the challenges of early diagnosis - muskuloskeletal · the challenges of early diagnosis ... n.b...
TRANSCRIPT
DrSueGreenhalghConsultantPhysiotherapistRoyalBoltonNHSFoundationTrustSusan.greenhalgh@boltonft.nhs.uk
TheChallengesofEarlyDiagnosis
VulnerableAnatomy;Asurgicalemergency
CaudaEquinafirstdescribedin1600CEprovidesinnervationtolowerlimbs,sphincter,sensoryinnervationtosaddleandparasympatheticinnervationtobladderanddistalbowel.
• no Schwann cell cover • hypovascularity
CaudaEquinaSyndrome(CES)
Syndromenotdescribeduntil1934byMixterandBarrIn2017weareStillimprovingourapproachtoCES
Anorthopaedic
surgicalemergency
CaudaEquinaSyndrome;Asurgicalemergency
¡ Rareanddisabling
‘LifeChanging’
1/5patientswillhavepooroutcome;¡ on-goingtreatmentforsexualdysfunction
¡ selfcatheterisation
¡ colostomy
¡ psycho-social
ClinicalDiagnosis
¡ Until recently no broadly accepted definitive diagnostic criteria; 17 different definitions of CES recorded (Fraser et al, 2009)
¡ Initial signs and symptoms are often subtle and vague, varying in intensity and evolution (Bin et al, 2009)
BritishAssociationofSpinalSurgeons(BASS)definitioninStandardsofCare,(Germonetal,2015)
Apatientpresentingwithacute(de-novoorasanexacerbationofpre-existingsymptoms)backpainand/orlegpainWITHasuggestionofadisturbanceoftheirbladderorbowelfunctionand/orsaddlesensorydisturbanceshouldbesuspectedofhavingordevelopingacaudaequinasyndrome.MostofthesepatientswillnothavecriticalcompressionHowever,intheabsenceofreliablypredictivesymptomsandsigns,thereshouldbealowthresholdforinvestigationwithanEMERGENCYMRIscan.Thereasonsfornotrequestingascanshouldbeclearlydocumented.Subjectivehistorykeytoearlydiagnosis
CaudaEquinaSyndromeGroups(Todd&Dickson,2016)
CESSsuspected
Bilateralradicularpain(progressingunilateral)
CESIincomplete
Urinarydifficultiesofneurogenicorigin,alteredurinarysensation,lossofdesiretovoid,poorurinarystream,needtostraintomicturate
CESRreten,on
Painlessurinaryretentionandoverflowincontinence
CESCcomplete
ObjectivelossofCEfunction,absentperinealsensation,patulousanus,paralysedinsensatebladderandbowel
‘TheprobabilityofaCESpatientdeteriorating,withwhatspeedandtowhatlevelisnotpredictable
TheDiagnosticChallenge
Significantly more patients are referred on for further investigation compared with those having a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of CES Bladder and bowel dysfunction, saddle anaesthesia and sexual dysfunction are all multifactorial in their causes e.g. Comorbidities, medication, pain (Woodsetal,2015)
CESMasqueraders;EpiduralCompressionSyndrome
(Stopleretal,2016)
¡ Compressionofspinalcord,conusmedullarisorcaudaequina
¡ Thoraciclesionscanmasqueradeascaudaequinasyndrome
¡ Masqueradersincludethoracicdisc,thoracicmeningioma,ligamentossificationandthoraciccordtumour
¡ Rare;diseasevresources
AbdominalAorticAneurysm(Engambaetal,2017)
¡ Middle-agedandelderlypatientswithlowerlimbpainand/orneuropathy,inthecontextofahistoryofabdominalaorticaneurysm(AAA).
¡ Haematomacausingmasseffectonneuralstructures
Bladder&Bowel,SexualDysfunctionRedHerrings
¡ Opioid Salts; constipation (e.g. Tramadol, Codeine) ¡ Anticonvulsants; urinary incontinence (e.g. Gabapentin, Pregabalin) ¡ Antidepressants; retention, sexual dysfunction (e.g. Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline)
PharmacologycausesofSexualDysfunction
Class Drug
Hypnotics Benzodiazepines
Antihypertensive Beta blockers
Antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors e.g fluoxetine; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Viloxazine and L-tryptophan; Nefazodone; Vanlafaxine; Reboxetine; Mirtazepine; Trazodone; Duloxetine
Diuretics Bendroflurazide,
Anti-epileptics
Carbamazepine; Phenytoin; Sodium valproate
Antipsychotics Thioridazine; aliphatic phenothiazines e.g chlorpromazine, sulprides atypical antipsychotic risperidone
Prostate medications Finasteride (BPH); Anti androgens e.g. cyproterone acetate, flutamide (Prostate Cancer); Gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogues e.g goserelin, leuprorelin (Prostate Cancer)
Anti-parkinsonian drugs
L-dopa
Recreational drugs Psychstimulants, Amphetamine, Ecstacy, Crystal methamphetamine, Alcohol, Anabolic steroids, cannabis, Opiates (Heroin, Methadone, Buprenorphine), Poppers, Tobacco
Pharmacologicalagentsassociatedwithurinaryretention
Class Drugs
Antiarrhythmics Disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine
Anticholinergics Atropine (Atreza), belladonna alkaloids, dicyclomine (Bentyl), flavoxate (Urispas), glycopyrrolate (Robinul), hyoscyamine (Levsin), oxybutynin (Ditropan), propantheline (Pro-Banthine), scopolamine (Transderm Scop)
Antidepressants Amitriptyline, amoxapine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline
Antihistamines (selected) Brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine
Antihypertensives Hydralazine, nifedipine
Antiparkinsonian agents Amantadine, Benztropine, bromocriptine, levodopa, trihexyphenidyl
Antipsychotics Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, prochlorperazine, thioridazine
Hormonal agents Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
Muscle relaxants Baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, diazepam
Sympathomimetics (alpha-adrenergic agents)
Ephedrine, phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine); phenylpropanolamine. pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
Sympathomimetics (beta-adrenergic agents)
Isoproterenol (Isuprel); metaproterenol (Alupent); terbutaline (Brethine)
Miscellaneous Amphetamines, carbamazepine, dopamine, mercurial diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
1. Selius, B. and Subedi, R. (2008). Urinary Retention in Adults: Diagnosis and
Management. American Family Physician, 77 (5), 643-650.
CausesofUrinaryRetention
Cause Men Women BothObstructive Benign prostatic hyperplasia,
meatal stenosis, paraphimosis, penile constricting bands, phimosis, prostate cancer
Organ prolapse (cystocele, rectocele, uterine prolapse); pelvis mass (gynaecological malignancy, uterine fibroid, ovarian cyst); retroverted impacted gravid uterus
Aneurysmal dilation; bladder calculi; bladder neoplasm; faecal impaction; gastrointestinal or retroperitoneal malignancy/mass; urethral strictures, foreign bodies, stones, edema
Infectious or inflammatory
Prostatic abscess, prostatis Acute vulvovaginitis; vaginal lichen planus; vaginal lichen sclerosis; vaginal pemphigus
Bilharziasis; cystitis;echinococcosis; Guillain-Barre syndrome; herpes simplex virus; Lyme disease; periurethral abscess; transverse myelitis; tubercular cystitis; urethritis ; varicella zoster virus
Other Penile trauma, fracture, laceration
Postpartum complication; urethral sphincter dysfunction (Fowler’s syndrome)
Disruption of posterior urethra and bladder neck in pelvic trauma; postoperative complication; psychogenic
1. Selius, B. and Subedi, R. (2008). Urinary Retention in Adults: Diagnosis and
Management. American Family Physician, 77 (5), 643-650.
NeurologicalCausesofUrinaryRetention
Lesion type Causes
Autonomic or peripheral nervous system
Autonomic neuropathy; diabetes mellitus; Guillian-Barre Syndrome, herpes zoster virus; Lyme disease; pernicious anaemia; poliomyelitis; radical pelvis surgery; spinal cord trauma; tabes dorsalis
Brain Cerebrovascular disease; concussion; multiple sclerosis; neoplasm or tumour; normal pressure hydrocephalus; Parkinson’s disease, Shy-Drager Syndrome
Spinal cord Dysraphic lesions; invertebral disc disease; meningomyelocele; multiple sclerosis; spina bifida occulta; spinal cord hematoma or abscess; spinal cord trauma; spinal stenosis; spinovascular disease; transverse myelitis tumours or masses of conus medullaris or cauda equina
1. Selius, B. and Subedi, R. (2008). Urinary Retention in Adults: Diagnosis and
Management. American Family Physician, 77 (5), 643-650.
NeurologicalCausesofUrinaryRetention
Lesion type Causes
Autonomic or peripheral nervous system
Autonomic neuropathy; diabetes mellitus; Guillian-Barre Syndrome, herpes zoster virus; Lyme disease; pernicious anaemia; poliomyelitis; radical pelvis surgery; spinal cord trauma; tabes dorsalis
Brain Cerebrovascular disease; concussion; multiple sclerosis; neoplasm or tumour; normal pressure hydrocephalus; Parkinson’s disease, Shy-Drager Syndrome
Spinal cord Dysraphic lesions; invertebral disc disease; meningomyelocele; multiple sclerosis; spina bifida occulta; spinal cord hematoma or abscess; spinal cord trauma; spinal stenosis; spinovascular disease; transverse myelitis tumours or masses of conus medullaris or cauda equina
1. Selius, B. and Subedi, R. (2008). Urinary Retention in Adults: Diagnosis and
Management. American Family Physician, 77 (5), 643-650.
NEVERASSUME
ResultsofEmergencylumbarMRI-Thenwhat?(Germonetal,2015)
▪ Caudaequinacompressionconfirmed;urgentsurgicalreferral
▪ Caudaequinacompressionexcludedbutapotentialstructuralexplanationofpainidentified;referraltotheappropriatesurgicalservice.
▪ Non-compressivepathologymaybeidentified(forexample,demyelination);referraltotheappropriateservice.
▪ Noexplanationofthepatient’ssymptoms;probablyappropriatetoreferbacktotheGP
……orMRIhigher?….orcouldtherebealesionintheabdomenorpelviccavity
SurgicalIntervention
¡ “AllCESpatientsshouldhaveemergencyimagingandtreatmentassoonaspracticallypossibletomaximisegoodoutcomes”(Todd,2015)
§ “Nothingistobegainedbydelayingsurgeryandpotentiallymuchtobelost”BritishAssociationofSpinalSurgeonsstandardsofcareforcaudaequinasyndrome(2015)
Surgery
¡ Aimofsurgeryistopreservefunctionpresentatthetimeofsurgery.
¡ Thereisscopeforimprovement,butsmallriskofdeterioratione.g.paralysis,lossofbladderandbowelcontrol,impotence/sexualdysfunction.
¡ Bladderfunctionattimeofsurgeryimportant
WorkingwithPatientsasPartners
¡ ‘thenumberone‘spinal’patientsafetyissue’….averagecompensationfollowingdelayeddiagnosis-£336,000intheUnitedKingdom(Fairbank,2014)
¡ WhatisthepatientexperienceofonsetofCESsymptoms?
Copyright
Whatcanwelearnfromourpatients?
DermatomesS3,4,5
©Copyright2016BoltonNHSFoundationTrust.Nottobecopiedwithoutpermissionofthecopyrightowner,allrightsreserved.
Copyright
©Copyright2016BoltonNHSFoundationTrust.Nottobecopiedwithoutpermissionofthecopyrightowner,allrightsreserved.
DermatomesS3,4,5
AQualitativeInvestigationintoPatientsExperienceofCaudaEquinaSyndromeGreenhalghS,TrumanC,WebsterV,SelfeJ(2015)PhysiotherapyResearchFoundation(PRF)Grant
AimToidentifyhowCESsymptomsmaybeeffectivelysharedbetweenpatientsandclinicianObjectivesDrawinguponpatientexperienceofsignsandsymptomsassociatedwithCESincludingchangesinbladder,bowelandsexualfunction§ whatsymptomspatientsactuallysuffer§ patientsownreasoningofthesesymptoms§ thepatientexperienceofdivulgingthis
information
7themesemerged
§ CatastrophicPain
§ ImpactonLife
§ CommonSymptoms/VaryingChronology
§ Senseofchange/Seriousness
§ ContactwithHealthProfessionals
§ CarersExperience
§ Suggestionstoaidearlydiagnosis
CatastrophicPain
CatastrophicPain
¡ ‘….ThewomanwhowasdoingtheMRIsaidohgosh.Iwasallscreamingandhyperventilatingandshesaidareyouok,areyouclaustrophobic?IsaidI’minbloodyagony-Strong
pain,paininwholepelvis,realagony’
¡ ‘Idon’tthinkhisquestionsweren’tclear,Ithinkthatitwasimpossibletoconcentrateonanythingotherthanpain
management’.
CommonSymptoms/VaryingChronology
‘……Itwaslikeyoucouldnottellwhereyourfeetwereinspace’‘Iwassortoflosingcontrol...mylegsweren’tworkingproperlyliketheyweremadeofrubber.’‘itwasasifIhadbeenridingahorseforaweekorsomethingandobviouslythatwastodowiththesaddlenumbness.‘Thefirstthingtogowasmybladderfunction’
Senseofchange/Seriousness
‘Ihadnocomprehensionthatthiscouldhavepermanentlyaffectedmymobilityandmylife…throughallofthisandthroughallthepain,andthroughallthepeoplethat;theambulances,theGPI’dseenatnight,itwasonlywhenthe
Consultantsaidtomejustbeforethesurgeryyou’rewithinthefortyeighthourwindowsoyourprospectsarequitegood.Ididn’tappreciatetherewasanythingbutalltheyhadtodo
wastakethispainaway’
N.BImportanceofsafetynettingthoseatrisk
ContactwithHealthProfessionals
Usuallyalreadyunderhealthprofessionalscare
Theyreallydoneedtolistentoyouandtheyneedtolistentoyourindividualcircumstances.
“IfIhadbeentoldnumbnessaroundbackpassageor
genitals…everyoneIsawwhowasmedicallytrainedcalleditsaddlenumbness”
Noclearsafetynetadvice
Suggestionstoaidearlydiagnosis
©Copyright2016BoltonNHSFoundationTrust.Nottobecopiedwithoutpermissionofthecopyrightowner,allrightsreserved.
Painiseasiertocommunicate!
Documentation
¡ The questions and the patient’s response should be clearly documented in the medical record
¡ Medico-legal viewpoint
¡ Assists practitioners in recognising changes e.g CESI to CESR
Patientliterature
¡ Cliniciansmusteducatepatientsandmakethemeffectiveself-advocates.(Strigenz,2014)
¡ Patientswithexistingriskfactorsmustbemadeawareof‘RedFlags’;needforpatienteducationofneworvaguesymptoms.(Mitchelleetal,2012)
¡ CESrequiresproperpatientinformation(Korseetal,2013);.
¡ Despitethisclearmessagemuchofthedocumentationdirectedtowardspatientsusesmedicalterminology‘Boweland/orbladderdysfunctionwithsaddleandperinealanaesthesia’(EgtonMedicalInformationSystems,2015)
GoodCommunicationiskey
SafetyNetting
LocalPathways
WillIknowwhattodoonFridayafternoon?
Prognosis
¡ Degreeofneurologicaldeficit,durationofcompression,speedofonset(Todd&Dickson,2016)
¡ ‘bringingtheindividualpatientandthesurgicalteamtogetherattheearliestpracticalopportunity’(Sonntag,2014)
Working with patients as partners we can make a difference
CaudaEquinaSyndrome;AsurgicalEmergency
AvailableMay2017;CSP
Acknowledgements
¡ Danishmusculoskeletalphysiotherapyassociation
¡ PhysiotherapyResearchFoundation(PRF)
¡ Patientswhofreelysharedtheirexperiencetoenableustolearn
¡ ProfessorJamesSelfe,ProfessorCaroleTrumanC,ProfessorValerieWebster
Thank you for listening
References
Bin,M.Hong,W.Lian-shun,J.Wen,J.Guo-dong,S.Jian-gang,S.2009:Caudaequinasyndrome:Areviewofclinicalprogress.ChinMedJ122:1214-22 EngambaS.GaralevicieneD.Baldry,J2017:Containedrupturedabdominalaorticaneurysmpresentingascaudaequinasyndrome.BritishMedicalJournalFraserS,RobertsL,Murphy,E,2009:Caudaequinasyndrome;aliteraturereviewofitsdefinitionandclinicalpresentation.ArchPhysMedRehabil11;1964-8Germon,T.Ahuja,S,Casey,A,Rai,A.BritishAssociationofSpinalSurgeonsstandardsofcareforcaudaequinesyndrome2015.TheSpineJournalGreenhalghS,TrumanC,WebsterV,SelfeJ2015:AnInvestigationintothePatientExperienceofCaudaEquinaSyndrome(CES).PhysiotherapyPracticeandResearchGreenhalghS,TrumanC,WebsterV,SelfeJ.2016;Developmentofatoolkitforearlyidentificationofcaudaequinasyndrome.PrimaryHealthCareResearch&Development.SeliusB.andSubediR.2008;UrinaryretentioninAdults;DiagnosisandManagement.AmericanFamilyPhysician.77(5),643-650Stopler,K.HanlinE.AprilM.RitterJ.HunterC.SamseyK.Maddry,J2016:Thoracicspinalcordcompressionmasqueradingascaudaequinasyndrome.AmericanJournalofEmergencyMedicine.34756.e3-756.e5SmithS.2007:Drugsthatcausesexualdysfunction.Psychiatry.6(3),111-114ToddNVandDickenson,RA.2016;Standardsofcareincaudaequinasyndrome.BritishJournalofNeurosurgery.Vol30,no5,518-522WoodsE,GreenhalghS,SelfeJ.2015;CaudaEquinaSyndromeandthechallengeofdiagnosisforphysiotherapists:areviewPhysiotherapyPracticeandResearch