the civil war chapter 16: 474-512. goals northern goal: restore the union north has to invade the...
TRANSCRIPT
THE CIVIL WARChapter 16: 474-512
Goals• Northern Goal:
• Restore the Union• North has to invade the South and force the states to give up
• Southern Goal:• Establish itself as an independent nation
• Fight long enough to convince the North that the war was not worth its cost
Advantages• North
• Larger population• Better resources
• South• Excellent military leaders• Strong fighting spirit• Knowledge of the land
Southern Strategy• The South expected support from the British and the
French• Conduct a defensive war
• Hold on to as much territory as possible• Attack Washington, D.C.
• Why?
Northern Strategy• Anaconda Plan
• Squeeze the South to death
• 1. Blockade Southern ports• 2. Gain control of the Mississippi River
• Split the Confederacy in two
• 3. Capture Richmond, Virginia• Southern Capital
Who were the Soldiers?• Tens of thousands under the age of 18, some as young as
14• Most soldiers were farmers
• 50% of the Northern troops• 60% of the Southern troops
• By the end of the war• 2.1 million men fought for the Union• 900,000 men fought for the Confederacy
False Hopes• Each side expected an easy victory
• North• Convinced the South could not hold out against the Union’s greater
resources
• South• Convinced the North could not break the South’s fighting spirit
Life of a Soldier• Soldiers spent most of their time living in camps
• Most often, soldiers were bored• Routine of drills, bad food, marches, and rain
• Each side suffered terrible losses• New rifle had greater accuracy than the muskets of earlier wars
• Minie ball: Cylindrical with a conical point and hollow base that was smaller in diameter than the barrel• Capable of smashing and splintering bones, leaving it impossible to heal
Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson• Most Southern victories were the result of their leadership
• Confederate armies were able to defeat Union armies twice as large as their own
• Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson possessed:• knowledge of the terrain• speed of movement• an ability to inspire their troops
Weak Union Generals• Northern generals were hesistant and unable to lead
troops effectively
• Northern generals were unwilling to engage the enemy
• Although the North had more troops, ineffective leadership prevented them from capitalizing on its advantages
Battles of the Civil War• Due to the improved weapons and outdated battle tactics,
many battles resulted in thousands of soldiers dying
• Battle of Shiloh (1862)- Union victory• In 2 days, 23,000 casualties
• Battle of Antietam (1862)- Union victory• In 1 day, 6,000 killed and 17,000 wounded• Deadliest single day of fighting during the Civil War
• Battle of Fredericksburg (1862)- Confederate victory• In 5 days, nearly 18,000 casualties
• Battle of Chancellorsville (1863)- Confederate victory• In 7 days, nearly 24,000 casualties
• Battle of Gettysburg (1863)- Union victory• In 4 days, 48,000 casualties
• Battle of Vicksburg (1863)- Union Victory• In 47 days, 19,000 casualties
Amputation at Gettysburg
Gettysburg Battlefield
Gettysburg Battlefield
Confederate Prisoners
The Battle of Gettysburg• July 1863• Battle almost took place by accident
• Confederates entered the town looking for supplies
• General George Pickett led thousands of Confederate soldiers straight at the Union lines• Became known as Pickett’s Charge• By the end, 75% of Pickett’s men lay dead or wounded
• Confederates- 25,000 casualties• Union- 23,000 casualties
The Battle of Gettysburg• Major turning point in the war• Largest defeat of the war for the Confederacy• Prevented the Confederates from invading the North• Gettysburg put an end to the Confederate’s hopes of
getting aid from Britain or France• Why would they help the South?
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address• Edward Evertt spoke for 2 hours• Lincoln for just 2 minutes
Life during the War• Shortages in the South
• War was fought mostly in the South, so South suffered the greatest destruction
• Thousands became homeless• Shortages of food, supplies, and household items became
common
Women’s Roles• Women kept the farms and factories going• Ran offices, taught schools, kept government records• Served as nurses
• Many thought it was improper for women to be nurses
• Some served as spies• Held parties for leaders and would pass on crucial information
Civil War Prisons• Prison camps were set up by both sides
• Andersonville- Georgia• Built to hold 10,000 prisoners but held more than 33,000• Men slept in holes in the ground• Daily ration of teaspoon of salt, 3 tablespoons of beans, and eight
ounces of cornmeal• Cooked with water from a river that served as a sewer• 13,000 men died, mostly from disease
Elmira, New York• Union prison
• Captured Southern soldiers were given no blankets or warm clothes for the winter
• Hospital was in a flooded basement• ¼ of all prisoners at Elmira died
Sherman’s March to the Sea• General William Sherman conducted total war against the
South
• Total War: Systematic destruction of an entire land and not just its army
• Sherman burned Atlanta, much of Georgia and the Carolinas
Toll of the War• More lives were lost in the Civil War than any other
conflict in American history• 600,000 soldiers had died• War cost billions of dollars
• Southern cities and farmland was destroyed
Effects of the Civil War• The South had to be rebuilt
• Federal Government was now clearly more powerful than the states
• Slavery was abolished• Millions of African Americans were free• The end of slavery did not end their problems
Quiz• 1. What were the advantages of the North? Of the South?• 2. What was the war strategy of the North? Of the South?• 3. What did most soldiers do for a living before the war?• 4. What type of bullet was invented that could smash bone and
made amputation the only treatment available?• 5. What were the strengths of Confederate general Robert E.
Lee?• 6. How effective were Union generals?• 7. Which battle was a major turning point in the Civil War?• 8. What were Women’s roles during the Civil War?• 9. Describe Civil War prisons.• 10. What was the total cost of the war? (money and lives)• 11. What were 3 major effects of the Civil War?