the case for comparative quantitative measures of culture by john bing
TRANSCRIPT
TheCaseforCompara-veQuan-ta-veMeasuresofCulture
TheManyDimensionsofGeertHofstede
JohnWBing,FounderandChair,ITAPInterna7onal
TheAnthropologySpotlightLectureSeries:ApplyingAnthropologytoRealWorldProblems
1©2017ITAPInterna7onal,Inc.AllRightsReserved.
Individual• Personal History• Family Background • Personality
Environmental• Economic Factors• Market Issues • Social Factors
Na-onalCulture• Education• National Values • Fundamental Beliefs
Organiza-onalClimate
• Corporate Culture• Organizational Structure • Global Reach
SOURCE:Fromvariouspublishedar2clesauthoredbyJohnW.BingEd.D©JohnBing2000-2010
AboutCulture-CultureinContext
©2017ITAPInterna7onal,Inc.AllRightsReserved.
KNOWN
A C
PUBLICSELFWhatyouandothersknowaboutyou
UNKNOWNSELFWhatyoudonotknow
aboutyourselfthatothersknow.
OTHERS/OtherCultures
B D
NOTKNOWNPRIVATESELF
Whatyouknowthatothersdonotknow.
UNKNOWNTOALL
SELF/YourOwnCulture
KNOWN NOTKNOWN
3
JohariWindow
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Inscience,serendipity—theunexpectedfindingofsomethingonewasnotlookingforyetwhosesignificanceonerecognizes—isahighlywelcomeandrecognizedformofcunningwhenwrestlingwithuncertainty.--HelgaNowotny,TheCunningofUncertainty
4
TheCunningofUncertainty
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...normaldistribu7on/na7onalaveragescores
A B
62
C
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AboutCulture-CultureinContext
Awordaboutculturalstereotypes
GeertHofstede,ProfessorEmeritusofOrganiza7onalAnthropologyandInterna7onalManagementatUniversityofMaastrichtintheNetherlands.• Hebecameafounderofcompara7veinterculturalresearch,throughthepublica7onof"Culture'sConsequences".
• Hisbook"CulturesandOrganiza7ons:SoawareoftheMind"(3rdedi7onco-authoredwithGertJanHofstedeandMichaelMinkov)hasappearedin17Europeanand4Asianlanguages.
• GeertHofstedeisoneofthemostcitedauthorsinthesocialsciences.• HeisDoctorHonorisCausaoftenEuropeanuniversi7es,HonoraryProfessorattwoChineseuniversi7es,HonoraryFellowofInterna7onalAssocia7onforCross-CulturalPsychology,andFellowofAcademyofManagementandAcademyofInterna7onalBusinessintheUSA.
• InMay2008,WallStreetJournalrankedhimamongtheTop20“mostinfluen7albusinessthinkers”.
• InSeptember2011QueenBeatrix(Netherlands)conferreduponhimthe7tleofKnightintheOrderoftheDutchLion.
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AboutGeertHofstede
“…interculturalcompetencestartswithawareness…recogni7onthatonecarriesapar7cularmentalsoawarebecauseofthewayonewasbroughtup,thatotherswhogrewupinadifferentenvironmentcarrydifferentmentalsoawareforequallygoodreasons.”--GeertHofstede
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InterculturalCompetence
RobertKaplan,CulturalThoughtPaHernsinInterculturalEduca2on
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• Individualism(IndividualorGroupOrienta-on)-thedegreetowhichac7onistakenforthebenefitoftheindividualorthebenefitofthegroup
• PowerDistance(HierarchicalorPar-cipa-veOrienta-on)-theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulexpectandacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally
• Certainty(NeedforCertaintyorToleranceforAmbiguity)-theextenttowhichpeoplepreferrules,regula7onsandcontrols,orarecomfortablewithambiguity
• Achievement(AchievementorQualityofLifeOrienta-on)-thedegreetowhichwefocusongoalachievementandwork,orqualityoflifeandcaringforothers
• TimeOrienta-on(Long-orShort-termOrienta-on)-thefosteringofvirtuesthatpromotealong-term(perseveranceandthria)orshort-term7mehorizon(preservingpresentbenefits)
• Indulgence(IndulgenceorRestraint)-thetendencytoallowrela7velyfreegra7fica7onortheconvic7onthatsuchgra7fica7onneedstobecurbed
Hofstede’sDimensions
Evolu-onoftheCultureintheWorkplaceQues-onnaire™
• Hofstede’sCulture’sConsequences:Describingaresearch-based,quan7ta7veapproachtounderstandingculturaldifferences
• The24-itemques7onnaire:aPaper/Pencilapproachtolearningaboutculturaldifferences
• Anonlineapplica7onof60ques7onswithadatabaseof15,000responsesfrom60countries
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AdvantagesofEachOrienta-onIndividualOrienta-onSelf-reliance
GroupOrienta-onInterdependence
HierarchicalOrienta-onDiscipline
Par-cipa-veOrienta-onAcceptanceofResponsibility
NeedforCertaintyPrecision
ToleranceforAmbiguityInnova7on
AchievementOrienta-onEfficiency
QualityofLifeOrienta-onCustomOutputs&PersonalService
Long-TermOrienta-onDevelopingNewMarketOpportuni7es
Short-TermOrienta-onFastAdapta7on
Individualism
PowerDistance
Certainty
Achievement
TimeOrienta-on
12
IndulgenceOrienta-onAsenseofwell-being
RestraintOrienta-onWork-ethic
Indulgence
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USA UK Japan Arab Ctrs. Participant Mexico COUNTRY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Deg
ree
of
Ind
ivid
ua
lism
Sample Question: Decisions made by individuals are usually of a higher quality than decisions made by groups.
PREFERENCES FOR INDIVIDUALISM Individual Style Versus Group Style
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The Influence of Age on National Culture Y=below40;O=40+
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Country Similar Different Different
US(UKsimilar) IND/C/ACH PD(16points) LTO(17points)
Y=60;O=44 Y=53;O=36
Philippines IND/PD/ACH C(12point) LTO(25points)
Y=71;O=59 Y=50;O=25
Germany IND/C/ACH/LTO PD(10points)
Y=46;O=36
SouthKorea IND/PD/ACH/LTO C(13points)
Y=68;O=55
India C/ACH/LTO IND(16points) PD(17points)
Y=37;O=53 Y=78;O=52
China IND/PD/C/ACH LTO(17points)
Y=91*;O=76 *Highestinthesample
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Country Similar Different Different
US C/ACH/LTO IND(10points) PD(19points)
L=64;H=74 L=56;H=37
Philippines PD/C/ACH/LTO IND(11points)
L=39;H=50
Germany IND/C/ACH/LTO PD(21points)
L=55;H=34
SouthKorea Allsimilar
India C/ACH/LTO IND(11points) PD(26points)
L=36;H=47 L=85;H=59
China IND/C/ACH/LTO PD(12points)
L=82;H=70
The Influence of Education on National Culture
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L = elementary, secondary and vocational; H = college and above
The Influence of Gender on National Culture
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Country Similar Different Different
US Allsimilar
Philippines Allsimilar
Germany C/ACH/LTO IND(15points) PD(23points)
F=96;M=81 F=25;M=48
SouthKorea C/ACH IND(29points) PD(13points)
F=63;M=34 F=59;M=72
LTO(21points)
F=62;M=83
India Allsimilar
China Allsimilar
F = Female; M = Male
ThroughThickandThin
• ThickDescrip7ons:Firstusedbyanthropologistsdescribinggroups*(Qualita7veApproaches)
• ThinDescrip7ons:Using“bigdata”todiscovercorrela7onsanddifferences*(Quan7ta7veapproaches)
• Bothareneededforafullunderstandingofculturalsimilari7es,differences,andcontexts,andtoapplyinganthropologytorealworldproblems*HelgaNowotny,TheCunningofUncertainty
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