The Chinese water deerThe Chinese water deer

HydropotinaeHydropotinae

Presenter Solomon FajiPresenter Solomon Faji

Figure 1 Chinese water deerFigure 1 Chinese water deer

Figure Figure

Figure 2 Chinese water deerFigure 2 Chinese water deer

Questions

What is their taxonomy, general characteristics, ontogeny and reproduction, ecological and behavior, distribution, conservation status, habitat, lifespan, and how evolution evolve with in this creature and related species.

Key Terms Key Terms

Ungulates: Animals with hooves.Ungulates: Animals with hooves.

Perrisodactyls: Hoof made up of a single Perrisodactyls: Hoof made up of a single toetoe

Artiodactyl: Hooves made up of tow toesArtiodactyl: Hooves made up of tow toes

New world deer or Telenmetacarpalia: New world deer or Telenmetacarpalia: the deer that evolved in North America.the deer that evolved in North America.

Old World deer or Plesiometacarpalia: Old World deer or Plesiometacarpalia: the deer that evolved in Asia the deer that evolved in Asia

Cetartiodactyla: A large sea creature or Cetartiodactyla: A large sea creature or whale, combined with complete, of whale, combined with complete, of numbers even; a finger or toenumbers even; a finger or toe

General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

Body LengthBody Length: 75-100 cm 2.5-3.3 ft. : 75-100 cm 2.5-3.3 ft. Shoulder heightShoulder height: 45-55 cm./ 18-22 in.: 45-55 cm./ 18-22 in.Tail LengthTail Length: 6-7.5 cm / 2.4-3 in.: 6-7.5 cm / 2.4-3 in.WeighWeight: 9-14 kg/ 20-31 lb. t: 9-14 kg/ 20-31 lb.

General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

The coat is an overall golden brown color. The coat is an overall golden brown color. The coarse hair is grows longer on the The coarse hair is grows longer on the

flaks and rump. flaks and rump. Young are born dark brown with whit Young are born dark brown with whit

stripes and spots along their upper torso.stripes and spots along their upper torso. The ears are short and very rounded.The ears are short and very rounded. The rare legs are much more powerful The rare legs are much more powerful

than the forelegs. than the forelegs. The canines of males grow into formidable The canines of males grow into formidable

tusks up to 8 cm/ 3.8 inches in length. tusks up to 8 cm/ 3.8 inches in length.

Ontogeny and Ontogeny and ReproductionReproduction

Gestation periodGestation period: 180-210 days.: 180-210 days.Young per BirthYoung per Birth: 1-3, occasionally up : 1-3, occasionally up

to 4 or even 8.to 4 or even 8.Sexual MaturitySexual Maturity: Females at 7-8 : Females at 7-8

months, males at 5-6 months.months, males at 5-6 months.Life spanLife span: 10-12 years. : 10-12 years.

Ecology and BehaviorEcology and Behavior

Active in the morning and evening, Active in the morning and evening, they hide in dense vegetation for the they hide in dense vegetation for the rest of the day.rest of the day.

If disturbed, they will flees in a series If disturbed, they will flees in a series of rabbit- like hops.of rabbit- like hops.

They are also excellent swimmer and They are also excellent swimmer and may swim several kilometers when may swim several kilometers when travelling in search of food and travelling in search of food and shelter .shelter .

Ecology and BehaviorEcology and Behavior

If alarmed, they will bark as warning.If alarmed, they will bark as warning. Males are extremely territorial and mark Males are extremely territorial and mark

their ranges with dung piles, as well as by their ranges with dung piles, as well as by rubbing their glandless foreheads against rubbing their glandless foreheads against trees. That means this territory is very well trees. That means this territory is very well defended, with all rival males being defended, with all rival males being attacked on sight.attacked on sight.

Family groupsFamily groups: Solitary, sometimes in : Solitary, sometimes in pairs.pairs.

Diet Diet : Grasses, reeds, vegetables : Grasses, reeds, vegetables

DistributionDistribution

Swamp, open grass lands in China Swamp, open grass lands in China and Korea.and Korea.

Conservation Status. The Chinese Conservation Status. The Chinese water deer is a law risk, near water deer is a law risk, near threatened species.threatened species.

Development and diversification of modern families of even-toed

ungulates.

Evolution and systematics

The beginning of the Tertiary epoch marked the beginning of ungulates that came from order Condylarthra ancestors.

This gave rise to the Eparctocyon line, which includes the recent order Artiodactyla.

In late Eocene or early Oligocene epochs, the Lophiomeryx appeared. It was a ruminant, called "gelocid," which possessed an efficient and compact ankle, small side toes, complicated premolars, and almost completely covered mastoid bone.

Evolution and systematics

In late Eocene or early Oligocene epochs it split off into four families, one including Dicrocerus (early Miocene) with the first antlers (similar to living muntjacs). Cervids arose later from Palaeomerycid ancestry during the Oligocene epoch.

The subfamily Hydropotina (Chinese water deer Hydropotes inermis ) belongs within the family Cervidae. The Cervidae is described as deer where the males possess bony antlers that molt annually, except in the Chinese water deer, and where the females lack antlers, except in the reindeer.

The first known member of the order of Aritiodactyla.

Deer TaxonomyDeer Taxonomy

There are two main types of Ungulate.There are two main types of Ungulate. Those animals that Perrisodactyl or single toed.Those animals that Perrisodactyl or single toed. Those ungulates which have made up of two Those ungulates which have made up of two

toes are called Artiodactyl species, and toes are called Artiodactyl species, and including the sheep, goats, antelope, cattle and including the sheep, goats, antelope, cattle and deer.deer.

Within the Ungulate order of animals species Within the Ungulate order of animals species are grouped together into separate families, all are grouped together into separate families, all the species in a certain family are similar to the species in a certain family are similar to each other or share a specific characteristic or each other or share a specific characteristic or featurefeature

Deer TaxonomyDeer Taxonomy The Deer belong to the Cervidae family of ungulates. The Deer belong to the Cervidae family of ungulates.

The one feature that unites all the members of the The one feature that unites all the members of the deer family is the possession of antlers.deer family is the possession of antlers.

All deer species, except for the Chinese Water Deer, All deer species, except for the Chinese Water Deer, have antlers.have antlers.

The Chinese Water Deer is thought to have once had The Chinese Water Deer is thought to have once had antlers but to have lost them through their antlers but to have lost them through their evolutionary history.evolutionary history.

Deer also share a number of other characteristics Deer also share a number of other characteristics such as having a relatively advanced form of such as having a relatively advanced form of rumination, and having long legs that are specially rumination, and having long legs that are specially adapted to fast running and which contain a cannon adapted to fast running and which contain a cannon bone.bone.

Deer TaxonomyDeer Taxonomy

There are tow separate lines of There are tow separate lines of evolution within the Deer or Cervidae evolution within the Deer or Cervidae familyfamily

One group of deer evolved in North One group of deer evolved in North America, while the other groups America, while the other groups centre of evolution was in Asia.centre of evolution was in Asia.

The difference between these two The difference between these two groups of deer can be seen in the groups of deer can be seen in the metacarpal bones of the remnant metacarpal bones of the remnant 2nd and 5th toes of the foot.2nd and 5th toes of the foot.

Deer Taxonomy

While the New World deer meddle parts of the lateral metacarpal are reduced; and posterior portion of the nasal cavity is divided into two chambers.

The Old World deer are characterized by the retention of both distal and proximal parts of the metacarpals.

Deer TaxonomyDeer Taxonomy

Although they evolved in these separate Although they evolved in these separate parts of the world, some species from both parts of the world, some species from both groups have spread into different parts of groups have spread into different parts of the world, so that for example although the the world, so that for example although the Red Deer is an old world Deer it is now also Red Deer is an old world Deer it is now also found in America.found in America.

There are 4 subfamilies of deer, and the There are 4 subfamilies of deer, and the Odocoilinae are Telenmetacarpalia or New Odocoilinae are Telenmetacarpalia or New World Deer, and the Muntiacinae, World Deer, and the Muntiacinae, Hydropotinae and the cervinae are Hydropotinae and the cervinae are Plesiometacarpalia or the Old World Deer.Plesiometacarpalia or the Old World Deer.

Deer TaxonomyDeer Taxonomy

The species within the Muntiacinae The species within the Muntiacinae and the Hydroptinae subfamilies are and the Hydroptinae subfamilies are all very similar to each other.all very similar to each other.

These deer all have small rounded These deer all have small rounded bodies and short thin legs.bodies and short thin legs.

The Cervinae subfamily co contains The Cervinae subfamily co contains deer that are medium sized with long deer that are medium sized with long slender legs and long thin bodies slender legs and long thin bodies

Deer TaxonomyDeer Taxonomy

The antlers are often comely and The antlers are often comely and branching in malesbranching in males

For example the elk is the largest of all For example the elk is the largest of all deeer and lives on the open plains of the deeer and lives on the open plains of the northern tundra, while the small Southern northern tundra, while the small Southern Pudu is the smallest species of deer and Pudu is the smallest species of deer and lives amongst the forests of lives amongst the forests of mountainsides. mountainsides.

There are roughly about 40 species of There are roughly about 40 species of deer. deer.

Here is a list of all the world's Here is a list of all the world's deer species in taxonomic order. deer species in taxonomic order. Family : CervidaeFamily : Cervidae Subfamily HydropotinaeSubfamily Hydropotinae

Chinese Water Deer Chinese Water Deer Hydroptes inermisHydroptes inermis

Subfamily MuntiacineSubfamily Muntiacine

*Bornean Yellow Muntjac *Bornean Yellow Muntjac Muntiacus Muntiacus atherodesatherodes*Black Muntjac *Black Muntjac Muntiacus crinifronsMuntiacus crinifrons*Fea's Muntjac *Fea's Muntjac Muntiacus feaeMuntiacus feae*Gong Shan Muntjac *Gong Shan Muntjac Muntiacus Muntiacus gongshanensisgongshanensis*Indian Muntjac *Indian Muntjac Muntiacus muntjacMuntiacus muntjac

Subfamily MuntiacineSubfamily Muntiacine

*Leaf Muntjac *Leaf Muntjac Muntiacus putaoensisMuntiacus putaoensis*Reeves' Muntjac *Reeves' Muntjac Muntiacus reevesiMuntiacus reevesi*Truong Son Muntjac *Truong Son Muntjac Muntiacus Muntiacus trungsonensistrungsonensis*Giant Muntjac *Giant Muntjac Muntiacus Muntiacus vuquangensisvuquangensis*Tufted Deer *Tufted Deer Elaphodus cephalophusElaphodus cephalophus

Subfamily CervinaeSubfamily Cervinae

*Thorold's Deer *Thorold's Deer Cervus albirostrisCervus albirostris*Visayan Spotted Deer *Visayan Spotted Deer Cervus alfrediCervus alfredi*Barasingha *Barasingha Cervus duvauceliiCervus duvaucelii*Red Deer *Red Deer Cervus elaphusCervus elaphus*Thamin *Thamin Cervus eldiiCervus eldii*Philippine Brown Deer *Philippine Brown Deer Cervus mariannusCervus mariannus*Sika Deer *Sika Deer Cervus nipponCervus nippon*Schomburgk's Deer *Schomburgk's Deer Cervus schomburgkiCervus schomburgki (extinct)(extinct)

Subfamily CervinaeSubfamily Cervinae

*Schomburgk's Deer *Schomburgk's Deer Cervus Cervus schomburgkischomburgki (extinct) (extinct)*Rusa *Rusa Cervus timorensisCervus timorensis*Sambar *Sambar Cervus unicolorCervus unicolor*Chital*Chital Axis axis Axis axis*Calamian Deer *Calamian Deer Axis calamianensisAxis calamianensis*Bawean Deer *Bawean Deer Axis kuhliiAxis kuhlii

Subfamily CervinaeSubfamily Cervinae

*Hog Deer *Hog Deer Axis porcinusAxis porcinus*Père David's Deer *Père David's Deer Elaphurus Elaphurus davidianusdavidianus*Fallow Deer*Fallow Deer Dama dama Dama dama*Mesopotanian Fallow Deer *Mesopotanian Fallow Deer Dama Dama mesopotamicamesopotamica

Subfamily OdocoilinaeSubfamily Odocoilinae

*Roe Deer *Roe Deer Capreolus capreolusCapreolus capreolus*Siberian Roe Deer *Siberian Roe Deer Capreolus pygargusCapreolus pygargus*Moose (Elk) *Moose (Elk) Alces alcesAlces alces*Mule Deer *Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionusOdocoileus hemionus*White-tailed Deer *White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianusOdocoileus virginianus*Pampas Deer *Pampas Deer Ozotoceros bezoarticusOzotoceros bezoarticus*Red Brocket *Red Brocket Mazama americanaMazama americana*Merioa Brocket*Merioa Brocket Mazama bricenii Mazama bricenii*Dwarf Brocket *Dwarf Brocket Mazama chunyiMazama chunyi

Subfamily OdocoilinaeSubfamily Odocoilinae

*Grey Brocket *Grey Brocket Mazama gouazoupiraMazama gouazoupira*Pygmy Brocket *Pygmy Brocket Mazama nanaMazama nana*Yucatan Brown Brocket *Yucatan Brown Brocket Mazama Mazama pandorapandora*Little Red Brocket *Little Red Brocket Mazama rufinaMazama rufina*Northern Pudu *Northern Pudu Pudu mephistophilesPudu mephistophiles*Southern Pudu *Southern Pudu Pudu puduPudu pudu*Marsh Deer *Marsh Deer Blastocerus dichotomus*Blastocerus dichotomus*

Subfamily OdocoilinaeSubfamily Odocoilinae

*Peruvian Guemal *Peruvian Guemal Hippocamelus Hippocamelus *antisensis*antisensis*Chilean Guemal *Chilean Guemal Hippocamelus Hippocamelus bisulcusbisulcus*Caribou/ Reindeer *Caribou/ Reindeer Rangifer tarandusRangifer tarandus

ClassificationClassification

Kingdom:Kingdom: Animalia Animalia     Phylum:Phylum: Chordata Chordata         Class:Class: Mammalia Mammalia             Order:Order: Artiodactyla                 Family:Family: Cervidae                     Subfamily:Subfamily: Hydropotinae                         Genus:Genus: HydropotesHydropotes

The Cetartiodactyl Family The Cetartiodactyl Family TreeTree

The Cervid Family TreeThe Cervid Family Tree

The Hydropotinae Family TreeThe Hydropotinae Family Tree

Hydropotes inermisHydropotes inermis       Chinese water deer       Chinese water deer

According to cytogenetic and According to cytogenetic and genome researchgenome research

The species-specific profile and The species-specific profile and cntromeric heterochromatin cntromeric heterochromatin localization of satellite DNA in localization of satellite DNA in mammalian genomes imply that mammalian genomes imply that satellite DNA may play an important satellite DNA may play an important role in mammalian karyotyp role in mammalian karyotyp evolution and speciation.evolution and speciation.

According to cytogenetic and According to cytogenetic and genome researchgenome research

A satellite III DNA family, CCsatIII was A satellite III DNA family, CCsatIII was thought to be specific to roe deer thought to be specific to roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In their study (Capreolus capreolus). In their study however, this satellite DNA family however, this satellite DNA family was found also to exist in Chinese was found also to exist in Chinese water deer ( Hydropotes inermis) by water deer ( Hydropotes inermis) by PCR-Southern screening PCR-Southern screening

According to cytogenetic and According to cytogenetic and genome researchgenome research

Also in the structure of their skulls, Also in the structure of their skulls, brains, appendages, genetics, and brains, appendages, genetics, and the spotting pattern of their fawn, the spotting pattern of their fawn, Chinese deer are closely related to Chinese deer are closely related to the European roe deer and muse of the European roe deer and muse of the new world deer subfamily.the new world deer subfamily.

  

In several molecular studiesIn several molecular studies

Hydropotes has allied closely with Hydropotes has allied closely with the roe deer (Capreolus: the roe deer (Capreolus: Capreolinae). Several morphological Capreolinae). Several morphological studies have also suggested that the studies have also suggested that the water deer may in fact be an water deer may in fact be an advanced deer that has secondarily advanced deer that has secondarily evolved primitive characters. evolved primitive characters.

Several features shared by Several features shared by roe deer and the water deer .roe deer and the water deer .could be explained by a common could be explained by a common

evolutionary past.evolutionary past.Both genera have a telemetacarpal Both genera have a telemetacarpal

foot structure (as do all members of foot structure (as do all members of the Capreolinae), are cold tolerant, the Capreolinae), are cold tolerant, and inhabit temperate regions rather and inhabit temperate regions rather than tropical ones ( as one would than tropical ones ( as one would expect from primitive cervidsexpect from primitive cervids

A common evolutionary past.A common evolutionary past.

While the ancestors of roe deer migrated While the ancestors of roe deer migrated into Asia from North America, the water into Asia from North America, the water deer has typically been seen as a deer has typically been seen as a historically Asian species. However, the historically Asian species. However, the distribution of Hydropotes in eastern Asia distribution of Hydropotes in eastern Asia might be explained by a similar migration might be explained by a similar migration from the new world, the center of from the new world, the center of Caprelinae evolution. Caprelinae evolution.

  

Artistic representation of the heads of late tertiary.

Chinese water deer Chinese water deer   (Hydropotes inermis)(Hydropotes inermis)

Idea of future researchIdea of future research

Since Since Hydropotes inermisHydropotes inermis (Chinese (Chinese water deer) and roe deer water deer) and roe deer (Capreolus: Capreolinae) are closely (Capreolus: Capreolinae) are closely related, why the Chinese water deer related, why the Chinese water deer found only in China and Korea. found only in China and Korea.

Work Cited C.C. Linª Y.C. Li ^b. Chromosomal distribution and

organization and organization of three cervid satellite DNAs in Chinese water deer ( hydropotes inermis). Cytogenet Genome Res 114-147-154 (2006)

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(1) Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, (CB2 1QP, UK,

(2) Institute of Human Genetics, Virchow- Klinik, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

(3) Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Cromosoma (1997) 106:37-43 http://www.springerlink.com/content/ladte7hw4jgkgkf6/

Work Cited Jie Hu,¹´² Sheng- Guo Fang, ¹`³ and Qiu- Hong Wan¹.

Genetic Diversity of Chines Water Deer ( Hydropotes inermis inermis): Implications for Conservation. Biochemical Genetics, Vol. 44, April 2006.

http://www.find-health-articles.com/rec_pub_16691433-genetic-diversity-chinese-water-deer-hydropotes-inermis-inermis.htm

Michael M. Miyamoto, Fred Kraus, and Oliver A. Ryder. Phylogeny and evolution of antlered deer determined from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and Research Department, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92112. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Vol. 87, pp. 6127- 6131), August 1990 Evolution.

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=54485

Work Cited Lowell K. Halls. 1984. White-Tailed Deer. A wildlife

Management Institute Book. Washington, DC. pp. 2-37. Shengguo Fangª´b’*, Qiuhong Wanª’b. Agenetic

fingerprinticg tes for identifying carcasses of protected deer species in China. Biological Conservation 103 (2002) 371-373.

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Y.-C. Li· Y. –M. Cheng · L. J. Hsieh · O. A. Ryder · Karyotypic evolution of a novel cervied satellite DNA family isolated by microdissection from the Indian muntjac Y-chromosome.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15827746