The Community Guide is a collective effort of many people across

many years—Community Preventive Services Task Force members

and liaisons, partners, authors, researchers, staff, and friends.

We can't possibly thank everyone enough—or name every person

whose contribution to the Guide makes our work possible—but

please know that we sincerely express our gratitude to everyone

associated with the Guide, past, present, and future.

Ana Abraído-Lanza

Sushama Dhakal Acharya

Angeli Achrekar

David Adkins

Mary Alao

Ann Albright

Mohammed Ali

Pamela Allweiss

Anita Alston

Kathleen Amos

Clinton Anderson

Laurie Anderson

John Anderton

Clarence Anthony

Wiedad Archer

Rebecca Armstrong

Adam Aten

Heba Athar

Sharon Attipoe-Dorcoo

John Auerbach

Esther Avendano

Olumayowa Azees

Susan Azrin

Liljana Johnson Baddour

Andrea Baeder

April Bailey

Linda Bailey

Quiana Baker

Grant Baldwin

Ethan Balk

Rachel Ballard

Starr Banks

Antoinette Barber

Wanda Barfield

Steven Barnett

Kim Barnhill

Roy Baron

Michael Barry

Kathleen Basile

Roshan Bastani

Deborah Bauer

Cynthia Baur

Alberta Becenti

Sara Bedrosian

Carolyn Beeker

Doug Beirness

Diane Beistle

Brook Belay

Amy Millikan Bell

Diane Benckert

Kaye Bender

Georges Benjamin

Russell Bennett

Stacy Benton

Gwendolyn Bergen

Jay Bernhardt

Roger Bernier

Aunima Bhuiya

Ronald Bialek

Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo

Connie Bish

Jennifer Bishop

Kelly Bishop

Rebecca Bitsko

Claudia Blackburn

Matthias Blackshear

Stephen Blumberg

Daniel Blumenthal

Michele Bohm

Gail Bolan

Julie Bolen

Vickie Boothe

Amanda Borsky

Matthew Boulton

Coleen Boyle

Andreia Brandon

Lynne Braun

Laura Brennan

Bob Brewer

Evelyn Brewer

Patrick Breysse

Shakia Bright

Peter Briss

Joy Brooks

Allyson Brown

Beverly Brown

David Brown

Nancy Brown

Teresa Brown

Ross Brownson

Joe Bryce

Leigh Buchanan

Sharunda Buchanan

Patricia Buffler

David Buller

Rebecca Bunnell

Dan Burnett

Barri Burrus

Courtney Burton

Jay Butler

Guthrie Byard

David Callahan

Bruce (Ned) Calonge

William (Bill) Calvert

Carla Campbell

Doug Campus-Outcalt

Vilma Carande-Kulis

Valeria Carlson

Denise Carty

Michelle Carvalho

Carl Caspersen

William Cefalu

Frank Chaloupka

Ora Chamberlain

David Chambers

Jack Chapel

Daniel Chapman

Matt Chase

Sajal Chattopadhyay

Adam Chen

Doryn Chervin

Marita Chilton

Helen Chin

Marshall H. Chin

Bechara Choucair

Jamie Chriqui

Brad Christensen

Stella Chuke

Carolyn Clancy

Martha Clark

Noreen Morrison Clark

Sallie Clark

Angelika Claussen

John M. Clymer

Ralph Coates

Jamaicia Cobb

Tom Cochran

Monique Colbert

Heidi Coleman

Richard Compton

Cedi Connolly

Joanne Cono

Kara Contreary

Tonya Cooksey

Adina Cooper

Kelly Cornett

Phaedra Corso

Liza Corso

Stella Cory

Megan Cotter

Stephen Coughlin

Rebecca Coyle

Allen Craig

Charmen Crawford

Nicole Crepaz

Deidre Crocker

Alexander Crosby

Bob Croyle

Alison Evans Cuellar

James Curran

Susan Curry

Linda Dahlberg

Stacey Dandridge

Betty Daniels

Debjani Das

Karina Davidson

Megan Davies

Muntu Davis

James Dearing

Janice Dearring

Erica DeChicchis

Sarah Degue

Muriel DeLavergne-Brown

Jane Delgado

Ann Dellinger

Nicholas Deputy

Barbara DeVinney

Heather Devlin

Kay Dickersin

Susan Ditter

Patricia Dittus

Christopher Dobbins

Maureen Dobbins

Suzanne Dolina

Kevin Dombkowski

Earnestine Dooley

Mary Dott

Angelita Dudley

Farifteh Duffy

Cristian Dumitru

Gema Dumitru

Jeff Durthaler

Victor Dzau

Amy Early

Joyce Edmonds

Valerie Edwards

Donatus Ekwueme

Randy Elder

Kimberly Elenberg

Donna Elliston

Karen Emmons

Jeff Engel

Michael Engelgau

Mary Jane England

Michael Eriksen

Dogan Eroglu

Cam Escoffery

Lorena Espinoza

Marissa Esser

Kathleen Ethier

Caswell A. Evans, Jr.

William D. Evans

Marie Fallon

Ellie Faustino

Jill Morris Ferdinands

Aneegah Ferguson

Maria Fernandez

Jonathan Fielding

Ramona Finnie

Jessica Solomon Fischer

Dan Fishbein

Julie Fishman

David Fleming

Curtis Florence

Kristen Folsom

Sandra Ford

Jean L. Forster

Margaret Foti

Katie Franchot

Michael Fraser

Andre Fresco

Fred Fridinger

Mindy Thompson Fullilove

Janet Fulton

Dawn Fuqua-Whitley

Jennifer Galbraith

Nisha Gandhi

Sanford Garfield

Sherese Garrett

Alan Gelenberg

Mary George

Prethibha George

Shannon Gerber

Tista Ghosh

Kelsy Gibson

Helen Gift

Sarah Gillen

Karen Glanz

Russ Glasgow

Chevelle Glymph

Ron Goetzel

Onnalee Gomez

Barbara Gooch

Richard Goodman

Corinne Graffunder

Donna Grande

Lawrence Green

Michelle Green

Nicole Green

Truemenda Green

Angela Green-Phillips

Kurt Greenlund

Arlene Greenspan

Edward Gregg

Sylvia Greggs

David Gregorio

Paul M. Griffin

Susan Griffin

Matthew Griffith

Victoria Grimshaw

James V. Grizzell

Amy Groom

Holly Groom

Scott Grosse

David Grossman

Jane Grover

Jason Grumet

Aneisha Gudes

Fernando Guerra

Nancy Habarta

Tamara Haegerich

Joseph Hagan

Robert Hahn

Daphne Hale

Jeffrey Hall

Adrienne Hallett

Mahogany Hanks

Casey Hannan

Stephen Hargrten

Stacy Harmon

Kate Harris

Jeffrey Harris

Nick Hart

David Hartnett

Julia Hartwell-Drefke

Jennifer Harward

LaMar Hasbrouck

Alyson Haslem

Nita Hawk

Nikki Hawkins

Gregory Heath

Katrina Hedberg

Kevin Hennessy

Jeffrey Herbst

Elizabeth Herman

Robert Hiatt

Saundra Hill

Ralph Hingson

Alan Hinman

Matthew Hogben

Kisha Holden

Christopher Holliday

Dawn Holman

Carissa Holmes

Margaret (Peggy) Honein

Yuling Hong

Jessie Hood

W. Hooper

David Hopkins

Krista Hopkins-Cole

Donald Hoppert

Alice M. Horowitz

Brian Houle

Deb Houry

Elizabeth Howze

Kelly Hughes

Daniel Hungerford

Christine Hunter

Corinne Husten

Angela Hutchinson

Corinne Huten

Michael Iademarco

Robin Ikeda

Joe Iser

George Isham

John Iskander

Rebecca Ivers

Leonard Jack

Verughese Jacob

Sara Jamieson

Gail Janes

Shawn Jawanda

Robert Jennings

Daniel Jernigan

Donna Johnson

Margaret Sarti Johnson

Robert Johnson

Veda C. Johnson

Camara Phyllis Jones

Christopher Jones

Jamila Jones

Kiesha Jones

Emily Kahn

Leila C. Kahwati

Jay Kaiman

Geetika P. Kalra

Tuwa (Twee) Karnley

Eric Kasowski

David Katz

Rachel Kaufmann

Linda Kay

Carol Keehan

Rita Kelliher

Charlotte Kent

Maureen Kersmarki

Muin Khoury

Jaya Khushalani

Shin Kim

Naima Kimotho

Chris Kinabrew

Martha King

Stella Kinyota

Doug Kirby

Carrie Klabunde

John Knopf

Chris Kochtitzky

William G. Kohn

Lisa Koonin

Lori Kose

Thomas Kottke

Kevin Kovach

Joan Kraft

Alex Krist

Judy Kruger

Elena Kuklina

Shiriki Kumanyika

Mary Beth Kurilo

Jennifer L. Kuzara

Maggie Labre

Daniel T. Lackland

Andrew Lahn

Madison Lambert

Garland Land

Kimberly Lane

Lisa Lang

Tina J. Langford

Amy Lansky

Lauren Lantrip

Denys Lau

Briana Lawrence

Robert Lawrence

Nancy Lee

Sarah Lee

Kimberly Leeks

Carolyn Leep

Marie-Michèle Léger

Tim Levengood

Jennifer Li

Rui Li

Akiva Liberman

Leandris Liburd

Colin B. Ligon

Mary Lou Lindegren

Philip Lobue

Jessica Lowy

Lisel Loy

Monica Lupi

Cynthia Lyles

Katherine Lyon-Daniel

Iris R. Mabry-Hernandez

Bill Mac Kenzie

Michael Maciosek

Debbie MacLean

Mallika Mahalingam

Charlie Mahan

Jennifer Makin

Lorena Maldonado

Lindsay Borg Manly

Mariette Marano

Janet Marchibroda

James Marks

Stephanie Marshall

Hannah Martin

Laura Martin

Stephen Martin

Eduardo Martinez

Rose Martinez

Erin Marziale

Dyann Matson-Koffman

Anita Matthew

Kelly Mattick

Glen Mays

Eugene McCray

David McCulloch

James McGinnis

Lisa McGuire

Tad McIntosh

Jennifer McKeever

Jeffrey W. McKenna

Stephane Mckissick

Lela McKnight-Eily

Tarra McNally

Robert McNellis

Brownwen McNoe

Stephanie Melillo

Cathy Melvin

Shawna Mercer

James Mercy

Sarah Merkle

Caitlin Merlo

Jonathan Mermin

Jessica Mesnick

Nancy Messonnier

Pam Meyer

Shannon Michael

Jennifer Cook Middleton

Rebecca Miles

Crystal Miller

Therese Miller

Bobby Milstein

Karen Minyard

Alberta Mirambeau

Donyelle Mitchell

Refilwe Moeti

Sharon Moffatt

Giridhar Mohan

Stephan Monroe

Joanna Moore

John W. (Jack) Moran

Jennifer Morgan

Richard Morrison

Eve Moscicki

Regina Moss

Kaushik Mukhopadhaya

Qaiser Mukhtar

Patricia Mullen

Carles Muntaner

Kelly Murphy

David Murray

Kenya Murray

Stuart Myerburg

Brad Myers

Jennifer Myszkowski

Shillpa Naavaal

Timothy Naimi

Gilberto Narvarro

Serigne Ndiaye

Donald E. Nease

Elizabeth Neilson

Gary Nelson

Polly Newcomb

Quyen Ngo-Metzger

Von Nguyen

Phyllis Nichols

Tom Nickels

Phyllis Holditch Niolon

Gibril Njie

Seth M. Noar

Patricia Nolan

Rosa Norman

Jacques Normand

Jacqui North

Sarah North

Lloyd Novick

Tursynbek Nurmagambetov

Olugbenga Obasanjo

Emmeline Ochiai

Devon Okasako-Schmucker

Lisa Oliver

Gil Omenn

Carole (Tracy) Orleans

Doug Owens

Laura Pabst

Maya H. Pack

Diane Padden

Mark Pallansch

Vanessa Panos

Marguerite Pappaioanou

Sandhu Paramjit

Anant Parekh

Chanhyun Park

Freda Parker

Jeff Partin

Warren F. Passin

Mona Patel

Kelly Patillo

Kevin Patrick

Scott Pattison

William Paul

Meghan Pauls

Georgina Peacock

Jane Pearson

Tony Pearson-Clarke

Yinan Peng

Jane Pennington

Dawn Pepin

Antoinette Percy-Laurry

Julie Perez

Frank Perna

Matthew Perrine

Ruth Peterson

Mark Petticrew

Alicia Philipp

Marion Pierce

Adesola A. Pitan

Anastassios G. Pittas

Kathleen Pittman

Marcus Plescia

Alonzo Plough

Richard Pollack

Kristin Pope

Denisha Porter

Kathryn Porter

Barry Portnoy

Amanda Dorrington Powell

Kenneth E. Powell

Charlotte Pratt

LaShawndra Price

Krista Proia

Nico Pronk

Richard Puddy

David Pugach

Shuli Qu

Judith Qualters

Toby A. Quinn

Dawn Quitugua

Julie Racine-Parshall

Vince Radke

Ashok Rai

Gowri Raman

Sara Dodge Ramey

Gilbert Ramirez

Ismaila Ramon

Tao Ran

Kimberly J. Rask

Lauren Raskin-Ramos

Sonja Rasmussen

Bobby Rasulnia

Sima Razi

Stephen Redd

Robert Redfield

Anthony Reeder

Gary Reedy

Barbara Reilley

Patrick Remington

Jeff Reynolds

Maryan Reynolds

Kyu Rhee

Chesley Richards

Lisa Richardson

Dennis Richling

Anna Ricklin

Barbara Rimer

Jamaal Roberts

Kristin Tansil Roberts

Angie Robertson

Rose Marie Robertson

Maren Robinson

Phyllis Rochester

Michael Rock

Lance A. Rodewald

Betsy Rodriguez

Lisa Romero

Veda Rommahan

Cherie Rooks-Peck

Abby Rosenthal

Murray N. Ross

Ana Diez Roux

Kakoli Roy

Sharmily Roy

Russell Rubin

Gia Rutledge

Marcus Ruzek

Danielle Ryan

Susan Sabatino

Shubhayu Saha

Chika Sakashita

James Sallis

Eduardo Sanchez

Paramjit Sandhu

John Santelli

David Satcher

Erin Sauber-Schatz

Magon Saunders

Tom Schafer

Christina Scherrer

Thomas Schmid

Bellinda Schoof

Michael Schooley

Anne Schuchat

Steven Schwartz

Murielle Scott

Terica Scott

Susan Scrimshaw

F. Scutchfield

Stephen Scwartz

Laura Seeff

Jenna Seymour

Abdul R. Shaikh

Sharada Shantharam

Pellavi Sharma

Abigail Shefer

Deborah Shelton

Charles Shepherd

Carolynne Shinn

Ruth Shults

Thomas Simon

Lisa Simpson

Craig Sinclair

Theresa Sipe

Scott Sjoquist

Renee Skeete

David Sleet

Sarah Sliwa

Joey Smith

Judith Lee Smith

Onslow Smith

Robert Smith

S. Jay Smith

Susan C. Smith

Leslie B. Snyder

Jesus Soares

Lynn Sokler

Robin Soler

Arjun Srinivasan

Joseph St. Charles

Darcy Steinberg-Hastings

James Stephens

Elaine J. Stone

Glenda Stone

Raymond Strikas

Crystal Swann

Susan Swider

Bernice Tannor

Stephen Taplin

Berry TaWanna

Beverly Taylor

Christopher Taylor

Vicki Taylor

Albert Terrillion

Summer Terry

Steven Teutsch

Hemi Tewarson

Stephen Thacker

Craig Thomas

Jerrel Thomas

Betsy Thompson

Michael Thompson

Robert Thompson

Anil Thota

Tisha Titus

Traci L. Tommey

Cecile Town

Brooke Tripp

Benedict Truman

Reed Tuckson

Peter Tugwell

Farris Tuma

Abbigail Tumpey

Erin Ueffing

Brigette Ulin

Annabelle Uy

Tricia Valasek

Tom Van Coverden

Karen VanLandeghem

Troy Vaughan III

Rashi Venkataraman

Pooja Verma

Sally Vernon

Mary Vernon-Smiley

K. Kasisomayajula Viswanath

Robert Voas

Martina Vogel-Taylor

Lisa Waddell

Andrew Walker

Sean Walker

Jana S. Wallace

Guijing Wang

Connie Ward-Cameron

Elena Watzke

Paul Weidle

Elizabeth Weist

Richard Wender

Carolyn Wester

Holly Wethington

Melinda Wharton

Cornelia White

Mary White

Jane Wiesner

Shayna Wilborn

Aisha Wilkes

Amber Williams

Samantha Williams

Sheree Williams

Rebecca S. Williamson

Bayo Willis

Yvonne Mensa Wilmot

Katherine Wilson

Michelle Wilson

Sandra Jo Wilson

Stephen G. Wing

Tracy Wolff

Faye Wong

Steve Woolf

Trevor A. Woollery

Mary Woolley

Pascale Wortley

Janet Wright

John Wright

Ka Xiong

Peter Yang

Hussain Yusuf

Julie Zajac

Pavel Zaprudsky

David Zauche

Stephanie Zaza

Donald Zeigler

Xinzhi Zhang

Ping Zhang

Tooka Zokaie

Carlos Zometa

Jane Zucker