the cold war 1945- 1991 by ms. joseph cold war competition and tension between the us and ussr for...
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The Cold War 1945-The Cold War 1945-19911991 By Ms. By Ms.
JosephJoseph
Cold WarCold War• Competition and tension between the US and USSR for power and influence in the world without any direct fighting• Competitions:
Politics – Democracy vs. Communism (Totalitarianism)
Economics – Capitalism vs. Communism or Mixed Economy vs. Command Economy
Technology Arms Race (weapons & military)Space Race
Influence among 3rd World NationsMilitary Alliances – NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
““Weapons” of the Cold Weapons” of the Cold WarWar
• Threat of Nuclear Attack
• Propaganda• Sending Economic
and Military Aid to Weaker Nations
Different Values
USA
• Democracy
• Freedom
• Capitalism
• Individualism
USSR
• Totalitarianism
• Equality
• Socialism
• CollectivismUSA rules, USSR drools
We are theBest, better than
The West
Roots of the Cold WarRoots of the Cold War• WWI
Russia gets out early, US entry helps win the war• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russians lose 1/3 of their territory• Russian Revolution
U.S. doesn’t recognize Russian govt. until 1933 West aids White Army
• Treaty of Versailles Russia not invited Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia granted independence
• WWII Stalin signs Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Stalin pleas for help on eastern front denied Russian losses at 29M, US only 400,000 US refuses to give Russia nuclear technology US drops bomb to avoid giving Russia more territory WWII Agreements – Yalta and Potsdam
YALTA (in the USSR)YALTA (in the USSR)Date: Feb 1945Date: Feb 1945
Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and StalinRoosevelt and Stalin
YaltaYalta
• Creation of United Nations• Division of Germany • Russian agree to help defeat Japan
in exchange for land• Stalin agrees to free elections in
occupied territories
POTSDAM (Germany)POTSDAM (Germany)Date: July 1945Date: July 1945
Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Truman and StalinTruman and Stalin
PotsdamPotsdam
• Stalin has refused free elections, instead installed communist governments in occupied territories.
• US has the A-bomb and are anxious to restrict Russia
• Finalize agreement to divide Germany and Berlin
Cold War Foreign PoliciesCold War Foreign Policies
US• Truman
Doctrine• Containment• Marshall Plan• NATO• United Nations
USSR• Soviet Satellites
– Iron Curtain• Molotov Plan• Warsaw Pact• United Nations
Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine• CAUSE - Greece and Turkey threatened
with communist takeovers
• 1947 Truman promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”.
• US Foreign Policy - provide money and military aid to nations resisting communist takeovers
• Greece and Turkey, received $400M first and successfully defeated communism
• Italy received $$ to secure upcoming elections. France received aid to prevent the advance of Communist trade unions
• It signalled the end of “isolationst” policies.
ContainmentContainment• Containment – US Foreign Policy to
keep communism within its existing borders
• Places were Containment Policy was used:
– Greece– Turkey– South Korea– Berlin– Vietnam
Marshall PlanMarshall Plan• Marshall Plan - money to
help rebuild European economies after WWII
• Purpose – Prevent spread of communism by eliminating the conditions that encourage communism
• Catch -$ had to be spent on products made in the US
• USSR - rejected the Marshall Plan thinking it was a plan to boost the US economy and make countries dependent on US
United NationsUnited Nations• Purpose - International Organization established
after WWII to maintain international peace
• Organization – 6 main groups Security Council
o resolves disputes, maintains peace and securityo 15 members, 5 permanent
Russia, China, US, France, Great Britain General Assembly
o Representatives from all member nationso Makes policies
Secretariat – executive and administrative duties Economic and Social Council – provides economic assistance
and programs to 3rd world nations International Council – oversees transition to colonial rule World Court – resolves international disputes, war crimes
United NationsUnited NationsProblems - Between 1945-1949 US and USSR vetoed each other initiatives. Many were concerned that the UN might become another LON
1950 – USSR boycotted UN over failure to recognize Communist China
enabled the US to take action in Korea UN resolution to sends troops to aid South Korea against a North Korean invasion ensured that the UN could send troops to resolve international disputes
Iron CurtainIron Curtain • “From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent”
-Winton Churchill
• Soviet Satellites - Soviet controlled countries in Eastern Europe (aka countries behind the iron curtain)
• Purpose – protect USSR from invasion from the West
Molotov PlanMolotov Plan
• USSRs plan to counter the Marshall Plan a.k.a COMCON
• Eastern European countries under Soviet influence received some aid
Soviet Union Tests BombSoviet Union Tests Bomb
• 1949 Soviets Test first Atomic Bomb
• US and West react with fear and despair
• Arms Race Begins
NATO and NATO and Warsaw PactWarsaw PactNATO
• Military Alliance between the US and western Europe
• An attack against one nation would be considered an attack against all
Warsaw Pact• Military Alliance
between the USSR and Eastern Europe
• Pledge to defend one another in the event of an attack
Cold War Events Tension and Conflict
• Berlin– Airlift– Wall
• U2 Spy Plane
• Cuba
• Korea
• Vietnam
Divided GermanyDivided Germany• Germany had been divided
into 4 sectors after WWIIAllies remain in these
territories and implement their own economies/political systems
• Allies had different goals for GermanyUSSR - prevent Germany
from becoming too strong again
Western Allies - make Germany economically strong to avoid Communism
Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Winston
Churchill Churchill to describe the to describe the separating of separating of Those Those
communistcommunistlands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from
the the West. West.
Improve your knowledge
• The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.
Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade• CAUSES
– Western Allies attempt to unite the Western Sectors of Germany and Berlin and form an independent West Germany with a common currency
– Stalin responds with attempt to take over all of Berlin
• Berlin Blockade – 1948 Stalin tries to starve the city to force the west out of West Berlin
– USSR cut off all ground access to Berlin, leaving 2M West Berliners without food, electricity and fuel
Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade
• You are President Truman…What would you have done to save West Berlin?
• What are the pros and cons to each alternative?
Truman’s ChoicesTruman’s Choices
• Use military force to gain ground access to West Berlin
• Give up West Berlin to Soviets• Is there another?
Airlift Food and SuppliesAirlift Food and Supplies
Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift• Purpose – to
prevent the takeover of West Berlin by the USSR
• US sent 2M tons of supplies to West Berlin on Cargo Plans
• Plans landed 24hrs/day to keep west Berliners from starving
Operation “Little Vittles”Operation “Little Vittles”• US pilots drop
candy to the children of West Berlin using parachutes made of handkerchiefs
Extended ThinkingExtended Thinking
What did the Berlin Airlift do for the relationship between the U.S. and German people?
What did the Berlin Airlift do for Stalin?
In what ways did President Truman’s airlift support the policy of containment?
As you view the film, make note of the end result of the airlift? What happened to the west and east sectors of Germany?
Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift
Effects of Berlin BlockadeEffects of Berlin Blockade
• Success for Containment• Germany became 2 countries – East and
West Germany• Berlin became permanently divided• US – appeared as friend rather than foe to
West German’s• USSR/Stalin - appeared oppressive and
brutal
U2 Spy Plane Incident• May 1, 1960• US U-2 spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union. • Khrushchev demanded an apology - Eisenhower refused. • Pilot Gary Powers - Convicted of espionage and
sentenced to 3 years imprisonment and 7 years of hard labor. – Served 1 year 9 months and 9 days before being traded for the
Soviet spy Colonel Rudolph Ivanovich Abel.
• Effect- Created further mistrust between US and USSR
Berlin WallBerlin Wall
Berlin WallBerlin Wall• Constructed in 1961
• Purpose - keep East Berliners from defecting to West Berlin
• Effects – East Berliners
separated from families
and jobs, exodus ended
CubaCuba• Cuban Revolution – 1956
– Castro overthrows President Batista
– Establishes Communist Government in Cuba
– Nationalizes all industries • Many owned by U.S. citizens
US Response to Cuban RevolutionUS Response to Cuban Revolution
• Bay of Pigs Invasion– CIA plan to Overthrow Castro– Sent Cuban Exiles to invade Cuba– Kennedy cancelled US air support– Invasion Failed
• Operation Mongoose– CIA plan to assassinate Castro and interrupt
Cuban Trade
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis Cuban reaction to US
attempts to overthrow Castro
Turn to USSR for Help Soviets begin building
nuclear weapon sites in Cuba
October 1962 – US U2 Spy Plane Photographs Missile launch sites under construction in Cuba
• Missiles could reach
Missile RangeMissile Range
Missiles could reach every major city in US (except Seattle) within minutes of launch
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile CrisisOct 16-28, 1962Oct 16-28, 1962
• Causes Reaction to US attempts to invade
Cuba and overthrow Fidel CastroReaction to US missiles placed in
Turkey
KennedyKhrushchev
Kennedy SpeechKennedy SpeechCuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis• Potential Options Discussed by
ExComm (Sec. of State, Sec. of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, CIA Director, Vice President, UN Ambassador)
1. Ignore the Missiles2. Airstrikes to take out Missiles3. Airstrikes followed by US invasion4. Diplomacy5. Naval Blockade of Cuba
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
• Naval Blockade – option chosen by Kennedy– Demonstrated US willingness to take action– Gave Khrushchev time to consider the gravity of
the situation
• US Response– Americans left population centers– US military on full alert
• Soviet Response– Send ships toward Cuba– Eventually honor the blockade
CMC Final AgreementCMC Final Agreement
• Public:– USSR agrees to withdraw Missiles– US wont invade Cuba
• Private– Kennedy agreed to remove Missiles in
Turkey
Soviet Leadership - Cold War• Stalin (1922-1953)
• Khrushchev (1953 – 1964)
• Brezhnev (1964 – 1982))
Stalin• Stalin (1922-1953)
– Great Purge (1936-1938)• Political Rivals sent to gulags or purged
– 5 year Plan (1928)• focus on heavy industrial products
• Few consumer goods made
• Focus on quantity vs. quality
– Collectivization(1928)• Peasants forced to work on group farms
– Military spending high – 1st A-bomb (1949), 1st H-bomb (1952)
Khrushchev• Khrushchev (1953 – 1964)
– De-Stalinization (1953)• Denounced Stalin’s brutal policies
– Improved standard of living– More freedoms
– Continued Collectivization and 5 year plans
– U2 Spy Plane incident 1960
– Peaceful Co-existence with West (1961)
– Continued Massive Military Buildup • Sputnik – 1st Satellite in space = ICBMs
capable of reaching US (1957)
– Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) + Weakened Economy = Removed from Office (1964)
Brezhnev•1964 – 1982
•Reversed Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization policies (1964)
Brezhnev Doctrine – no country could leave the Warsaw Pact (1968)
•Détente (1972) – policy to “relax” relations with the US
SALT (1972)– limited the number of nuclear warheads and missiles that each country could maintain
•Invasion of Afghanistan (1979) ended détente
•Drained national treasury, unpopular
Soviet SatellitesSoviet SatellitesYugoslaviaYugoslavia
• Only large eastern European Communist state to resist Soviet Control
• Josip Tito – leader of Yugoslavia– insisted on own national policies– Developed his own form of Communism– Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from the
international communist organization
Soviet SatellitesSoviet SatellitesInvasion of Hungary 1956Invasion of Hungary 1956
• Hungarians demand freedoms from communist government
• Imre Nagy announced withdraw from Warsaw Pact - Threatens to return to democracy
• Khrushchev sends Soviet Army into Budapest
• Leaders and protesters rounded up and executed
• Hungary returns to Communism
Soviet Satellites Soviet Satellites Invasion of CzechoslovakiaInvasion of Czechoslovakia
19681968• Czechs attempt to loosen
Soviet Control• Czech leader Alexander
Dubcek restores some freedoms
• Soviets send in Warsaw Pact troops
• Czechoslovakia returns to Soviet Communism
Soviet SatellitesSoviet SatellitesPolandPoland
• Resented Soviet control• Gomulka – freed political prisoners and
ended collectivization, eased relations with the Catholic Church
• 1970s workers demand economic reforms• 1976 Growing underground movement to
resist Soviets aided by Catholic Church
Cold War in AsiaCold War in Asia
China KoreaVietnamJapan
Communism in ChinaCommunism in China
• 2000 years of Dynastic Rule• 1911 Republic of China established• Nationalist Leader - Sun Yat-sen
– Promised land reform and end to political corruption
Communism in ChinaCommunism in China• 1920 – Chinese Communist Party formed• 1920/30’s Nationalist Party in Control• – Chiang Kai-Shek leads Nationalist Party (1927)
– Millions of peasants starve– Unequal land distribution– Govt. policies favor wealthy landlords
• 1927 Civil War begins– Nationalist vs. Communists
• 1934 – Long March– 90K Communist March 2,000 miles in Protest against
government– Nationalist kill 6K Communists– Mao Zedong survives
Communism in ChinaCommunism in China• WWII
– Communist – Mao Zedong• gain strength in countryside by giving
peasants land• arm peasants with weapons• Communist movement grows
– Nationalist- Chiang Kai-shek• save best troops to fight Communists,
NOT Japanese• Troops are crushed by Japanese• Nationalist movement weakens• Continues to ignore problems
– Land reform, Corruption
Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War
• Civil War Resumes after WWII• US sends 3B in Aid to help
Nationalists• Why?_______________________• As you watch the video, answer the
following question:– What were the results of the Chinese
Civil War?
Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War
Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War• Results:
– Chiang Kai-shek flees to Formosa establishes the Republic of China• Allies with US
– Mao Zedong established the Peoples Republic of China• Allies with USSR
Communism in ChinaCommunism in China• 1949 Communist Revolution
– Mao Zedong becomes leader (1949-1976)
• 1952-1957 Soviet Socialism– 5 year Plan and Collectivization
• 1956 Break from Soviet Influence• Move toward true communism
• 1956-1961 Great Leap Forward– Modernize economy, while equally
sharing wealth– Large scale industrial programs– Communes
• 1966-1969 Cultural Revolution– Plan to rid China of the 4 Olds: ideas,
culture, customs and habits– Red Guard helped to enforce
Communist Ideas• 1976 Mao dies, Jiang Qing (wife) takes
over – struggle in Communist Party begins
Chinese ModernizationChinese Modernization• 1979-1997 Deng
Xioping– The Four Modernizations
• improve agricultural production
• update and expand industry
• modernize its army• Import foreign science
and technology
Deng Xiaoping 1904-1997
•1997-2003 Jiang Zemin•Modernization of industry
•Environmental destruction•Widening Gap between rich and poor
•Three Represents•Changes to Communist Ideology•Included “representing interests of majority”
•Movement to include business interests in party politics
Zemin improved Chinese relations Zemin improved Chinese relations Between the US and USSRBetween the US and USSR
Modern ChinaModern China
President Hu Jintao President Hu Jintao moves China toward moves China toward capitalismcapitalism
•Chinese Global Influence continues to GrowFocus:
•Environmental Controls•Gaps between rich and poor•Continued economic improvement•Foreign Investment in economy
•Personal, but not Political Freedoms•Media and Political Control
•Human Rights Violations – Tibet
•Committed to Chinese Reunification - Taiwan
Korean WarKorean War
KoreaKorea
• 1905 Sino-Japanese War Korea controlled by Japanese
• 1945 Post WWII North Korea occupied by USSR South Korea occupied by US Plan to create an independent, unified
Korea• 1948
US holds free elections in S. Korea USSR refuses free elections Syngman Rhee – President of S. Korea Kim Il Sung – USSR installed Leader
Communist N.Korea
Korean InvasionKorean Invasion• Jan 1950 Secretary of State
Dean Achseson Speech– South Korea not included as nation
of vital interest to US
• US uncertainty about South Korea leads Stalin to believe an invasion would be successful
• US/USSR misread intentions– Stalin believed US wouldn’t risk
another war– Truman believed USSR wouldn’t
risk full-scale invasion
Korean WarKorean War•North and South Korea Divided at the 38 Parallel
•June 1950 •90,000 N. Korea Troops
Invade S.Korea
•June 1950 •Truman orders Naval & AirForce to Korea without formal declaration of war•UN Security Council approves military aid to South Korea
North KoreaNorth Korea South KoreaSouth Korea
Korean WarKorean War
North KoreaNorth KoreaSouth Korea/UN South Korea/UN TroopsTroops
Cornered at Cornered at PusanPusan
•UN Troops Cornered at PusanUN Troops Cornered at Pusan
•MacArthur lands UN forces MacArthur lands UN forces Enemy lines at InchonEnemy lines at InchonDrives North Korean Troops Drives North Korean Troops To 38 ParallelTo 38 Parallel
Korean WarKorean War
North Korea pined North Korea pined at Chinese Borderat Chinese BorderSouth Korea/UN South Korea/UN TroopsTroops
•MacArthur pins troops against the Chinese border
•Ignores warnings from Mao to backOff
•Against Truman’s orders, MacArthur bombs bridges crossing into China
•China sends troops across border
Korean WarKorean War• Chinese/N. Korean troops
drive UN troops back across 38 Parallel
• MacArthur wants victory – expand war into China & use of nuclear weapons
• Truman wants “Limited War” – Containing the war within its borders & using conventional weapon
• April 1951 Truman Fires MacArthur for publically criticizing his policy of “Limited War”
North Korea/Chinese North Korea/Chinese Troops cross 38 Troops cross 38 ParallelParallelSouth Korea/UN South Korea/UN TroopsTroops
Korean WarKorean War
• What were the results of the Korean War?
North Korea North Korea South Korea/UN South Korea/UN TroopsTroops
Korean WarKorean War
Korean War ResultsKorean War Results
• South Korea remained Free– US Contained Communism– Became a Democracy – US Troops Remain at 38th Parallel– South Korea became an economic
“Tiger” – high economic growth
• North Korea – Communist– Leader - Kim Jong Il– Economy has stagnated– People are starving– Focus on developing nuclear
weapons
Lee Myung BakLee Myung BakPresident, S.KoreaPresident, S.Korea
Kim Jong IlKim Jong IlPresident, N. KoreaPresident, N. Korea
Korean War DeathsKorean War Deaths
Casualties in the Korean War
780,000500,000
70,000
30,000
4,500
NK & Chinese soldiersand civilians
SK civilians
SK soldiers
USA soldiers
Other UN soldiers
VietnamVietnam
History of VietnamHistory of Vietnam
• Once a Colony of France – want rubber, tin & rice
• Part of French Indochina– Cambodia– Laos– Vietnam
• Japanese capture during WWII
VietnamVietnam• Communist leader
Ho Chi Min • declares Vietnamese
independence in 1945– Goals:
• Independent Vietnam• Unified Vietnam• Land Reform
• French return to reclaim Vietnam
Vietminh StrategyVietminh Strategy
• Tire the French
• Guerrilla Warfare - avoid major battles, hit and run tactics
• Build support with peasants
Truman YearsTruman Years
• US Policy – 1950-1956– Containment and
Truman Doctine
• Provide military aid to French to defeat the Communist Vietminh
• French Lose
What were the results of What were the results of the Geneva Peace Talks?the Geneva Peace Talks?
• Vietnam divided at 17th Parallel
• North – Communist– Leader Ho Chi Min– Gained Popularity through
land reform
• South – Non-Communist Dictator– Leader - Ngo Dinh Diem– Refuses Land Reform
• Unification pending free elections
Eisenhower YearsEisenhower Years
• Policy of Containment
• Domino Theory – Fall of Vietnam would lead
Other countries in SE Asia to fall
• U.S. sends $ to aid South Vietnam in resisting Communism
Why is Diem Why is Diem Unpopular?Unpopular?
• Cancels elections with support of US
• Refuses to make land refoms
• Brutal Policies – kills off opposition
• Communist groups form in South Vietnam
Who are the Viet Cong?Who are the Viet Cong?
• Communist Group in South Vietnam
• Aided by North Vietnam and USSR
• Civil War breaks out in South Vietnam
The Kennedy YearsThe Kennedy Years• Sends military
advisors and $ to South Vietnam
• US proposes military coup
• Diem Assassinated
Johnson YearsJohnson Years• Escalates War in
Vietnam• Golf of Tonkin
Incident – US boats torpedoed by N. Vietnam
• Golf of Tonkin Resolution – Congress gives Johnson authority to send troops– 1965 – 165,000– 1968 – 500,00
What major difficulties do US troops encounter?
3 Major Difficulties1. Guerilla Warfare
• No clearly defined battle lines
• Hit and Run Tactics• Unfamiliar Jungle
Terrain
2. Unpopularity of S. Vietnamese Govt.
3. War becomes unpopular at home
Nixon YearsNixon Years
Vietnamization – increase South Vietnamese troop’s combat role while US gradually pulls out
• Massive bombings - put pressure on N. Vietnamese to end the war
How does the war end?How does the war end?
• Vietminh agree to ceasefire
• 1973 - Last US troops leave
• 1975 – N. Vietnamese invade S. Vietnam
• S. Vietnam SurrendersVietnam becomes a
unified communist country
Costs of Vietnam War
• 57,000 US Soldiers Dead
• 2 Million Vietnamese Dead
• 150B Financial Cost
• US loses First War• Reluctance to
commit US troops over seas
Vietnam TodayVietnam Today• Remains a
Communist Country
• Unified – no longer North and South
• US ended trade embargo in 1994
• US established diplomatic relations in 1995
Compare Korean War to Vietnam War
Japan• Occupation of Japan led by
MacArthur – 6 years
• Demilitarization – Japanese armed services
disbanded– Japan agrees to protection
from US
• Democracy – 2 House Parliament called Diet– Emperor becomes symbolic
JapanJapan• Economic Miracle
– US Investment– Government
Intervention– Cooperation of
manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks
• Focus on Technology
• Business Management– Lifetime employment– Seniority-Based wages– Group Effort– Quality Control