the cardiovascular system

The The Cardiovascular Cardiovascular

SystemSystemBloodBlood

Thursday Thursday 4/24/034/24/03

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Functions of Functions of BloodBlood

• TransportationTransportation– OxygenOxygen– Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide– NutrientsNutrients– HeatHeat– Waste productsWaste products– HormonesHormones


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RBCs are most numerous, white RBCs are most numerous, white blood cells are stained blood cells are stained

purple.purple.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRh_dAzXuoU

• RegulationRegulation– pH using pH using buffersbuffers

– Body Body temperaturetemperature

– Water content Water content of cells.of cells.



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Water content of Water content of blood is regulated by blood is regulated by

the kidneysthe kidneys

• ProtectionProtection– Blood lossBlood loss– Against Against microbes and microbes and viruses.viruses.

Red Blood Cell Infected With Malaria



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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUhSQ

Physical Physical Characteristics of Characteristics of

BloodBlood• Temperature Temperature

– 38 C. 38 C.

• More viscous than More viscous than water.water.

• pH pH – 7.35 - 7.457.35 - 7.45

• VolumeVolume– 5-6 liters (male)5-6 liters (male)– 4-5 liters (female)4-5 liters (female)

• Percent total body Percent total body weightweight– 8 percent8 percent

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Components of Components of BloodBlood

• Formed Formed elementselements– ErythrocytesErythrocytes– LeukocytesLeukocytes

• GranularGranular• AgranularAgranular

– ThrombocytesThrombocytes

Neutrophil

Platelets RBC


Formation of Formation of BloodBlood

• HemopoiesisHemopoiesis– Occurs in fetusOccurs in fetus

• Yolk sacYolk sac• LiverLiver• SpleenSpleen• Thymus glandThymus gland• Lymph nodesLymph nodes• Red marrowRed marrow


Formation of Formation of BloodBlood

• HemopoiesisHemopoiesis– Occurs in the adultOccurs in the adult

• Proximal ends of Proximal ends of femur and humerus.femur and humerus.

• Flat bones such as Flat bones such as scapula, ribs, scapula, ribs, pelvis, sternum.pelvis, sternum.

Originates from Originates from hemopoietic stem hemopoietic stem cells.cells.

Stem cells Stem cells differentiate into differentiate into five types of blood five types of blood cells.cells.


ErythrocyteErythrocytess

• StructureStructure– Biconcave discs.Biconcave discs.– 8 microns in 8 microns in diameterdiameter

– No nucleus or No nucleus or organelles.organelles.

– Contains Contains hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

– 4.5 to 5.5 million 4.5 to 5.5 million per.per. mmmm33..


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdwxIAfyE6s&feature=related

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

• FunctionFunction– Carries oxygen & Carries oxygen & carbon dioxide.carbon dioxide.

– Hemoglobin Hemoglobin consists of four consists of four proteins proteins attached to four attached to four hemeshemes

– Each heme has Each heme has iron.iron.

– Iron attaches to Iron attaches to oxygen.oxygen.



• RBC’s RBC’s create ATP create ATP anaerobicalanaerobically. ly. – (Use no O2 (Use no O2 that they that they carry)carry)

– ATP’s ATP’s maintain maintain biconvcave biconvcave shape.shape.


ErythrocyteErythrocytess

• Life SpanLife Span– RBC’s live from RBC’s live from 3 to 120 days.3 to 120 days.

– Removed by Removed by spleen, liver, spleen, liver, and red bone and red bone marrow. marrow. (Macrophages)(Macrophages)



• JaundiceJaundice– Heme is usually Heme is usually converted into converted into bilirubin.bilirubin.

– Liver excretes it Liver excretes it into the large into the large intestine.intestine.

– Liver fails to Liver fails to process bilirubin process bilirubin in newborns.in newborns.



• Production of Production of RBC’sRBC’s– ErythropoiesisErythropoiesis– Kidney’s Kidney’s determine rate determine rate of RBC of RBC production.production.

– Kidneys produce Kidneys produce erythropoietin.erythropoietin.• Speeds up Speeds up erythropoiesis.erythropoiesis.


LeukocytesLeukocytes

• StructureStructure– Contains a Contains a nucleus.nucleus.

– GranularGranular• NeutrophilsNeutrophils• EosinophilsEosinophils• BasophilsBasophils

– AgranularAgranular• LymphocytesLymphocytes



• FunctionsFunctions– Neutrophils and Neutrophils and monocytes are monocytes are phagocytic.phagocytic.

– Monocytes are Monocytes are referred to as referred to as macrophages.macrophages.

– WBC’s are capable WBC’s are capable of emigration of emigration (diapedesis).(diapedesis).

– Capable of Capable of chemotaxis.chemotaxis.

Monocyte



• Life SpanLife Span– Most live just Most live just a few days.a few days.

– Lymphocytes Lymphocytes live years.live years.

– 5,000 - 7,000/ 5,000 - 7,000/ mmmm33..



• NumberNumber– 5,000 - 7,000/ 5,000 - 7,000/ mmmm33..

• Leukocytes are Leukocytes are produced in the produced in the red bone red bone marrow.marrow.

Macrophages


ThrombocytesThrombocytes

• StructureStructure– Fragment of Fragment of cytoplasm cytoplasm surrounded by surrounded by membrane.membrane.

– Originate from a Originate from a megakaryocyte.megakaryocyte.

– Megakaryocyte Megakaryocyte fragments to form fragments to form platelets.platelets.

Thrombocyte



• FunctionFunction– Forms a plug to Forms a plug to stop bleeding.stop bleeding.

– Initiates Initiates clotting clotting process.process.



• Life SpanLife Span– 5 to 9 days.5 to 9 days.

• NumberNumber• 250,000 to 250,000 to 400,000 mm400,000 mm3.3.

• ProductionProduction– Formed in red Formed in red bone marrow.bone marrow.


HemostasisHemostasis

• Three Three mechanismsmechanisms–Vascular Vascular spasmspasm

–Platelet Platelet plug plug formationformation

–Blood Blood coagulationcoagulation

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HemostasisHemostasisTortoraTortora

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• Vascular Vascular SpasmSpasm– Smooth muscle Smooth muscle in wall in wall contracts.contracts.

– Initiated by Initiated by nociceptors.nociceptors.

– Last form 20 Last form 20 minutes to minutes to several several hours.hours.


• Platelet Plug Platelet Plug FormationFormation–Platelets get Platelets get ‘sticky’ when ‘sticky’ when they come in they come in contact with contact with damages blood damages blood vessel.vessel.

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HemostasisHemostasis• CoagulationCoagulation

– Clotting involves Clotting involves several coagulation several coagulation factors.factors.• Formation f Formation f prothrombinase.prothrombinase.

• Prothrombin converted Prothrombin converted to thrombin.to thrombin.

• Fibrinogen converted Fibrinogen converted to fibrin by to fibrin by thrombin.thrombin.

• Fibrin forms threads Fibrin forms threads of protein that trap of protein that trap RBC’s to form clot.RBC’s to form clot.

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• Extrinsic Extrinsic pathwaypathway– Initiated from Initiated from outside the outside the circulatory circulatory systemsystem

– Tissue Factor Tissue Factor (TF) found on (TF) found on surface of surface of cells cause the cells cause the formation of formation of prothrombinase.prothrombinase.

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• Intrinsic Intrinsic pathwaypathway– Initiated from Initiated from inside the inside the blood vessels.blood vessels.

– Slower than Slower than extrinsic.extrinsic.

– Initiated when Initiated when blood contacts blood contacts damaged damaged endothelial endothelial cells.cells.

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Blood Blood GroupingsGroupings

• ABOABO– Based on types of Based on types of proteins proteins (antigens) on (antigens) on surface of the red surface of the red blood cells.blood cells.

– Type A has only A Type A has only A antigen.antigen.

– Type B has only B Type B has only B antigen.antigen.

– Type O has none.Type O has none.– Type AB has both.Type AB has both.

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• Type O is the Type O is the universal universal donor.donor.

• Type AB is Type AB is the universal the universal recepientrecepient

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• Typing Typing Blood.Blood.– AntiseraAntisera– Clumping Clumping means means antigen is antigen is present.present.

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• RhRh– Separate Separate systemsystem

– PositivePositive– NegativeNegative

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Rh Rh IncompatibilityIncompatibility

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the cardiovascular system

Documents

macrophagestortora pages

monocytetortora pages

thrombocytetortora pages

white blood cells

types of blood cells

red bone marrow

red blood cell

hemopoietic stem cells