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 The Carbon Cycle

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Page 1: The Carbon Cycle - UW Oceanography€¦ · 29 Human Perturbation to the Carbon Cycle Human Perturbations to the Global Carbon Budget CO 2 sources Flux (Gt C/yr) Fossil fuel combustion

   

The Carbon Cycle

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Questions I hope to address:

● What's so special about Carbon anyway?● Why do we care about the carbon cycle?● Where does the Earth keep all it's carbon? ● What factors determine atmospheric carbon dioxide 

concentrations?● Where does the carbon dioxide we emit end up?● What can we do to remove our excess carbon dioxide 

from the air?   

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What's so special about Carbon anyway?

● carbon has a unique chemistry that makes it disproportionately abundant in living organisms relative to it's abundance on Earth.  

● softest to hardest compounds on earth (graphite—i.e. pencil lead­­ to diamond) are made of carbon

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Carbon is abundant in living organisms disproportionately to it's abundance on 

earth...● Carbon only makes up 0.094 % of Earth's crust, and only 

0.038 % of the atmosphere● Humans are 18% composed of Carbon.

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Carbon forms Polymers

● A polymer is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. The term is derived from the Greek words: polys meaning many, and meros meaning parts[1]

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Hypothetical silicon­based life

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Silicon?

● Silicon makes up 28% of the Earth's crust!  (As opposed to carbon which is only 0.094%).  

● Of meteorites and space dust, 84 carbon compounds but only 8 silicon, and 4 of those

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Why not silicon?● Silanes (Si­H2) compounds are highly reactive with water.

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Why not silicon?● Silanes (Si­H2) compounds are highly reactive with water.

● Carbon can form double and triple bonds, which silicon can't as easily do.

● Combustion of C­H2 compounds produces carbon dioxide and water (both gases).  Combustion of Si­H2 compounds produces SiO2, which is a solid!  You'd have to breathe out bricks to use silicon.  

● Silicon might be more important on extremely hot planets

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Why do we care about the carbon cycle?

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The other molecules are less likely to absorb infrared heat.

● Nitrogen  78.084%● Oxygen  20.946% 

● (oxygen and ozone absorb UV, visible and a little bit of IR)

● Argon 0.934%● Carbon dioxide  0.038% 

● (absorbs IR)

● Water vapor  1% ● (absorbs IR)

● Other  0.002%

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What Factors control carbon dioxide in our atmosphere right now?

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The Annual Cycle of Photosynthesis and Respiration

● Notice how the biologically driven annual cycle is a about a factor 10 greater than the anthropogenic increase over 1 year

● Known as the Keeling curve 

from Mauna Loa Observatory

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Carbon Exchange With Plants

• Photosynthesis:carbon dioxide + water + light => carbohydrate + oxygen

CO2 + H2O + light => CH2O + O2

• Respiration:– ~half of the carbohydrates used to produce energy for metabolism

O2 + CH2O => energy + H2O + CO2

– ~half used to form new plant tissue (biomass), so growing plants are net C sinks

• Decomposition– Respiration by bacteria that consumes organic matter

• Total exchange of CO2 ~1000 times faster than geologic exchanges

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Oceanic Carbon

● Oceans store about 50 times more CO2 than the atmosphere and 19 times more than terrestrial biosphere

CO2

CO2

CO2 + H2O ⇔  H+  + HCO3­

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Oceanic CO2 Pressure

● Difference between water pCO2 and atmospheric pCO2

● Negative values (blue) mean the ocean takes up CO2

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Oceanic Biological Pump

● Phytoplankton absorb CO2

● Zooplankton consume phytoplanton– source of oceanic food web

● Respiration returns most of CO2 to the ocean● Some organic matter sinks to ocean bed and 

provides a net (essentially permanent) uptake of CO2 into the ocean

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Ocean Uptake Timescale● Pre­industrial:

– 98.1% CO2 in oceans– 1.9% in atmosphere

● For 100 molecules CO2 emitted today– 6 dissolve in 1 year– 29 in 10 years– 59 in 60 years– 84 in 360 years

● Currently 42% of CO2 emitted since 1800 has dissolved in the ocean● At the time when atmospheric CO2 has doubled

– 80­85% in oceans– 15­20% in the atmosphere

The problem is the rate of emission of CO2

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Human Perturbation to the Carbon CycleHuman Perturbations to the Global Carbon Budget 

CO2 sources  Flux (Gt C/yr)

Fossil fuel combustion and cement production 5.5 ± 0.5

Tropical deforestation 1.6 ± 1.0

Total anthropogenic emissions 7.1 ± 1.1

CO2sinks 

Storage in the atmosphere 3.3 ± 0.2

Uptake by the ocean 2.0 ± 0.8

Northern hemisphere forest regrowth 0.5 ± 0.5

Other terrestrial sinks (CO2 fertilization, nitrogen fertilization, climatic effects) 1.3 ± 1.5Source: Climate Change 1995, published by the IPCC

While we understand the C­cycle in principle, the budget is not yet well quantified

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Increasing emissions from the developing world

• Over the next few decades, 90 percent of the world’s population growth will take place in the developing countries, some of which are undergoing rapid economic development

• Per capita energy use in the developing countries, which is currently only 1/10 to 1/20 of the US level, will also increase

• If current trends continue, the developing countries will account for more than half of total global carbon dioxide emissions by 2035

• China, which is currently the second largest source, is expected to displace the US as the largest emitter by 2015

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Kyoto Accord – a quick review

• The Kyoto Accord calls for the 38 industrialized countries by 2012 to reduce their combined annual gas emissions to 5.2 percent below levels measured in 1990.

• It set a different negotiated target for each country (e.g., USA, 93% of baseline year – 1.348.2 MtC

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What can we do to reduce the rate of CO2 increase in the atmosphere?

● Don't put it in the atmosphere to begin with!  ● Pump it into the ground or the deep ocean● Grow Trees● Sequester it with carbon dioxide absorbing minerals.

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Carbon footprint calculator

● http://www.carbonfootprint.com/USA/calculator.html

● Other ecological Footprint calculators● http://www.ecobusinesslinks.com/ecological_footprint_calculator.htm

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Pump it into the ground?

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Some sinks:

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Pump it into the Deep ocean?

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Pump it into the deep ocean

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Store it in minerals?

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Geological time­scale carbon cycle

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Olivine could absorb CO2

• The mineral olivine (also called chrysolite and, when gem­quality, peridot) is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. It is one of the most common minerals on Earth, and has also been identified on the Moon, Mars, and comet Wild 2. 

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Serpentinite reactionsReaction 1Mg­Olivine + Water + Carbon dioxide   Serpentine + Magnesite + Silica→

                                                                                                     Reaction 2Fe­Olivine + Water + Carbonic acid   Serpentine + Magnetite + Magnesite + Silica→

                                                                                                                       Reaction 3Serpentine + carbon dioxide   Magnesite + silica + water→

                                                                             

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Store it in Trees?

● Trees are the main storage of terrestrial carbon

● First step is to reduce current forest clearance rates● Do existing trees grow faster in a CO2­rich 

environment?● What about new plantations?

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Carbon and Land Use1 Pg = 1 Peta gram = 1015 g = a thousand million million grams

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Using Forests to Sequester Carbon• Total fossil fuel reserves can’t be mopped up by trees

– look back at the Reservoir Table

• What happens to biomass growth rate with increased atmospheric CO2?– In experiments: Faster growth of forest pine trees for a few years, then return to 

normal since trees need other nutrients, such as nitrogen– Other experiments show unabated increased growth rates– Drought or other stress increases CO2 emissions

● Open issue, but trees unlikely to be a reliable CO2 remover

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New Plantations• A conservative estimate for the amount of CO2 sequested by a 100 hectare Blue gum 

(Euc.globulus) plantation grown in Australia for 20 years can be worked out as follows:● Growth rate of plantation

– 20 cubic metres Stemwood/hectare/year● Total stem wood volume at age 20

– 40,000 cubic metres● One cubic metre of wood equals 0.32 tonnes of Carbon

– Total wood volume=12,800 tonnes of Carbon● Soil and non­stem Carbon accumulates at rates of about 2.5 tonnes/hectare/year

– total soil and non­stem Carbon accumulated at age 20 = 5,000 tonnes of Carbon● Total Carbon (wood, non stem and soil) at age 20

– 17,800 tonnes of Carbon● One tonne of Carbon = 3.67 tonnes CO2

– 100ha plantation would ‘capture’ 65,000 tonnes of CO2 over the 20 year period, or an average of 3,270 tonnes CO2/year 

Question: What fraction of the world’s land area would you need to cover in such trees in order to mop up 10 Pg CO2 emission from fossil fuels per year?

A hectare (symbol ha) is a unit of area, equal to 10,000 square metres 

"Surface Area: Land area, about 148,300,000 sq km, or about 30% of total surface area; water area, about 361,800,000 sq km, or        about 70% of total surface area." 

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The Carbon Budget

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Carbon Exchanges Between Reservoirs● Geologic carbon 

exchanges on time scale of millions of years

● Biological/physical carbon exchanges on the time scale of days to ~1000 years