The CellThe Cell

By: David SykesBy: David Sykes

Cell FactsCell Facts

Functional basic unit of lifeFunctional basic unit of life

Discovered by Robert C Hooke (1653)Discovered by Robert C Hooke (1653)

Humans contain about 100 trillion cellsHumans contain about 100 trillion cells

Humans have Eukaryotic CellsHumans have Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus and Double membraneNucleus and Double membrane

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Separates interior of cell from outside Separates interior of cell from outside environmentenvironment

Controls movement of substances in and Controls movement of substances in and out of cellsout of cells

Made up of a phospholipid bilayerMade up of a phospholipid bilayer

Anchors cytoskeleton of cell (cell Anchors cytoskeleton of cell (cell structure)structure)

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Small gel like substance residing within cellSmall gel like substance residing within cell

Contains all of the organelles inside the cellContains all of the organelles inside the cell

Most cellular activity occurs in cytoplasmMost cellular activity occurs in cytoplasm Metabolic pathwaysMetabolic pathways GlycolysisGlycolysis Process of Cell divisionProcess of Cell division

MitochondriaMitochondria

““Power plant” of cellPower plant” of cell

Generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energyChemical energy

Mitochondria have an outer and inner Mitochondria have an outer and inner membranemembrane

Have own DNA!!Have own DNA!!

RibosomesRibosomes

Protein synthesisProtein synthesis Build long chains of amino acids for cellBuild long chains of amino acids for cell

Found throughout the cellFound throughout the cell Free floatingFree floating Attached to Endoplasmic reticulumAttached to Endoplasmic reticulum

Very small compared to other organellesVery small compared to other organelles

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

Tubular network through cytoplsm and Tubular network through cytoplsm and fused to nuclear membranefused to nuclear membrane

Serves as the cell’s “transport” systemServes as the cell’s “transport” system

2 Types2 Types Rough ER (ribosomes embedded on surface)Rough ER (ribosomes embedded on surface)

Protein synthesis and transportProtein synthesis and transport Smooth ERSmooth ER

Lipid and steroid synthesis and transportLipid and steroid synthesis and transport

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Modifies/packages molecules for transport Modifies/packages molecules for transport out or within cellout or within cellProcesses proteins primarilyProcesses proteins primarily Different from synthesizing proteinsDifferent from synthesizing proteins

Consists of stacks of membrane-bound Consists of stacks of membrane-bound structures know as “cisternae”structures know as “cisternae”Think of it as a post officeThink of it as a post officeCreates lysosomesCreates lysosomes

LysosomeLysosome

Contain hydrolase enzymes to break down waste Contain hydrolase enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debrismaterials and cellular debris

Digests Digests broken down organellesbroken down organelles food particlesfood particles BacteriaBacteria

Autolytic cell destructionAutolytic cell destruction Lysosome releases enzyme to destroy own cellLysosome releases enzyme to destroy own cell

VacuoleVacuole

Filled with water containing organic and Filled with water containing organic and inorganic moleculesinorganic molecules Enzyme solutionsEnzyme solutions

Assists in digestive and waste Assists in digestive and waste management processmanagement process

Mostly in plants but there are some in Mostly in plants but there are some in specific animal cellsspecific animal cells

NucleusNucleus

Membrane enclosed organelle which takes up Membrane enclosed organelle which takes up about 10% of cell (largest organelle)about 10% of cell (largest organelle)

Controls gene expression and replication of DNAControls gene expression and replication of DNA

Sometimes called the “brain” of the cellSometimes called the “brain” of the cell

Contains the nucleolusContains the nucleolus Synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomesSynthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes

Plant cell differencesPlant cell differences

Cell WallCell Wall Surrounds cell membraneSurrounds cell membrane Gives cell structure and supportGives cell structure and support

ChloroplastChloroplast Perform photosynthesis-convert light energy Perform photosynthesis-convert light energy

into ATP (usable energy)into ATP (usable energy)

Much larger vacuolesMuch larger vacuoles

VideoVideo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNyq4Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNyq4A08mTo&feature=results_main&playnext=108mTo&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL8377204CFFB760B0&list=PL8377204CFFB760B0

ReferencesReferences

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structurhttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htmles.html

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes1http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes1.htm.htm

http://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.html