the cardiovascular systemcf.linnbenton.edu/mathsci/bio/jacobsr/upload/19 - cardiovascular system...
TRANSCRIPT
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Part 1
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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Blood
Heart
Blood vessels
What is the function of this system?
What other systems does it affect?
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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Functions
Transport gases, wastes, food, hormones, blood cells
Systems affected
Respiratory
Urinary
Digestive
Musculoskeletal
Immune system
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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Four separate chambers in humans
Double pump two closed circuits
5 L/minute
THE HEART
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tPulmonary Circuit
Blood flows through
lungs for gas exchange
Systemic Circuit
Blood flows to organs to
deliver oxygenated blood
and carries deoxygentaed
blood back to heart.
Two Complete and Separate Circuits
Lungs
Blood vessels,
organs and
tissues
Pump
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Figure 18.5
Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
Capillary beds
of lungs where
gas exchange
occurs
Capillary beds of all
body tissues where
gas exchange occurs
Pulmonary veins Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary
Circuit
Systemic
Circuit
Aorta and branches
Left atrium
Heart
Left ventricle Right atrium
Right ventricle
Venae cavae
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Figure 18.1a
Point of
maximal
intensity
(PMI)
Diaphragm
(a)
Sternum
2nd rib
Midsternal line
Located within mediastinum
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Figure 18.1c
(c)
Superior
vena cava
Left lung
Aorta
Parietal pleura (cut)
Pericardium (cut)
Pulmonary
trunk
Diaphragm
Apex of
heart
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Membrane surrounding and protecting the heart
Confines while still allowing free movement
PERICARDIUM
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Double walled organ
Fibrous pericardium
Fibrous connective tissue
Prevents overstretching, protection, anchorage
Serous pericardium
Serous epithelium
Double layer
Parietal layer fused to fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer also called epicardium
PERICARDIUM
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Pericardial cavity
Between visceral and parietal serous pericardium
Scant amount of serous fluid
Pericarditis
PERICARDIUM
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Figure 18.2
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of
serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium
(visceral layer
of serous
pericardium) Myocardium
Endocardium
Pulmonary
trunk
Heart chamber
Heart
wall
Pericardium
Myocardium
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Three layers
Epicardium
Also called the …
Myocardium
Endocardium
MUSCULAR WALL OF THE HEART
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Figure 18.2
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of
serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium
(visceral layer
of serous
pericardium) Myocardium
Endocardium
Pulmonary
trunk
Heart chamber
Heart
wall
Pericardium
Myocardium
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Epicardium
MUSCULAR WALL OF THE HEART
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Myocardium
Muscle and connective tissue
Bulk of heart
MUSCULAR WALL OF THE HEART
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.3
Cardiac
muscle
bundles
Myocardium
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Endocardium
Endocarditis
MUSCULAR WALL OF THE HEART
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Chambers
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
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Chambers
Right and left atria
Separated by interatrial septum
Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) encircles the
junction of the atria and ventricles
Auricles increase atrial volume
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
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Chambers
Right and left ventricles
Separated by interventricular septum
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
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Figure 18.6
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
Interventricular
septum
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Schematic of Heart Anatomy • In pipes = veins
• Out pipes = arteries
• Heart has 4 chambers – 2 atria & 2 ventricles
In In
Out Out
Veins
Arteries
Heart
chambers
Atria
Ventricles
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.4b
(b) Anterior view
Brachiocephalic trunk
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary
artery
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary
veins
Right atrium
Right coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein
Right ventricle
Right marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Left common carotid
artery Left subclavian artery
Ligamentum arteriosum
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Circumflex artery
Left coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Left ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Anterior interventricular
artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Apex
Aortic arch
Auricle of left atrium
Major Vessels of the Heart
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Vessels entering right atrium
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary arteries and veins
Vessels entering left atrium
Right and left pulmonary veins
ATRIA THE RECEIVING CHAMBERS
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.4e
Aorta
Left pulmonary
artery Left atrium
Left pulmonary
veins
Mitral (bicuspid)
valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve Left ventricle
Papillary muscle Interventricular septum
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
(e) Frontal section
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis
Pectinate muscles
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Trabeculae carneae
Inferior vena cava
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Vessel leaving the right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Vessel leaving the left ventricle
Aorta
VENTRICLES THE DISCHARGING CHAMBERS
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.4e
Aorta
Left pulmonary
artery Left atrium
Left pulmonary
veins
Mitral (bicuspid)
valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve Left ventricle
Papillary muscle Interventricular septum
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
(e) Frontal section
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis
Pectinate muscles
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Trabeculae carneae
Inferior vena cava
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Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
Chordae tendineae anchor AV valve cusps to papillary
muscles
Semilunar valves
Prevent backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax
Unidirectional blood flow through the heart
HEART VALVES
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Figure 18.8c
Pulmonary
valve
Aortic
valve
Area of
cutaway
Mitral
valve
Tricuspid
valve
Chordae tendineae
attached to tricuspid valve flap
Papillary
muscle (c)
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Atrioventricular
Separate atria from ventricles
Tricuspid
Right side
Bicuspid (mitral)
Left side
Semilunar
Separate ventricles from great arteries
Pulmonary semilunar
Aortic semilunar
HEART VALVES
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.4e
Aorta
Left pulmonary
artery Left atrium
Left pulmonary
veins
Mitral (bicuspid)
valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve Left ventricle
Papillary muscle Interventricular septum
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
(e) Frontal section
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis
Pectinate muscles
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Trabeculae carneae
Inferior vena cava
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Figure 18.8a
Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Area of cutaway
Mitral valve Tricuspid valve
Myocardium
Tricuspid
(right atrioventricular)
valve
Mitral
(left atrioventricular)
valve
Aortic
valve
Pulmonary
valve
(b)
Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Area of cutaway
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve Myocardium
Tricuspid
(right atrioventricular)
valve
(a)
Mitral
(left atrioventricular)
valve Aortic valve
Pulmonary
valve Fibrous
skeleton
Anterior
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The heart is two side-by-side pumps
Right side = pulmonary circuit
Vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Left side = systemic circuit
Vessels that carry the blood to and from all body tissues
CARDIAC CIRCULATION
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right atrium (via vena cava) tricuspid valve right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary
arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid
valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta
systemic circulation
PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
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Figure 18.9
1 Blood returning to the heart fills atria, putting pressure against atrioventricular valves; atrioventricular valves are forced open.
1 Ventricles contract, forcing blood against atrioventricular valve cusps.
2 As ventricles fill, atrioventricular valve flaps hang limply into ventricles.
2 Atrioventricular valves close.
3 Atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles.
3 Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria.
(a) AV valves open; atrial pressure greater than ventricular pressure
(b) AV valves closed; atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure
Direction of blood flow
Atrium
Ventricle
Cusp of atrioventricular valve (open)
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscle
Atrium
Blood in ventricle
Cusps of atrioventricular valve (closed)
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Figure 18.10
As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open.
As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close.
(a) Semilunar valves open
(b) Semilunar valves closed
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
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“lub -dup”
HEART SOUNDS
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.5
Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
Capillary beds
of lungs where
gas exchange
occurs
Capillary beds of all
body tissues where
gas exchange occurs
Pulmonary veins Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary
Circuit
Systemic
Circuit
Aorta and branches
Left atrium
Heart
Left ventricle Right atrium
Right ventricle
Venae cavae
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The functional blood supply to the heart muscle
Arteries
Right and left coronary arteries
Branch off base of the aorta
Extensive branching throughout epicardium anastomoses
Collateral circulation
Cardiac veins feed into coronary sinus
CORONARY (CARDIAC) CIRCULATION
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Figure 18.7a
Right ventricle
Right
coronary
artery
Right atrium
Right
marginal
artery Posterior
interventricular
artery
Anterior
interventricular
artery
Circumflex
artery
Left
coronary
artery
Aorta
Anastomosis (junction of vessels)
Left ventricle
Superior vena cava
(a) The major coronary arteries
Left atrium
Pulmonary trunk
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Figure 18.4d
(d) Posterior surface view
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Auricle of left atrium
Left atrium
Great cardiac vein
Posterior vein of left ventricle
Left ventricle
Apex
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus)
Coronary sinus
Posterior interventricular artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus)
Middle cardiac vein
Right ventricle
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Figure 18.7b
Superior vena cava
Anterior
cardiac
veins
Small cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Great
cardiac
vein
Coronary
sinus
(b) The major cardiac veins
Coronary sinus drains into right atrium
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Benefits of anastomoses
Heart attacks in young versus older patients
COLLATERAL CIRCULATION
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QUESTIONS?