the cold war begins, 1945-1952during wwi, and failed as haberdasher • moved into missouri...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 35
The ColdWarBegins,1945-1952
Presented by:
Mr. Anderson, M.Ed., J.D.
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I.Truman:The“Gutty”ManfromMissouri
• “Accidental president” HarrySTrumanpresided overinitial postwar period
• Called“averageman'saverageman”• Firstpresidentinmanyyearswithoutacollegeeducation
• Hadfarmed,servedasartilleryofficerinFranceduringWWI,andfailedashaberdasher
• MovedintoMissouripolitics,rosefromjudgeshiptoU.S.Senate
• ThoughprotégéofnotoriouspoliticalmachineinKansasCity,hemanagedtokeephisownhandsclean
I.Truman:The“Gutty”ManfromMissouri (cont.)
– Startedpresidencywithhumility,butgainedconfidencetopointofcockiness:• Gatheredoldassociatesof“Missourigang” aroundhimandwasstubbornlyloyaltothem
• Couldbeimpulsiveandstubborn• Cynicsjibed,“ToerrisTruman”• Down-homeauthenticity• Fewpretensions;rock-solidprobity• Alotofold-fashionedcharactertraitcalledmoxie
II.Yalta:BargainorBetrayal?
• Yalta conference (February 1945):– FinalfatefulconferenceofBigThree,atformertsaristresortonBlackSea
– Stalin,Churchillandfast-failingRoosevelt– Momentousagreementsandplans:
• FinalplanstosmashbucklingGermanlines• AssignedoccupationzonesinGermany• StalinagreedPoland,withrevisedboundaries,shouldhaverepresentativegovernmentbasedonfreeelections
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II.Yalta:BargainorBetrayal?(cont.)
• BulgariaandRomaniatohavefreeelections—anotherpromiseflouted
• BigThreeannouncedplansforfashioningnewinternationalpeacekeepingorganization—UnitedNations
• ControversialdecisionsonFarEast:– Lackingatested atomicbomb, FDRwanted USSR toenterAsianwar topin down Japanese troops in Manchuria andKorea
» Would lessen U.S.losses ifhad to invade Japan– Stalin agreed todoso threemonths afterGermanydefeated,– Inreturn, FDRagreed forUSSR to receive:
» Southern half ofSakhalin Islandand Japan's Kurile island» Control ofrailroads and twokeyseaports inChina'sManchuria
II.Yalta:BargainorBetrayal(cont.)
• WhenitturnedoutUSSRnotneededtodefeatJapan,Roosevelt'scriticscharged:
– Hesold Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) down riverbyconceding control ofManchuria toStalin
– Also assailed “sell-out” ofPoland andother EasternEuropean countries
• Roosevelt'sdefenders:– Stalin, with his redarmy,could have takenmore ofChina
» SoYaltaactually set limits onhis ambitions– At time ofYalta, Soviet troops occupied EastEurope, andawar toeject them unthinkable
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II.Yalta:BargainorBetrayal(cont.)
• BigThreenot drafting comprehensive peacesettlement:– Sketchedgeneral intentionsandtestedoneanother'sreactions
– Morespecificunderstandingsamongwartimealliesawaitedarrivalofpeace
III.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion
– LittlehopeUSAandUSSRcouldreachcordialunderstandingonpostwarworld:• Communismandcapitalismhistoricallyhostilesocialphilosophies:
– USAdid notofficially recognize USSRuntil 1933– Soviet skepticism nourished bylong delays ofAmericansandBritish toopen second frontagainst Germany
– Britain andAmerica frozeSoviet “ally” out ofproject todevelop atomicweapons
– Washington abruptly terminated lend-lease aid toUSSR in1945and thenspurned Sovietplea for reconstruction loanwhile approving aloan forEngland
III.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion (cont.)
– Differentvisionsofpostwarworldseparatedtwo:• StalinaimedtoguaranteesecurityofSovietUnion
– Twice in 1900s, Russia attackedthrough Poland– Bymaintaining Soviet sphere ofinfluence inEastern andCentral Europe, USSRcouldprotect itself aswell asconsolidate revolutionary baseasworld's leading communistcountry
• ManyAmericanssaw“sphereofinfluence” asill-gained“empire”
– Doubted Sovietgoals purely defensive– “Sphere of influence” clashed with Roosevelt's andWilson's“open world” —decolonized, demilitarized, democratizedwith strong international organization forglobal peace
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III.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion (cont.)
• Both isolated from world affairsbeforeWWII– UnitedStatesthroughchoice– SovietUnionthroughrejectionbyotherpowers
• Both had“missionary” diplomacy—trying toexport their political doctrines
• Someconfrontation unavoidable between– Communistic,despoticRussia– Capitalistic,democraticAmerica
III.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion (cont.)
• “Grand Alliance” onlyachild ofnecessity• Inprogression ofevents,suspicion andrivalry– Grewbecauseofmisperceptionsandgenuineconflictofinterestsbetweentwosuperpowers
• ColdWar:• Tensestandofflastedfourandahalfdecades• ShapedSoviet-Americanrelations• Overshadowedpostwarinternationalorderineverycornerofglobe
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IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld• USAerected structures formoreopen worldenvisioned byRoosevelt
• 1941Atlantic Charter proclaimed rights of– Self-determination– Free trade– “Freedomfromfearandwant” forallindividuals– (SeeThinkingGloballyinChap39)
IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)
• BrettonWoodsConference (1944):– Westernalliesestablished
• InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)toencourageworldtradebyregulatingcurrencyexchangerates
• InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(WorldBank)toaideconomicgrowthinwar-ravagedandunderdevelopedareas
– Threeyears later, GATTbeganglobal reduction in tradebarriers
• USAtookleadincreatingthesebodiesandsuppliedmuchoftheirfunding
• Sovietsdeclinedtoparticipate
IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)
• U.N.Conference opened onApril 25,1945:• Rooseveltshrewdlymovedtoestablishnewinternationalbodybeforewar'sconclusion
• MeetinginSanFrancisco,representativesfromfiftynationsfashionedUnitedNationsCharter
• USAtooklead,butUSSRparticipated– UnitedNations(U.N.):
• SuccessortoLeagueofNations• Differedinmanyways:
– Leagueadopted rules denying veto toanyparty toadispute
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IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)
– U.N.providedthatnomemberofSecurityCouncil,dominatedbyBigFive(USA,Britain,France,USSR,andChina),couldhaveactiontakenagainstitwithoutitsconsent
– U.N.GeneralAssemblycouldbecontrolledbysmallercountries
– IncontrasttoAmericanreceptionofLeaguein1919,SenateapprovedU.N.CharteronJuly28,1945,byvoteof89to2
IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)
• U.N.,headquartered inNewYorkCity, hadsomeinitial successes:
• HelpedpreservepeaceinIran,Kashmir,andothertroublespots
• PlayedlargeroleincreatingnewJewishstateofIsrael• U.N.TrusteeshipCouncilguidedformercoloniestoindependence
• UNESCO,FAO,andWHObroughtbenefitstopeoplesacrossglobe
IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)
• Newatomic technology tested spirit ofcooperation, andU.N.failedbadly:
• USAproposedseparateagencytohaveworld-wideauthorityoveratomicenergy,weapons,andresearch
• SovietUnionrespondedwithcallfortotaloutlawingofnuclearweaponsbyeverynation,butUSArefused
• SovietUnionusedvetotoscuttleproposalsatU.N.• Opportunitytotamenuclearmonsterlost
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V.TheProblemofGermany
• Hitler's ruined Reich hadcreated problemsforallwartime Allies:
• AgreedNazismhadtobecutoutofGermanpolitics• InvolvedpunishingNazileadersforwarcrimes• Nurembergwarcrimestrial1945-1946:
– Tried22 top culprits– Accusations included
» Crimes against laws ofwarandhumanity» Aggression contrary tosolemn treatypledges
– Justice, Nuremberg-style, harsh– 12accusedNazis executed
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V.TheProblemofGermany(cont.)
» Sevensentenced to long jail terms» “FoxyHermann” Goering escaped hangman byswallowing hidden cyanidecapsule
» Other trials continued foryears– Critics condemned trials as judicial lynching:
» Because victims tried foroffenses thathadnotbeenclearcutcrimes when warbegan
• BeyondpunishingtopNazis,AlliescouldagreeonlittleaboutpostwarGermany
– SomeAmerican Hitler-haters wanted todismantle Germanfactories and reduce country topotato patch
– Soviets, denied U.S.economicassistance, determined torebuild byextracting reparations fromGermans
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V.TheProblemofGermany(cont.)
– Both clashed with reality thathealthy Germany industrialeconomy indispensable toEuropean recovery
– Germanydivided into four military occupation zones:» Eachoneassigned tooneofBigFourpowers (France,Britain, America, andUSSR) (seeMap35.1)
• WesternAllies:– Refused toallow Moscow tobleed their zones of thereparations Stalin insisted hehad beenpromised atYalta
– Began topromote idea of reunited Germany
Map 35-1 p825
V.TheProblemsofGermany(cont.)
– Communists responded by tightening grip onEastern zone– Soonapparent Germanywould remain divided:
» West Germanybecame independent country,weddedtoWest
» EastGermany,along with other Soviet-dominatedEastern European countries becamenominallyindependent “satellite” states bound toSovietUnion
» Eastern Europe virtually disappeared fromWesternsight behind “iron curtain” of secrecyand isolation
» Division ofEurope would last some fourdecades
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V.TheProblemsofGermany(cont.)
• Whatabout Berlin?– DeepwithinSovietzone– Dividedintosectorsoccupiedbytroopsofeachoffourvictoriouspowers
– In1948,aftercontroversiesover:• Germancurrencyreformandfour-powercontrol• SovietsabruptlyclosedrailandhighwayaccesstoBerlin
– Berlinhugesymbolicissueforbothsides
V.TheProblemsofGermany(cont.)
• Americans organized giganticBerlinairlift:– U.S.pilotsferriedthousandsoftonsofsuppliesadaytogratefulBerliners
– WesternEuropetookheartfromdemonstratedAmericancommitmentinEurope
– SovietsliftedblockadeinMay1949– Sameyear, twoGermanys,EastandWest,established
– ColdWarcongealed
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VI.ColdWarDeepens
• Stalin, seekingoilconcessions, brokeagreement toremovetroops fromnorth Iran– Stalineventuallybackeddown
• Moscow's hard-line policies inGermany,EasternEurope, andMiddleEastwroughtpsychological PearlHarbor– AmericansupsetbyKremlin'sunwillingnesstocontinuewartimepartnership
– Attitudesonbothsideshardened
VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)
• Truman's response toSovietchallenges:– Containmentdoctrine:
• CraftedbyGeorgeF.Kennanin1947• HeldthatRussia,whethertsaristorcommunist,relentlesslyexpansionist
• ArguedflowofSovietpowercouldbecontainedby“firmandvigilantcontainment”
– TrumanDoctrine:• TrumanembracedKennan's“get-tough-withRussia”intellectualframework
VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)
• WentbeforeCongressonMarch12,1947• Askedfor$400milliontobolsterGreeceandTurkey
– Support for those resisting “Communist aggression”
• Congressgrantedmoneyandthussupportforopen-endedcommitmentofvastproportions
• ExaggeratingSovietthreat,Trumanpitchedmessageinchargedlanguageofholyglobalwaragainstgodlesscommunismtoovercomeanyrevivedisolationism
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VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)
• Threatsin war-ravagedWesternEurope:– EspeciallyFrance, Italy,andGermany
• DangerofbeingtakenoverfrominsidebyCommunistparties
• OnJune5,1947,SecretaryofStateGeorgeMarshallinvitedEuropeanstogettogetherandworkoutjointplanforeconomicrecovery
– Iftheydid, USAwould provide substantial financial assistance
– This cooperation eventually led tocreation ofEuropeanCommunity (EC)
VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)
• MarshallPlan:• MetinParisinJuly1947tothrashoutdetails• MarshallofferedsameaidtoUSSRanditsallies,butundertermsUSSRcouldnotaccept
• Calledforspending$12.5billionoverfouryearsin16cooperatingcountries(seeMap35.2)
• Congressatfirstbalkedatmammothsum• Lookedhugewhenaddedto$2billionalreadyprovidedforEuropeanrelief
• AsColdWartensionsescalated,CongressvotedinitialappropriationsinApril1948
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Map 35-2 p828
VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)
• MarshallPlan aspectacular success:• U.S.dollarsassistedanemicWesternEuropeannations• “Economicmiracle” drenchedEuropeinprosperity• CommunistpartiesinItalyandFrancelostground
– Twocountries saved fromcommunism
– TrumanonMay14,1948officiallyrecognizedstateofIsraelondayofitsbirth• Antagonizedoil-richArabswhoopposedsuchastateinBritishmandateterritoryofPalestine
• DecisiongreatlycomplicatedUSA-Arabrelations
VII.AmericaBeginstoRearm
• Sovietmenaceresulted increation ofhugenewnational security apparatus– NationalSecurityAct1947:
• CreatedDepartmentofDefense• Headedbynewcabinetoffice,secretaryofdefense• Underthesecretary,wereciviliansecretariesofthenavy,thearmy,andtheairforce
• UniformedheadsofeachservicebroughttogetherasJointChiefsofStaff
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VII.AmericaBeginstoReform(cont.)
– Established National Security Council (NSC) toadvisepresident onsecurity matters and
– Central Intelligences Agency (CIA) tocoordinategovernment's foreign factgathering
– Congress:• Authorized“VoiceofAmerica” (1948)tobeamAmericanradiobroadcastsbehindironcurtain
• Resurrectedmilitarydraft:conscriptionofselectedyoungmenfrom19to25
– Selective ServiceSystemshaped millions ofyoung people'seducational, marital, andcareerplans
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VII.AmericaBeginstoReform(cont.)
• USAdecided tojoin defensiveEuropean Pact—NorthAtlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO):
• TobolstercontainmentandhelpreintegrateGermany• TreatysignedinWashingtononApril4,1949• Twelveoriginalsignatoriespledgedto
– Regardanattackononeasanattackonall– Respond with “armed force” ifnecessary
• SenateapprovedtreatyinJulybyvoteof82to13• Membershipboostedto14in1952whenGreecejoinedandto15in1955byadditionofWestGermany
VII.AmericaBeginstoReform(cont.)
• NATOpactepochal:• DramaticdeparturefromAmericandiplomaticconvention
• GiganticboostforEuropeanunification• SignificantstepinmilitarizationofColdWar• NATObecamecornerstoneofallColdWarAmericanpoliciestowardEurope
• PunditssummedupNATO'sthree-foldpurpose:– “To keepthe Russians out, theGermans down, and theAmericans in”
VIII.ReconstructionandRevolutioninAsia
• Reconstruction inJapan:– Simpler thanGermanybecauseaone-manshow
• MacArthurledprogramfordemocratizationofJapan• Top“warcriminals” triedinTokyofrom1946to1948
– 18sentenced toprison terms;7hanged
• MacArthursuccessfulandJapanesecooperatedtoanastonishingdegree
– MacArthur-dictated constitution adopted in1946:» Renounced militarism; provided forwomen's equality
» Introduced Western-style democratic government» Pavedway for Japan's phenomenal economic recovery
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VIII.ReconstructionandRevolution inAsia(cont.)
• Reconstruction inChina– OppositeofJapan:
• BittercivilwarragedbetweenNationalistsvs.communists
• WashingtonhalfheartedlysupportedNationalistgovernmentofGeneralissimoJiangJieshi
• CommunistsledbyMaoZedong(MaoTse-tung)• CorruptionandineptitudeinJiang'sregimeerodedpopularconfidenceinhisgovernment
• CommunistarmiesforcedJiangin1949tofleetoislandofFormosa(Taiwan)
VIII.ReconstructionandRevolution inAsia(cont.)
– CollapseofNationalistChinaamajordefeatforAmericaanditsalliesinColdWar—worsttodate:• Nearly¼ofworld'spopulation—some500million—sweptintocommunistcamp
• “FallofChina” becamebitterlypartisanissueinUSA– Republicans assailed Truman forhaving“lost China”– Claimed Democratshaddeliberately withheld aid fromJiang
• Morebadnews:– Sept.1949:TrumanannouncedSovietshadexplodedanatomicbomb
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VIII.ReconstructionandRevolution inAsia(cont.)
– TooutpaceSovietsinnuclearweaponry,TrumanordereddevelopmentofHydrogenbomb• “H-bomb” muchmorepowerfulthanatomicbomb• J.RobertOppenheimerledgroupofscientistsinoppositiontodevelopmentofthermonuclearweapons
• AlbertEinsteindeclared,“annihilationofanylifeonearthhasbeenbroughtwithintherangeoftechnicalpossibilities”
VIII.ReconstructionandRevolution inAsia(cont.)
• UnitedStatesexploredfirsthydrogendevicein1952• SovietscounteredwiththeirfirstH-bombexplosionin1953
• Nucleararmsraceenteredperilouslycompetitivecycle– Onlyconstrained by recognition that truly hotCold Warwould destroy world
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IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts
• Newshooting phasetoColdWar:June 1950informer Japanesecolony– AfterWWII,SoviettroopsacceptedJapan'ssurrendernorthofthirty-eighthparallel
– American troopsdidsosouthof38th parallel– BothsuperpowersprofessedtowantreunificationandindependenceofKorea• AsinGermany,eachsidehelpedsetuprivalregimesaboveandbelowparallel
IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)
– By1949,bothsideshadwithdrawnforces:• Leftabristlingarmedcamp• Twohostileregimeseyedeachothersuspiciously
– ExplosioncameonJune25,1950• SpearheadedbySoviet-madetanks,NorthKoreanarmyrumbledacross38th parallel
• SouthKoreanforcespushedtoPusaninsouth
– Trumanviewed incidentthrough“containmentdoctrine” thatanyrelaxationinAmerica'sguardwouldinvitecommunistaggression
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Figure 35-1 p833
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IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)
• Prompted massiveexpansion ofU.S.military– NationalSecurityCouncilMemorandumNumber68(NSC-68):• RecommendedUSAquadrupledefensespending• Trumanorderedmassivebuildup,wellbeyondwhatwasnecessaryforKorea:
– U.S.had3.5million men under arms– Spent$50 billion peryearondefense budget—some 13%ofGNP
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IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)
– NSC-68keydocumentofColdWarperiod:• MarkedmajorstepinmilitarizationofAmericanforeignpolicy
• ReflectedsenseofalmostlimitlesspossibilitythatpervadedpostwarAmericansociety
• RestedonassumptionthatenormousAmericaneconomycouldbearwithoutstrainhugecostsofgiganticrearmamentprogram
• SaidoneNSC-68planner:“Thereispracticallynothingthecountrycouldnotdoifitwantedtodoit”
IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)
• Truman andUnited Nations:– OnJune25,1950,obtainedunanimouscondemnationofNorthKoreaasaggressor:• SecurityCouncilcalledallU.N.members,includingUSA,to“renderassistance” torestorepeace
• Twodayslater,TrumanorderedAmericanairandnavalunitstosupportSouthKorea
• OrderedGeneralMacArthur'sJapan-basedtroopsintoactionalongsidebeleagueredSouthKoreans
• Sobeganill-fatedKoreanWar
IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)
• United States' role:– SimplyparticipatinginU.N.“policeaction”– Infact,UnitedStatesprovided88%ofU.N.contingents
– MacArthur,appointedU.N.commanderofentireoperation:• TookordersfromWashington,notfromSecurityCouncil
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X.TheMilitarySeesawinKorea– MacArthurlandedbehindenemy'slineatInchononSeptember15,1950:• Succeededbrilliantly• NorthKoreansscrambledbackbehind“sanctuary” ofthirty-eighthparallel
• U.N.AssemblytacitlyauthorizedcrossingbyMacArthur• TrumanorderedMacArthurnorthwardaslongasnoarmedinterventionbyChineseorSoviets(seeMap35.3)
– AmericansraisedstakesinKorea:• BroughtChinaintodangerousgame
Map 35-3 p834
X.TheMilitarySeesawinKorea(cont.)
• Chinese involvement:– WouldnotsitbyandwatchhostiletroopsapproachboundarybetweenKoreaandChina
– MacArthurboastedhewould“havetheboyshomebyChristmas”• InNov.1950,tensofthousandsofChinese“volunteers” felluponhisrashlyoverextendedline
– Hurled U.N.forcesbackdown peninsula
• Warbecamestalematenearthirty-eighthparallel
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X.TheMilitarySeesawinKorea(cont.)
• MacArthurpressedfordrasticretaliation,whileWashingtonrefusedtoenlargealreadycostlyconflict:
– Europe, notAsia, wasadministration's first concern– USSR, notChina, loomed asmoresinister foe
• MacArthursneeredatconceptof“limitedwar”– Trumanbravely resisted calls fornuclear escalation
– When MacArthur criticized president's policies publicly,Trumanhad nochoicebut to remove insubordinateMacArthur fromcommandonApril 11, 1951
– ManyAmericans criticized Truman's decision– Reflected popular passions ofCold Warat home
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XI.TheColdWarHomeFront
• ColdWardeeply shapedpolitical andeconomic developments athomeafterWWII
• Newanti-red chaseaccelerated byfearsofcommunist spiesinUSA:
• In1947,Trumanlaunchedmassive“loyalty”program:– Attorney general drew up list of90supposedly disloyalorganizations
– LoyaltyReview Board investigated more than three millionfederal employees
– Some3,000 ofwhom either resigned orwere dismissed,none under formal indictment
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XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)
• Individualstatesbecameinvolved• Loyaltyoaths demanded ofemployees, especially teachers
• 1949:11communistsbroughtbeforeNewYorkjuryforviolatingSmithActof1940:
– First peacetimeanti-sedition lawsince 1798– Convicted ofadvocating overthrow ofAmerican governmentby force,defendants sent toprison
– Supreme Court upheld convictions inDennis v. UnitedStates (1951)
XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)
• House ofRepresentatives in1938establishedHouse Un-American Activities Committee– (HUAC)toinvestigate“subversion”
• In1948,RichardM.Nixon,ambitiouscommitteemember,ledchaseafterAlgerHiss:
– Prominent ex-NewDealer– Distinguished memberof“eastern establishment”
– Accused ofbeing acommunist agent in1930s– Hiss demanded right todefend himself– Dramatically metchiefaccuserbefore HUAC inAugust 1948– Hiss denied everything but wascaught in falsehoods
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XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)
– Convicted ofperjury in1950; sentenced to5years inprison
– JuliusandEthelRosenberg:• Allegedly“leaked” atomicdatatoMoscow• Convictedin1951ofespionage• Wenttoelectricchairin1953
– Onlypeople inAmerican history everexecuted in peacetimeforespionage
• Sensationaltrialandelectrocution,combinedwithsympathyfortwoorphanedchildren,begantosoursomecitizensonexcessesofred-hunters
XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)
– WasAmericareally riddledwithSoviet spies?• Sovietagentsdidinfiltratesomegovernmentagencies,thoughwithoutseverelydamagingconsequences
– Someconservativesusedredbrushtotaranyoneinvolvedinsocialchangeas“subversive”
– Redhuntturnedintoawitchhunt:• 1950:TrumanvetoedMcCarranInternalSecurityBill:
– Authorized president toarrest anddetain suspicious peopleduring “internal security emergency”
– Critics: bill smackedofpolice-state tactics– Congress enactedbill overTruman's veto
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XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)
• Senator JosephR.McCarthy:mostdangerouspractitioner ofdemagogic anticommunism
• February1950:accusedSecretaryofStateDeanAchesonofknowinglyemploying205Communists
– McCarthy never identified a single actual communist
• HisRepublicancolleaguesencouragedhimtoattack• Hisrhetoricgrewbolderasdidhisaccusations• HesawredhandofMoscoweverywhere• McCarthyismflourishedinseethingColdWaratmosphereofsuspicionandfear
XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)
• McCarthymostruthlessred-hunteranddidmostdamagetoAmericantraditionsoffairplayandfreespeech
• Careersofcountlessofficials,writers,andactorsruinedby“Low-BlowJoe”
• Politicianstrembledinfaceofsuchattacks• Atpeakofhispower,McCarthycontrolledpersonnelpolicyinStateDepartment
– Resulted in severe damage tomorale andeffectiveness ofprofessional foreign service
– Deprived government ofanumber ofAsian specialists– DamagedAmerica's international reputation for fairandopendemocracy
XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)
– WenttoofarwhenheattackedU.S.Army• Militaryfoughtbackin35daysoftelevisedhearings(spring1954)inArmy-McCarthyhearings:
– Upto20million watched hearings
– McCarthy publicly cuthis ownthroat byparading hisessential meanness and irresponsibil ity
• Senateformallycondemnedhimfor“conductunbecomingamember”
• ThreeyearslaterMcCarthydiedofchronicalcoholism• “McCarthyism” alabelfordangerousforcesofunfairness/fear,unleashedbydemocraticsociety
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XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)
– ColdWarshapedAmericanculture• ManyinterpretedconflictbetweencapitalistWestandcommunistEastinreligiousterms
– TheologianReinholdNiebuhrcastColdWarasabattlebetweengoodandevil• Dividedworldintotwocamps:“childrenoflight”vs.“childrenofdarkness”
– Religiousbeliefofanykindbecamedistinguishingfeatureof“AmericanWay”• Congressin1954insertedwords“underGod” intoPledgeofAllegiance
XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)
– Radicalvoicesmuzzled– Evenmoderatecivilrightsactivistsslanderedascommunistsorfellowtravelers
– ColdWaralsocreatedpressureonUSAtoliveuptoitsdemocraticideals
– CreatednewopportunitiesforcivilrightsactiviststopressUSAoncivilrightsclaims• SeeTruman'slandmarkExecutiveOrder9981,desegregatingArmedForces(1948)
XII.PostwarEconomicAnxieties
• Decadeof1930shadleftdeep scars:• Joblessnessandinsecuritypushedupsuiciderateanddampenedmarriagerate
– Babies wentunborn—pinched budgets and sagging self-esteem wrought asexual depression
• Warbanishedblightofdepression• Afalteringeconomythreatenedtoconfirmworstpredictionsofdoomsayers:
– Who foresaw another GreatDepression
• Grossnationalproduct(GNP)slumpedin1946-47• Epidemicofstrikessweptcountry
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XII.PostwarEconomicAnxieties(cont.)
– Growthoforganizedlaborannoyedconservatives• CongresspassedTaft-HartleyAct (1947)overTruman'sveto
– Outlawed “closed” (all-union) shop– Made unions liable fordamages that resulted from jurisdictionaldisputes among themselves
– Required union leaders totakeanoncommunist oath
• CIO'sOperationDixie:– Aimed atunionizing southern textile workers andsteel workers– Failed because white workers feared racialmixing– Serviceworkers proved difficult toorganize– Union membership peaked in1950s, then beganslow decline
XII.PostwarEconomicAnxieties(cont.)
– Democraticadministrationtookstepstoforestalleconomicdownturn:• Soldwarfactoriesandgovernmentinstallationstoprivatebusinessatfire-saleprices
• SecuredpassageofEmployment Actof1946:– Made government policy“topromote maximum employment,production, andpurchasing power”
– Created threemember Council ofEconomic Advisers toprovide president with dataand recommendations onimplementation
• 1944passageofServicemen'sReadjustmentAct– Better known asGIBill ofRights, orGIBill:
XII.PostwarEconomicAnxieties(cont.)
– Feared job marketnotable toabsorb somany returning vets– Offered$20aweek forup to52weeks incompensation– Generous provision for sending former soldiers to school
– Someeight million veterans advanced their education– Most attended technical andvocational schools– Sometwomillion attended colleges anduniversities– Total spent oneducation =$14.5billion in taxpayerdollars– Actenabled Veterans Administration toguarantee$16 billion inloans forvets tobuyhomes, farms,and small businesses
– Actnurtured robust and long-lived economic expansion andprofoundly shaped entire history ofpostwar era
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XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948
• 1948election:– Republicans(woncontrolofCongressin1946)
• GatheredinPhiladelphiain1948tochoosetheirpresidentialcandidate
• NominatedThomasE.Deweyagain
– DemocratschoseTruman:• Infaceofvehementoppositionbysoutherndelegates
– Alienated byhis strong stand in favorofcivil rights forblacks, especially his decision in 1948 todesegregatemilitary
XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)
• Truman's nomination split party:– EmbitteredsouthernDemocratsfromthirteenstates• MetinconventioninBirmingham,Alabama• NominatedGovernorJ.StromThurmondofSouthCarolinaonStates' Rightspartyticket
– HenryA.Wallacealsothrewhishatin:• NominatedatPhiladelphiabynewProgressiveparty• OpposedTruman'sget-tough-with-Russiapolicies
– WithDemocratssplit,Dewey'svictoryseemedassured
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XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)
• Truman delivered over300hundred speeches• LashedoutatTaft-Hartley“slave-labor” law• And“do-nothing” RepublicanCongress
– Whippedupsupportforhis• Programofcivilrights• Improvedlaborbenefits• Healthinsurance
– Onelectionnight,ChicagoTribuneearlyedition:“DEWEYDEFEATSTRUMAN”
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XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)
• Election results:– Trumanswepttostunningtriumph
• Thurmondtook39electoralvotesinSouth• Trumanwon303electoralvotes,primarilyfromSouth,Midwest,andWest
• Dewey's189electoralvotesprincipallyfromeast• Tomakeitsweeter,DemocratsregainedCongress
– Truman'svictoryrestedonfarmers,workers,andblacks,allofwhomwereRepublican-wary
XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)
• Fourth point ofTruman's inaugural address– Thereafterknownas“PointFour”
• Lendmoneyandtechnicalaidtounderdevelopedlandstohelpthemhelpthemselves
• Trumanwantedtospendmillionstokeepunderprivilegedpeoplesfrombecomingcommunists
– Rather thanbillions toshoot themafter theybecamecommunists
• Programofficiallylaunchedin1950– Tohelp impoverished nations inLatinAmerica, Africa,Middle East,and Asia
XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)
• Sweeping FairDeal reformprogram– PresentedtoCongressin1949for:
• Improvedhousing• Fullemployment• Nationalhealthinsurance• Higherminimumwage• Betterfarmpricesupports• NewTVAs• ExtensionofSocialSecurity
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XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)
– MostproposalskilledbyoppositionfromcongressionalRepublicansandsouthernDemocrats• Onlymajorsuccesses:
– Raised minimum wage– Provided forpublic housing in Housing Actof1949– Extended old-age insurance tomorebeneficiaries inSocialSecurityActof1950
XIV.The LongEconomicBoom,1950–1970
• 1950seconomic surge:• U.S.economicperformancebecameenvyofworld• Nationalincomenearlydoubledin1950s• Nearlydoubledagainin1960s• Shootthroughtrillion-dollarmarkin1973• Americans,6%ofworld'spopulation,enjoyedabout40%ofplanet'swealth
• Fantasticeruptionofaffluence• Prosperityunderwrotesocialmobility• Pavedwayforsuccessofcivilrightsmovement
XIV.TheLongEconomicBoom,1950-1970(cont.)
• Fundedvastnewwelfareprograms(e.g.,Medicare)• GaveAmericansconfidencetoexerciseunprecedentedinternationalleadership
– Americansdrankdeeplyfromgildedgoblet:• Madeupforsufferingsof1930s• Determinedto“gettheirs” whilegettingwasgood• “Middleclass” households(earnbetween$3,000and$10,000ayear)doubledtoinclude60%ofAmericansbymid-1950s
• 60%offamiliesownedtheirownhomesin1960,comparedto40%in1920s
• 1960:nearly90%offamiliesownedatelevision
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XIV.TheLongEconomicBoom,1950-1970(cont.)
• Womenreapedgreatrewards:– Urban officesandshops provided bonanza ofemployment– Greatmajority ofnew jobs createdwent towomen– Especially as servicesector outgrew manufacturing sector– Women accounted for¼ofU.S.workforceatend ofWWIIandnearly ½by1990s
– Yetpopular culture glorified traditional feminine roles ofhomemaker andmother
– Clash between demands of suburban housewifery andrealities ofemployment eventually sparked feminist revoltin1960s
XV.TheRootsofPostwarProsperity
• Whatpropelled economic growth:– SecondWorldWaritself:
• USAusedwartofireupfactoriesandrebuildeconomy
– Muchrestedonunderpinningsofcolossalpostwarmilitarybudgets(seeFigure35.2)• FueledbymassiveappropriationsforKoreanWaranddefensespending(10%ofGNP)
• Pentagondollarsprimedpumpsofhigh-technologyindustries—aerospace,plastics,andelectronics
Figure 35-2 p841
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XV.TheRootsofPostwarProsperity (cont.)
• Militarybudgetfinancedmuchscientificresearchanddevelopment(“RandD”)
– Unlocking secrets ofnaturekey tounleashing economic growth
– Cheapenergy fedeconomicboom:• AmericansandEuropeanscontrolledflowofabundantpetroleumofMiddleEasttokeeppriceslow
• Americansdoubledoilconsumption(1945-'70)asthey:– Built endless ribbons ofhighways– Installed air-conditioning inhomes
– Engineered sixfold increase incountry's electricity-generatingcapacitybetween 1945-'70
XV.TheRootsofPostwarProsperity (cont.)
– Spectaculargainsinworkerproductivity• 1950s:onaverageproductivityincreased3%peryear• Enhancedbyrisingeducationallevelofworkforce
– By1970, nearly90% of school agepopulation enrolled ineducational institutions
– Better educatedand betterequipped workers in 1970couldproduce twiceper hourasmuchas in 1950
– Rising productivity in 1950s and1960s virtually doubled averageAmerican's standard of living inpostwar years
– Changesinnation'sbasiceconomicstructure– Acceleratingshiftofworkforceoutofagriculture
p842
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XV.TheRootsofPostwarProsperity (cont.)
• Consolidationproducedgiantagribusinessesabletoemploycostlymachines
• Withmechanization,newfertilizers,governmentsubsidiesandpricesupports:
– One farmworker could now feed50people, compared to15people in 1940s
– Farmersnow plowed fields in air-conditioned tractorcabs,listening tostereophonic radios
– Byendof1900s, farmers madeuponly 2%ofworkingAmericans—yet fedmuchofworld
XVI.TheSmiling Sunbelt• Population redistribution begun byWWII:
• Americanshadalwaysbeenapeopleonthemove• After1945,onaverage30millionpeoplechangedresidenceseveryyear
• Familiesespeciallyfeltstrainofseparation• Popularityofadvicebooksonchild-rearing:
– Dr.Benjamin Spock'sTheCommon SenseBookofBabyandChild Care
• Influidpostwarneighborhoods,friendshipshardtosustain
• Mobilityexactedhighhumancostinloneliness/isolation
XVI.TheSmiling Sunbelt(cont.)
• Growth ofSunbelt—15-state area:• FromVirginiathroughFlorida,Texas,Arizona,California• HadpopulationgrowthratetwicethatofNortheast• Californiaby1963=mostpopulacestateinUSA• SouthandSouthwestanewfrontier• Distributionofpopulationincrease,1958(seeMap35.4)• FederalfundskeytoprosperityofSouthandWeststates:
– Annually received $444billion more thanNorth andMidwestby2000s
– Neweconomic warbetween states shaped up
• BigeffectsonpresidencyandHouseofRepresentatives
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Map 35-4 p843
XVII.TheRushtotheSuburbs
• Inallregions, whitesfled citiesfor newsuburbs (seeMakersofAmerica)– Governmentpoliciesencouragedmovementaway fromurbancenters• FederalHousingAdministration(FHA)andVeteransAdministration(VA)offeredhome-loanguarantees
• Taxdeductionsforinterestpaymentsonhomemortgagesafinancialincentive
• Government-builthighwaysspedcommuterstosuburbanhomes;facilitatedmassmigration
XVII.TheRushtotheSuburbs(cont.)
• Homeconstructionindustryboomedin1950sand1960s– Levittown revolutionized techniques ofhome construction– Helped people move tosuburbs– Critics wailed atmonotony ofsuburban “tract” development
• “Whiteflight” tosuburbsleftinnercitiesblack,brown,andbroke(seeMakersofAmericainChap.36)
• Businesses(andtheirtaxes)leftcitiesfornewsuburbanmalls
• GovernmentpoliciesaggravatedpatternofresidentialsegregationbyoftendenyingFHAmortgagestoblacks
– Limited blackmobility outofcity,sent themtourban public housingprojects— thus solidifying racial separation
– Blacks missed outon huge increase invalue ofsuburban homes
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XVIII.ThePostwarBabyBoom
• Babyboom:– Hugeleapinbirthrateinfifteenyearsafter1945:
• Recordnumberofmarriagesatwar'send• Beganimmediatelytofillnation'semptycradles• Touchedoffdemographicexplosionadding50milliontonationbyendof1950s
• Crestedin1957• By1973,fertilityratesdroppedbelowpointnecessarytomaintainexistingpopulationwithoutimmigration
XVIII.ThePostwarBabyBoom(cont.)
– Boom-or-bustcycleofbirthsbegotbulgingwavealongAmericanpopulationcurve• Forexample,increasedelementaryschoolenrollmentstonearly34millionby1970
• Thenaclosingofelementaryschoolsandunemploymentofteachersinlate1970s
– By1960s,economicshiftofbabyproductstoyouthproducts(“youthculture”)
– Babyboomerscontinuedtoaffectcultureandeconomyastheyaged
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