Rangitikei Electric Power Board v AMP Society (1934) 50 CLR 581 247Ward v R (1980) 142 CLR 308 212, 239, 240, 247Waters v Commonwealth (1951) 82 CLR 188 405, 406Watson v Trenerry (1998) 145 FLR 159 429Watson v Trenerry (1998) 122 NTR 1 (Court of Appeal) 134Webster v McIntosh (1980) 49 FLR 317 430Welker v Hewett (1969) 120 CLR 503 215, 230–1West Lakes Limited v The State of South Australia (1980) 25 SASR 389 163–4, 175,

177, 178, 186, 187, 188, 192Western Australia v The Commonwealth (First Territory Senators’ case) (1975) 134

CLR 201 276–7, 415, 433, 434, 457Western Australia v Wilsmore [1981] WAR 179 65Western Australia v Wilsmore (1982) 149 CLR 79 65, 165, 168, 190Wheat case (see New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915)) 352Whicker v Hume (1858) 1 De G M&G 506; 42 ER 649; 7 HLC 124 140White v McLean (1890) 24 SALR 97 52, 138Williams v Attorney-General for New South Wales (1913) 16 CLR 404 43, 259Williamson v Ah On (1926) 39 CLR 95 375Wilsmore v State of Western Australia [1981] WAR 159 (WA FC) 165, 168, 190,

195, 367Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (Hindmarsh Island

case) (1996) 189 CLR 1 358, 359, 367–8, 376Winterbottom v Vardon and Sons Ltd [1921] SASR 364 52, 138, 140Wishart v Fraser (1941) 64 CLR 470 116Worthing v Rowell and Muston Pty Ltd (1970) 123 CLR 89 399, 400, 438Wylkian Pty Ltd v ACT Government [2002] ACTSC 97 148, 432Wynbyne v Marshall (1997) 141 FLR 166 355, 374, 375

Yougarla v Western Australia (2001) 207 CLR 344 144, 191






Table of statutes

Commonwealth

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth) 367Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth) 310, 451, 454A New Tax System (Commonwealth – State Financial Arrangements) Act 1999 (Cth) 9Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Act 1981 (Cth) 483Antarctic Mining Prohibition Act 1991 (Cth) 483Antarctic Treaty Act 1960 (Cth) 482Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980 (Cth) 483Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Act 1933 (Cth) 397, 481

s 12(1) 380Atomic Energy Act (1953) (Cth) 310, 451, 454Australia Act 1986 (Cth)

s 2(1) 235Australia Act 1986 (UK) 69, 73, 74, 142, 145, 146

s 1 27, 66, 141, 143, 145, 266s 2 118, 182, 185, 208

(1) 67, 210, 221, 249(2) 85, 110, 118, 160, 186, 189

s 3 118, 141, 208(1) 47, 67, 120, 145, 160, 334(2) 85, 136, 145, 334, 347

s 4 145s 5 136

(b) 145s 6 67, 70, 88, 89, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 159–79, 182, 187, 189, 193, 195,

199, 329, 333, 348s 7 264, 267, 320, 331–2, 334

(1) 85, 268, 270, 272(2) 78, 256, 270, 275, 281, 308(3) 273, 308(4) 308(5) 67, 256, 272

s 8 67, 80, 85s 9 67, 80, 85s 10 66, 272, 275s 11 66

(2) 145s 12 145

xxv






xxvi TABLE OF STATUTES

Australia Act 1986 (UK) (cont.)s 13(2) 146s 14 146s 15 71, 72, 73, 161, 331

(1) 73(2) 74(3) 28

s 16(1) 186Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act 1933 (Cth) 397, 482Australian Antarctic Territory Act 1954 (Cth) 482–3

s 10(1) 380Australian Capital Territory (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 (Cth) 440Australian Capital Territory (Electoral) Act 1988 (Cth) 440Australian Capital Territory Planning and Land Management Act 1988 (Cth) 309,

440, 441, 445Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988 (Cth) 30, 104, 303–5,

378–9, 436, 440Part V A 379s 7 266s 8(2) 78s 16 102, 290, 304, 468s 16(1) 466, 467, 474s 22 79, 104

(1) 114, 253, 419s 23 104, 114, 309, 432, 441

(1)(a) 373, 426, 431s 24 99s 25 79s 25(2) 80s 26 151, 194, 204–5, 206, 378

(2) and (6) 206(3) 205

s 28 148s 29 400, 446s 34 147s 35(2) 80

(4) 80s 36 257, 443–5s 37 309, 444–5s 40 302s 48 290s 48A(1) 377s 58(1) 86s 59(1) 400s 66B 429s 69(1) 431, 441

(2) 432, 441Schedule 4 309, 494–6Schedule 5 441

Australian Capital Territory Supreme Court (Transfer) Act 1992 (Cth) 378






TABLE OF STATUTES xxvii

Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) 406s 15A 224s 16A 443, 467, 468s 17(a) 406, 476

(p) 146(pe) 406

s 21 224s 46A 442

Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (Cth) 16Bankruptcy Act (Cth) 406Broadcasting Act 1942 (Cth) 417Builders Labourers’ Federation (Cancellation of Registration) Act 1986 (Cth) 372Christmas Island Act 1958 (Cth) 397, 477–8

s 8H 478s 9 478

Christmas Island (Request and Consent) Act 1957 (Cth) 142, 146, 397, 477Coal Industry Act 1946 (NSW and Cth) 17Coastal Waters (Northern Territory Powers) Act 1980 (Cth) 214Coastal Waters (Northern Territory Title) Act 1980 (Cth) 214Coastal Waters (State Powers) Act 1980 (Cth) 13, 69, 214, 337

s 5(a) 214, 235, 242s 5(c) 69, 237s 6 242

Coastal Waters (State Title) Act 1980 (Cth) 214Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955 (Cth) 397, 479–80

s 12 480s 18(1B) 480

Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Request and Consent) Act 1954 (Cth) 142, 146, 397, 479Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp) 1, 26, 43, 63, 65, 74, 136,

142preamble 5, 27, 263, 264, 330covering clause 2 265covering clause 3 27, 64covering clause 4 27covering clause 5 63, 404covering clause 6 64, 448covering clause 7 63covering clause 8 63

Commonwealth Constitution

s 1 119, 124s 2 307s 5(a) 221s 6 189–91s 7 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 130, 133, 422–3, 433, 434

(1)(d) 127, 128, 129, 130s 8 124s 9 120






xxviii TABLE OF STATUTES

Commonwealth Constitution (cont.)s 12 13s 13 124s 15 13, 119, 120, 282s 23 207s 24 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 130, 133, 422–3, 433, 434s 25 124s 28 124s 29 120s 30 119, 124s 40 207s 41 119, 409s 49 99s 51 3, 59, 386

(i) 4, 19(iii) 427, 428(v) 133, 416(vi) 28, 313, 397(xvii) 314(xx) 4, 11, 17, 29, 395(xxiv) 13(xxv) 13, 242, 248, 251(xxix) 11, 19, 67, 213, 242, 397, 416, 486(xxxi) 114, 408, 420, 421, 425–6(xxxiv) 13(xxxvii) 13, 14–16(xxxviii) 13, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 198, 214, 237, 336–7(xxxix) 397

s 52 116, 314, 386(1) 394, 435

(i) 400, 438s 53 426s 54 88s 55 408, 426–7s 57 88, 92, 95, 97s 58 80s 61 256, 266, 275, 305, 307, 308, 310, 409s 64 53, 122, 300s 70 314s 71 348, 352–3, 369s 72 327, 368, 369, 379s 73(ii) 379s 73(iii) 13, 341s 74 63s 75 341s 76 341

(ii) 488(iv) 242

s 77(iii) 13, 341, 361, 376






TABLE OF STATUTES xxix

s 80 409s 81 421s 87 6, 8s 90 8, 9, 114, 314, 427–9s 92 253, 431s 96 3, 8, 9s 101 353s 102 13s 103 13s 104 13s 106 1, 63–5, 69, 70, 104, 110, 121, 125, 130, 159, 179, 208, 248, 333,

337, 338s 107 8, 63–5, 104, 111, 248s 108 64, 70, 221s 109 1, 8, 20, 73, 114, 136, 144, 147, 210, 238, 248, 253, 314, 315, 409, 413,

429–30s 111 13, 394–5, 396, 400, 402, 449s 112 221s 113 221s 116 114, 420, 421–2s 118 13, 114, 222, 245, 246, 249–50, 405, 427, 428–9s 119 14s 119A 33s 120 13s 121 13, 393, 434, 458s 122 1, 18, 28, 111, 133, 134, 146, 254, 310, 380, 381–2, 393, 394–5, 398, 399,

427, 438, 443s 123 211, 393, 396, 448, 449s 125 28, 394, 399, 437–40s 128 6, 27, 28, 70, 71, 74, 105, 122, 157, 318, 319, 320, 330, 336

Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth) 122, 469, 470ss 40(7) and 48(2C) 476ss 95AA–95AC 469

Commonwealth Places (Application of Laws) Act 1970 (Cth) 215Competition Code Agreement 1995 18Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 372Coral Sea Islands Act 1969 (Cth) 484

s 3 483s 8(1) 380

Corporations Act 1989 (Cth) 390s 47(1) 19

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) 16, 25Corporations (Commonwealth Authorities and Officers) Regulations 1990 (Cth)

Reg 3(1)(d) 19Corporations Law 2001 (Cth) 14, 18Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) 128

s 85S 361Crimes at Sea Act 1979 (Cth) 243Crimes at Sea Act 2000 (Cth) 242, 243






xxx TABLE OF STATUTES

Criminal Code (Cth) s 100.8 15Environment, Sport and Territories Legislation Amendment Act 1997 (Cth) 483Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) 310, 451,

454Euthanasia Laws Act 1997 (Cth) 148, 418, 430, 432, 441, 456Evidence Act 1995 (Cth)

s 185 222Family Law Act 389Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth)

s 24(1)(b) 378, 380, 468s 33 468

Financial Agreement Act 1994 (Cth) 11Financial Agreement Enforcement Act 1932 (Cth) 287Flags Act 1953 (Cth)

s 3(2) 207Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 (Cth) 215Heard Island and McDonald Islands Act 1953 (Cth) 482, 485

s 9(1) 380Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 (Cth) 236Insurance Contracts Act 1984 (Cth) 246Interstate Commission Act 1912 (Cth)

Part VII 352Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 (Cth) 447Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) 349

ss 30(2)(a) 190s 35AA(2) 378, 379, 380s 39 341, 362

(2)(a) 190s 79 215, 389

Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act 1987 (Cth) 341Migration Act 1985 (Cth) 312, 374Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) Act 2001 (Cth) 476Mutual Recognition Act 1992 (Cth) 16National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 (Cth) 410, 416Nauru Act 1965 (Cth) 487Nauru (High Court Appeals) Act 1976 (Cth) 488Nauru Independence Act 1967 (Cth) 487Nauru Island Agreement Act 1919 (Cth) 487Navigation Act 1912 (Cth) 144Navigation Amendment Act 1979 (Cth)

Part VII 236s 104(3) 67

New Guinea Act 1920 (Cth) 486Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth) 397, 463, 469Norfolk Island Act 1957 (Cth) 463, 469Norfolk Island Act 1979 (Cth) 104, 151, 253, 379, 436, 461, 463, 464, 468, 472,

474preamble 465Part VII 378, 379–80






TABLE OF STATUTES xxxi

s 19(1) 79, 114, 207, 419s 19(2) 114, 431

(2A) 432s 20 99s 21(3) 80s 31 429

(2) 78s 38 429s 53(1) 380

(2) 380Norfolk Island Amendment Act 2004 (Cth) 470

s 39A(5) 148Norfolk Island (Electoral and Judicial) Amendment Act 1992 (Cth) 469Northern Australia Act 1926 (Cth) 449Northern Territory (Acceptance) Act 1910 (Cth) 111, 389, 408, 423, 427, 449

s 7(1) 146, 391Northern Territory (Administration) Act 1910 (Cth) 111, 134, 408, 423, 427, 449,

450s 10 413s 13 384

Northern Territory Representation Act 1922 (Cth) 434, 457Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978 (Cth) 30, 104, 151, 378, 436, 450,

457s 5 453s 6 79, 104, 114, 206, 253, 419, 420s 7 79

(2)(b) 451(3) 80

s 8(2) 81s 9 81s 10 81s 11 87s 13 429s 13(2) 78s 16 101, 257s 17 429s 32(3) 451s 35 257s 45(1) 86s 49 431s 50 426

(1) 431(2) 4263(1) 373

s 50A 104, 432, 433s 53 310, 451, 454s 57(1) 147

Northern Territory (Self-Government) Regulations 1978 (Cth) 257, 450Regulation 4 309, 454, 491–3






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