THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMExercise Science

8) Review the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Define the terms neuromuscular integration and central command. Summarize how neuromuscular integration, central command, and training and/or rehabilitation plans are based on the integration of the muscle nerve with the muscles of these systems.

STANDARDS

11) Compare and contrast the functions of the cardiovascular system in response to aerobic exercises. Cite the specific changes that are likely to occur and the part of the anatomy that is involved. Using this information, develop a public service announcement, health education/public health presentation, or community awareness brochure to educate local citizens about the importance of exercise in maintaining positive cardiovascular health.

STANDARDS

Define:

Coronary Circulation-0xygenated blood supplied to the heart muscle

Pulmonary Circulation-oxygenated blood exchange in the lungs

Systemic Circulation-oxygenated blood exchange in the rest of the body (arms, trunk, legs)

Bell Work

By the end of class, student will be able to

Recognize main functions of the heart

Identify the major structures of the heart including its chambers, valves, and major blood vessels.

Interpret the meaning of heart sounds and blood pressure

Objective

Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries are all blood vessels.

Arteries – carry blood away from the heart

Veins – Carry blood back to the heart

Capillaries – Tiny blood vessels, where exchange of materials occurs, connects an artery and a vein.

Lungs: organs that take in oxygen from the air and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

Anatomy

Pulmonary – means anything dealing with the lungs

Cardiac – means anything dealing with the heart

Heart: a muscular organ that pumps blood to the lungs and the body.

Key Terms

Also known as Cardiovascular System

Carries blood around the body

Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells all over the body

Transports wastes (urea, carbon dioxide, salt) to excretory organs

It is composed of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels

Based on these functions, what other body systems does the circulatory/cardiovascular system relate to? Draw a visual image on your marker board or each.

Physiology or Function

The Heart

♥ Muscular organ

♥ Size of a closed fist

♥ Weighs 12-13 oz

♥ Location – thoracic cavity, pericardial cavity (or sac) within the mediastinum(space b/t the lungs contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, major blood vessels).

A PERSON’S HEART WILL BEAT APPROXIMATELY 100,000 TIMES A DAY, EVERY DAY!

IMAGINE TRYING TO SQUEEZE A TENNIS BALL 70 TIMES A MINUTE…..THAT IS WHAT YOUR HEART DOES EVERYDAY!

Interesting facts!

♥ Hollow, muscular, double pump that circulates blood –Why is it called this?

♥ At rest = 2 oz blood with each beat, 5 qts./min., 75 gallons per hour

♥ Ave = 72 beats per minute

♥ 100,000 beats per day

♥ EPICARDIUM –outer layer of the heart, covered by pericardial sac

♥ MYOCARDIUM – cardiac muscletissue, forms 4 chambers (middle)

♥ ENDOCARDIUM – smooth inner lining of heart

♥ SEPTUM – partition (wall) that separates right half from left half

Structure

♥ Lowest tip of the organ that points downward at the base, forming what almost looks like a rounded point.

♥ Strongest beat can be heard and even felt here!!!

♥ Stethoscope – instrument used to hear the heartbeat (and lung

sounds)

Apex of Heart

Structure

♥ Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava – bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium

♥ Pulmonary artery – takes blood away from right ventricle to the lungs for O2

♥ Pulmonary veins – bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

♥ Aorta – takes blood away from left ventricle to rest of the body

SEPTUM divides into R and L halves

Upper chambers – RIGHT ATRIUM and LEFT ATRIUM

Lower chambers – RIGHT VENTRICLE and LEFT VENTRICLE

Four heart valves permit flow of blood in one direction

Chambers and Valves

Tricuspid – 3 flaps or cusps – prevents backflow into R atrium

Pulmonary or Semilunar – 3 flaps – prevents backflow into R ventricle

Mitral (bicuspid) – 2 flaps – prevents backflow into L atrium

Aortic – prevents backflow into L ventricle

VALVES

RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

RIGHT ATRIUM

TRICUSPID VALVE

RIGHT VENTRICLE

PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE

PULMONARY ARTERIES

RIGHT AND LEFT LUNGS

What is different about the pulmonary arteries and every other artery in the body?

LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART

OXYGENATED BLOOD

PULMONARY VEINS

LEFT ATRIUM

BICUSPID (MITRAL) VALVE

Left VENTRICLE

AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE

AORTA

What is different about the pulmonary veins and every other vein in the body?

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEARTThe heart is a double pump. When the heart beats…

Right Heart

Deoxygenated blood flows into heart from vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary artery lungs (for oxygen)

Left Heart

Oxygenated blood flows from lungs via pulmonary veins left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta general circulation (to deliver oxygen)

CORONARY ARTERIES

SUPPLY THE MYOCARDIUM WITH OXYGENATED BLOOD

BLOCKAGE OR INFARCT OF ONE OF THESE ARTERIES CAUSES A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)

Left main artery – called “widow maker”

Creates Heart sounds (beats)

Heard through stethoscope

“LUB-DUB” sound

1st sound – longest and loudest -closure of atrioventricular (AV) valves

Which valves are these?

2nd sound – closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

If valves do not close properly – you will hear an extra sound called a heart murmur.

CARDIAC CYCLEHow the pump works?

Measured in beats per minute

Normal Heart Rate

Adults – 60-100

Abnormal Heart Rates

<60 BPM – Bradycardia

>100 BPM – Tachycardia

Heart Rate

State if normal, bradycardia, tachycardia?

176 BPM

44 BPM

76 BPM

22 BPM

116 BPM

Heart Rate

SYSTOLE – CARDIAC CONTRACTION THE BLOOD IS FORCED OUT OF THE HEART TO THE LUNGS FOR OXYGENATION AND TO THE BODY FOR CIRCULATION

DIASTOLE – CARDIAC RELAXATION THE BLOOD IS RETURNED TO THE HEART FROM THE LUNGS AND THE BODY

THE CARDIAC CYCLE

Measured in mmHg (milimeters of mercury)

Normal Blood Pressure

Range 120-140/60-90

Systolic – pressure when your heart beats (top number)

Diastolic – pressure when your heart relaxes between beats (bottom number)

Blood Pressure

High blood pressure

>140/90 mmHg

Hypertension

Low blood pressure

<100/60 mmHg

Hypotension

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure readings: State if normal, hypertensive or hypotensive

165/98 mmHg

78/44 mmHg

128/76 mmHg

220/126 mmHg

132/88 mmHg

Blood Pressure

By the end of class, student will be able to

Recognize main functions of the heart

Identify the 4 chambers of the heart and the 4 heart valves

Interpret heart sounds and blood pressure

Objective

Go to class website and follow the directions for Station 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse.

After you complete these activities with resting heart rate (HR):

Hypothesize what your findings will be after aerobic exercise.

Perform an aerobic activity for ONE MINUTE (jumping jacks, jog in place, lunges)

Complete to Station again.

When you are done color your diagram RED or BLUE according to the O2 rich or O poor blood flow.

Activity

How many directions does blood flow?

What is the function of a heart valve?

Which type of circulation occurs in the lungs?

Are the arteries in the legs oxygen rich or poor?

Does the pulmonary artery bring oxygen to the heart or away from the heart to the lungs?

Exit Ticket

Where was the strongest pulse point? The weakest? Why do you think this is?

Read the brief article:

Exercise Medicine and a Vascular Perspective

Highlight important facts.

Create FIVE questions from the article and answer them.

Individual Activity