the chemistry of life mcas biology ms mahoney. the chemistry of life central concept: chemical...
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The Chemistry of Life
MCAS BiologyMs Mahoney
The Chemistry of Life
• Central Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life.
• Essential Elements– Recognize that biological organisms are composed
primarily of very few elements. The six most common are C, H, N, O, P, and S.
Hierarchy of Life• Organism • Organ System• Organ• Tissue• Cell• Organelles• Compounds• Elements/Atoms
6 Essential Elements for LifeELEMENT SYMBOL
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Sulfur S
Phosphorus P
4 most important: H O N C if you love Life!!!
Carbon• Used in all of life’s compounds• Most Important for life• Creates connections (bonds) with many other
elements– H N O S P and C– Creates many different compounds (organic)
The Chemistry of Life
• Central Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life.
• Organic Compounds– Describe the basic molecular structures and
primary functions of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids).
Organic Compounds
• Single parts: monomers– Mono means one
• Many parts: polymers– Poly means many
• 4 Organic Compounds– Lipids– Carbohydrates– Proteins – Nucleic Acids
Lipids
• Monomer– Hydrocarbon chain and glycerin
• Examples– Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cell membrane
• Jobs– Store energy– Keep water in or out (waterproofing)
Carbohydrates
• Made from C H and O– Glucose C6H12O6
• Monomer– Monosaccharide
• Polymer– Polysaccharide
• Examples– Sugar (ends in “ose” like glucose)– Starch, cellulose
• Jobs– Quick Energy
Proteins• Monomer
– Amino Acid• Polymer
– Polypeptide or Protein• Examples
– Enzymes (help in chemical reactions, ends in “ase”)– Hemoglobin (carries oxygen in blood)– Insulin (tells cells they can take in sugar)
• Jobs– Performs most of the body’s functions – Fight disease, movement
Nucleic Acids• Monomer
– Nucleotide• Polymer
– Nucleic Acid• Examples
– DNA, RNA, ATP• Jobs
– Holds genetic information– Helps make proteins– Carries energy (ATP)
The Chemistry of Life
• Central Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life.
• Enzymes– Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower
the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, that have an effect on enzymes.
Enzymes
• Type of protein• Ends in “ase”• Catalyst
– Speed up chemical reactions– Some reactions need energy to work and enzymes
help by lowering the amount of “activation” energy
Enzymes
• Conditions that affect when enzymes work– pH
• Enzymes in the stomach work at a lower pH than in the muscles
– Temperature• Enzymes in the body work best at 98.6°F• If it gets too cold or too hot, enzymes can not work
– Chemical reactions can not work