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Table 1: List of mosques with square-minarets in Herzegovina

Place Location Name, date, state of preservation.

1Donja Bijenja

Nevesinjsko polje

elebi/Surkovi damija (ill. 12); undated; destroyed in 1992 but perfectly reconstructed in 2006-7.

2 Bilea Predojevia damija (ill. 13), ca. 1575; still standing as a roofless ruin.

3 Bijeljani Dabarsko poljeVillage mosque (ill. 8), first half of the 17th century; set on fire in WW II; still standing today as a roofless ruin, unprotected.

4 Dabrica Near StolacMosque of Sefer Aa (ills. 2-3), 1610/1; half destroyed in 1992-5, reconstructed in 2004-5 and reopened in October 2005.

5 Glavatievo Konjic districtIdentified by Amra Hadimuhamedovi; no further details. The present mosque of Glavatievo has a minaret of a circular form.

6 Hatelj Dabarsko polje Ca. 1600-30; demolished in 1960.

7 KljuniNevesinje district

Undated; destroyed in 1992-5; rebuilt after 2000 in a different style.

8 KruanjPodvele, Mostar district

Undated mosque; in 1975 the square minaret (ca. 10 m high) was demolished and in the following year replaced by a concrete one in the usual form; destroyed in 1992.

9 Korita Bilea district 17th century (?); destroyed.

10 KruevljaniPridvorci, Nevesinje district

Village mosque (ill. 10), mid-16th century; destroyed in 1992 and completely reconstructed in 2007.

11 MostarMosque of Fatima Kadun ari; built shortly before 1620, demolished in 1947.

12 NevesinjePerkuia Damija; built sometime between 1664 and 1769, demolished around 1960.

13 Plana Bilea districtAvdia damija, built in 1617 (ill. 9), destroyed during the 1992-5 war, the site having been made unrecognizable.

14 SvinjarinaPodvele, Mostar district

Village mosque built before 1766, when an imam from Svinjarina is mentioned in the Mostar court records. The square minaret was demolished in 1975 and in the following year replaced by a new one, built of concrete and with an octagonal shaft; destroyed in 1992.

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RU VKHHSSHUKRXVHKROGB`!L$%! %,#+#10!#/ !c46&(,4! (+! ECaC! *$#'*! &%14&H468%! ,$4+.%*F!:LQHSURGXFWLRQKDGLQFUHDVHGIURPWR62"!4"!"$%!%R)%+*%!#/ !,%&%48*3!*$%%)3!4+-!$#+%0F!7KHWKUHHFHUHDOVKDGGHFOLQHGIURPWRVKHHSIURPIRXUWHHQWRYHSHUFHQWDQGKRQH\$4-!481#*"!-(*4))%4&%-F!A!,#1)4&(*#+!'("$!"$%!+216%&*!#/ !"$%!#"$%&!c464&!?(884.%*!*$#'*!"$4"!"$(*!'4*! (+-%%-! "$%!.%+%&48! "%+-%+,0F![(+%!6%@,41%!"$%!)(884&!#/ !"$%!8#,48!%,#+#103!4+-!*$%%)!6&%%-(+.!,41%!*%,#+-F

L$%!%,#+#10!#/ !#+%!*%""8%1%+"!'%!,4+!*"2-0!(+!1#&%!-%"4(8! (*!O&%-#8>%3!#+! "$%!'%*"%&+!%-.%!RI WKH3ODLQRI 'DEDU1RZDKDPOHWRI IWHHQ$#2*%*3!(+!"$%!Eb"$!,%+"2&0!("!'4*!4!*1488!8(&(:(!ZLWKDEHDXWLIXOPRVTXHWZR0"&1+)*3!#+%!$"88"3!4!*1488!,(0(03!4!,(#DQGVKRSVDVLVUHODWHGLQE\(YOL\DdHOHELBC,Q3UHGROMHKDG.'+!"#!EEa!$#2*%*3!#/ !'$(,$!` D!'%&%!(+$46("%-!60!N2*8(1*h! (+!ECaC!"$%!N2*8(1*!48&%4-0!14-%!2)!"$%!?4*"!14>#&("0!#/ !"$%!)#)284"(#+!;*%%!48*#!(88*F! Ea@BE%! $4-! 4+!HFRQRP\WKDWDWLQERWK\HDUVZDVHYHQ1#&%! 64*%-! #+! '(+%! )-2,"(#+! "$4+! c46&(,4!;*%%!(88*F!` @b%3!*2&?(?(+.!#+!'(+%!"$4"!'4*!*#8-! %8*%'$%&%! "#! 620! 6&%4-! .&4(+*! $4-! 481#*"!+#! '$%4"! 4+-! 64&8%0! 4+-! /%'! *$%%)F! L$4"! "$%!8(&(:(J*!%,#+#10!-(-!+#"!,$4+.%!6%"'%%+!E`bb!4+-!ECaC3!4+-!"$4"!"$%!,$4+.%!#/ !&%8(.(#+!$4-!+#!LQXHQFHRQWKHSDWWHUQRI SURGXFWLRQLVQRWD@68%F![("$!1(+#&!?4&(4"(#+*3!"$%!*41%!)4""%&+!,4+!6%! *%%+! (+!1#*"! #/ ! "$%!c46&4! ?(884.%*! *2,$! 4*!)DWQLFDRU'DLOMBb

B` ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W LW LV JRRG WR UHPHPEHU WKDWGXULQJ WKHV WKH4?%&4.%! /41(80! #/ !1#2+"4(+! +#14-*! (+! %4*"%&+!L2&H%0! ,#28-! 8(?%!IURP VKHHS &I +WWHURWK :ROI'LHWHU 6"%5#.0()"#' 2#)'r(R7(:(2"%#' +0' 0+$$7"%"#' 82%)+&1,"#' T(2%2&F!N4&62&.K!V%#.&F! S+*"F! -F!8QLY'XULQJDQLQWHUYLHZZLWK8OOD-RKDQVHQWKHRWKHUJUHDWH[SHUW RQ 2(,0!.&4)%*!4+-!"$%!-%8(,(#2*!'(+%!"$4"!,#28-!6%!14-%!/!"$%1F

c2&(+.! "$%! 8#+.! '4&! '("$! "$%! 9#80! X%4.2%! 3UHGROMH ZDV WKRURXJKO\ SOXQGHUHG4+-!-%*"%-!60!4!.4+.!#/ !$(.$'401%+!(+!_%@+%"(4+! *%&?(,%! 4+-!2+-%&! ,#114+-!#/ ! "$%! "%&@ULEOH KDUDPED%DMR3LYOMDQLQBa!O&%-#8>%!+%?%&!&%,#?%&%-F!S"*!%!4*!4!*(5%468%!-(*"&(,"J*!*1488!2&@64+!,%+"&%!'4*!"4H%+!#?%&!60!="#84,3!'$(,$!'#28-!EHKHDYLO\IRUWLHGDVDSUHFDXWLRQDQGVWLOOLVWKH-(*"&(,"J*!14(+!,%+"&%F

The vil lages of the Plain of Dabar

Bi je l janiL$%! ?(884.%! #/ ! :(>%8>4+(! #+! "$%! %-.%! #/ ! "$%!

c464&*H#!)#8>%!8(%*!#+!"$%!-!/!c(?(+!4+-!:%&H#?(,4!"#!="#84,F!T+"(8![[SS!("!'4*!"$%!,%+"&%!#/ !4!12+(,()48("0!'$(,$!(+,82-%-!"$%!+%4&60!?(8@ODJHVDQGKDPOHWVRI .OMHQFL.XWL0LODYLL3ULV@#>%3!_&(>%H43! 4+-!W4*4-4F!T+"(8! EabC3! 4!+216%&!#/ !/41(8(%*!"$4"!#&(.(+4880!$4-!,#1%!/!9%&,%.!1RYL7UHELQMHDQG%LOHDOLYHGLQ%LMHOMLQD2QO\WKHIDPLO\RI 7HODUHYLRQHRI WKHROGHVW0XVOLP/41(8(%*!#/ !"$%!%+"(&%!c464&*H#!)#8>%3!6%8#+.%-!WR WKHRULJLQDO LQKDELWDQWVRI %LMHOMDQL LWZDV"$%!#+80!N2*8(1!/41(80!"$4"!'4*!*"(88!8(?(+.!(+!"$%!YLOODJHLQ$V%LMHOMDQLLVQRWPHQWLRQHGLQWKH 2WWRPDQ $(,%+%*! #/ ! E`bb3! ECBD3! 4+-! ECaC3!("!12*"!$4?%!6%%+!/#2+-%-!4"!4!84"%&!)#(+"!Z!#&!("! $4-! 6%%+! -(*.2(*%-! 6%$(+-! 4! -(//%&%+"! +41%F!L$%!)&%*%+,%!#/ !4!,%1%"%&0!,#1)&(*%-!#/ !*#1%!-#5%+*!#/ ! VWHFL!#2"*(-%! "$%!?(884.%3!#+! "$%! -!WR6WRODFWHVWLHVWRWKHSUHVHQFHRI DPHGLHYDO*%""8%1%+"!#+!"$%!*("%F!

S+!"$%!%4&80@Eb"$!,%+"2&03!4!1#*Y2%!'4*!62(8"!(+!%LMHOMDQL ,WZDVDZHOOFRQVWUXFWHGHGLFHPHD@*2&(+.!ED!R!a!1%"&%*F!S"!$4-!4!*Y24&%3!,8#,H@"#'%&@8(H%!1(+4&%"! "'%8?%!1%"&%*!$(.$F!A!0"8$":'12*"!$4?%!6%%+!62(8"!'("$!("F!L$%*%!62(8-(+.*J!/#2+-%&!(*!+#"!H+#'+h!("!140!'%88!$4?%!6%%+!4!1%16%&!#/ !WKH7HODUHYLIDPLO\DVLVKHOGE\ORFDOWUDGLWLRQS+!EaaC3!-2&(+.!"$%!A2*"@92+.4&(4+!)%&(#-3!"$%!

Ba! L$%!%?%+"!14-%!4!-%%)! (1)&%**(#+!#+! "$%!)%#)8%F!O#)284&! *#+.*!&%,#&-(+.! "$%! %?%+"! '%&%! *"(88! *2+.! 4"! "$%! 6%.(++(+.! #/ ! "$%! BD"$!FHQWXU\6HHDOVR6WRHYL6W%DMR3LYOMDQLQ L/LPRY+DUDPEDDSDODGDPLMXX3UHGROMXLQ6.&(#&8('4+7(1RSS

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1#*Y2%!'4*!-%1#8(*$%-F!S"!'4*!&%62(8"!(+!%R4,"80!WKHVDPHVL]HDQGIRUPLQWKHVE\$KPHG=HR$VD UHVXOWRI WKH::,,YLROHQFH LQ WKHc464&*H#!)#8>%3!"$%!1#*Y2%!'4*!64-80!-414.%-F!L$%!#/ !,#884)*%-!4+-!#+80!"$%!/#2&!'488*!4+-!"$%! ,2&(#2*! 1(+4&%"! &%14(+%-F! A*! "$%! N2*8(1!(+$46("4+"*!'%&%!481#*"!.#+%3!"$%&%!'4*!+#!+%%-!WRUHEXLOGWKHROGPRVTXH,Q%LMHOMDQLKDGRQO\WZR0XVOLPLQKDELWDQWVDQG6HUEV

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

Hate l j[("$! 46#2"! CDD! (+$46("4+"*! (+! "$%! 84"%! BD"$!

,%+"2&03! "$%! ?(884.%! #/ ! 94"%8>3! *("24"%-! #+! "$%!DVSKDOW URDG IURP6WRODF WR%LOHDPLGZD\EH@WZHHQ %HUNRYLL DQG %LMHOMDQL ZDV WKH VHFRQGODUJHVW LQ WKH 'DEDUVNR SROMH 7KH 2WWRPDQ)"B$"%V IURPWRGRQRWPHQWLRQ+DW@HOM7KHYLOODJHUVWDSSHDUVLQWKHUHJLVWHU'("$!"$&%%!N2*8(1!$#2*%$#8-*F!94"%8>3!$#'%?%&3!LVHYLGHQWO\RI PHGLHYDORULJLQ$ERXWPH@WUHVRXWVLGHWKHYLOODJHRI 0LODYLLGRZQLQWKHc464&*H#!)#8>%3!(*!#+%!#/ !"$%!84&.%*"!;62"!"%&&(680!#?%&.'+F!L$(*!:#.-4+!;-F!,4F!E`DD!%R(*"%-!(+!"$%!E`"$!,%+"2&0F!S"!12*"!$4?%!6%%+!&%?(?%-!-2&(+.!WKHVRU VEXWZDVVWLOOTXLWHXQLPSRUW@DQWLQWKDWWLPH+DWHOMFDPHWRRXULVKRQO\LQ"$%!Eb"$!4+-!Ea"$!,%+"2&(%*3!60!'$(,$!"(1%!("!'4*!)4&"80!#&!84&.%80!N2*8(1!4+-!$4-!#+%!(1)#&"4+"!1#*Y2%F!P(.$"!.&%4"!N2*8(1!,%1%"%&(%*!4+-!"$%!?(884.%!*"(88!"%*"(/0!"#!("*!/#&1%&!(1)#&"4+,%!4*!D0XVOLPVHWWOHPHQW,QDQGWKHSRSX@ODWLRQRI +DWHOMZDVHQWLUHO\6HUELDQ2UWKRGR[*$#'(+.!"$4"!-&414"(,!,$4+.%*!12*"!$4?%!"4H%+!)84,%!$%&%F!+DVDQGHGLFROOHFWHGVRPHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW

94"%8>J*!1#*Y2%3!'$(,$!$%!-%*,&(6%*!4*!4!CDD@0%4&!#8-! 62(8-(+.! ,#+*"&2,"%-! 60! 4! 1%16%&! #/ ! "$%!Vo8!:464!/41(80!'$(,$3!4,,#&-(+.!"#!8#,48!"&4-(@WLRQ OLYHGKHUH IURP WKH WLPHRI WKH2WWRPDQFRQTXHVWRQZDUG!Vo8!:464!12*"!$4?%!6%%+! "$%! *$%(H$! #/ ! 4! -%&?(*$! #&-%&!'$#*%! -%@*,%+-4+"*!*%""8%-!$%&%F!L$%!'$#8%!*"#&0!*#2+-*!4)#,&0)$483! $#'%?%&F! L$%! ECaC! &%.(*"% &%?%48*!QR LGHQWLDEOHPHPEHUVRI WKH*O%DEDIDP@(80! 8(?(+.! (+!94"%8>F! S/ ! "$%! 8#,48! 8%.%+-!$4*! 4+!%8%1%+"! #/ ! "&2"$3! "$%+! ("!12*"! $4?%! ("*! #&(.(+*!

0RUH GHWDLOV LQ 9HJR 0DUNR 1DGJUREQL VSRPHQLFL SRURGLFH6DQNRYLDXVHOR%LVNXSXNRG.RQMLFDLQf7(+8'X"0(7V&8.5'02X"V(!SS)RUDQHGLWLRQRI WKH0LODYLLWH[WVHH6WRMDQRYLX>26#1(&F! U$(%+' &%*&8+' X(*+&+' +' #($*+&+F! :%8.&4-%K! =&)*H4! H&48>%?*H4!DNDGHPLMDQR)RU5DGL6DQNRYLVHHDOVRIRRWQRWH

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+216%&%-!#+80!"$&%%!*1488!(+$%&("468%!4+-!(+$46("%-!%*"4"%*!;EDWLQD

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12,$!84"%&F!L$%!1#*Y2%!#/ !94"%8>3!4*!-%*,&(6%-!E\+DVDQGHGLZDVDUHFWDQJXODUVWUXFWXUHPHD@*2&(+.!a!R!b!1%"&%*F!S"!'4*!,#?%&%-!'("$!"$%!2*248!9%&5%.#?(+(4+! )0&41(-! #/ ! #/ ! .&%4"! &$#16(,!*84"%*3!4+-!$4-!4!*Y24&%!*"#+%@62(8"!1(+4&%"!46#2"!"%+! 1%"&%*! $(.$F! S"! 12*"! $4?%! 8##H%-! *(1(84&!WR WKH PRVTXH RI +DVDQ 3DVKD LQ %LOHD VHH6%8#' ,QWKHVXPPHURI WKLVPRVTXHZDVVWLOOVWDQGLQJDVDUXLQ,WZDVLQGHHGEXLOWE\+DVDQ3DVKD3UHGRMHYLSHUKDSVVKRUWO\DIWHUECbC!'$%+!$%!$4-!6%,#1%!4!)4*$43!62"!(+!4+0!,4*%!)&(#&!"#!$(*!-%4"$!LQWKH%DWWOHRI 6LVDNRQ-XQH)RUPRUHRQ+DVDQ3DVKDDQG%LOHDVHHEHORZ

! 6WDQRYQLWYR%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSS

LWZDVUHQHZHGLQWKH\HDU+DWWKH%R)%+*%! #/ ! O84+4J*! (+$46("4+"*F! L$%!1#*Y2%J*!/#2+-%&!'4*!4!14+!,488%-!A?-#3!"$%!#//*)&(+.!#/ !DQRULJLQDOO\2UWKRGR[IDPLO\RI WKHGLVWULFWZKR4/"%&!,#+?%&"(+.!"#!S*8413!62(8"!"$%!*"&2,"2&%F!L$%!EXLOGLQJZDVWKHUHIRUHNQRZQDV$YGLDGDPLMD$YGRZDVWKHIRXQGHURI WKH$YGLIDPLO\WKDWXQWLOVWLOO OLYHG LQ3ODQD6HYHUDOPHPEHUV#/ ! "$(*! #8-! /41(80! 4&%! 62&(%-! (+! "$%! N2*8(1!.&4?%04&-!>2*"!*#2"$!#/ !"$%!?(884.%F!A?-#!(*!*4(-!"#!$4?%!48*#!62(8"!4!*1488!,$2&,$!/#&!$(*!1#"$%&!CDD!1%"%&*!/!"$%!1#*Y2%F!c2&(+.!"$%!7&%"4+!'4&3! O84+43! 8(H%! 14+0! #"$%&! ?(884.%*! #/ ! c464&3!*2//%&%-!/!"$%!-%?4*"4"(+.!&4(-*!#/ !(&&%.284&*!(+!_%+%"(4+!*%&?(,%F#7KHPRVTXHVLQVFULS@"(#+!(*!*(1(84&80!&%84"%-!"#!4+#"$%&!&4(-!60!,(V)28*!DQG0RQWHQHJULQVIURPWKHVRXWK,QWKHN2*8(1! (+$46("4+"*!#/ !O84+4!'%&%!%R)%88%-!4+-!WKHLUPRVTXH D UHJLVWHUHG PRQXPHQW RI FXO@WXUHZDVEORZQXS,QVSULQJWKHYLOODJH8##H%-!-%)&%**(+.3!1#*"!#/ !("*!BC!$#2*%*!*"(88!(+!

)RU WKH LQVFULSWLRQ VHH0XMH]LQRYL ,VODPVND HSLJUDND9RO S

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&2(+*F! L$%!N2*8(1! ,%1%"%&03! $#'%?%&3!'4*! 8%/"!XQGLVWXUEHGDQGDJUDYHVWRQHRI D'HUYL$YGL/!BDD`!*$#'*!"$4"!"$%!"(%!'("$!$(*"#&0!(*!*"(88!+#"!%+"(&%80!6H%+F

Nevesinje and the vil lages of Kruevljane and Donja Bijenja in the Plain of Nevesinje

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#/ ! 4&,$("%,"2&%! (+!N#*"4&! Z! /#2+-%-! 4!c4&! o8@94-(*!;$4-("$!*,$##8F!A,,#&-(+.!"#!"$(*!YDN\H3!*%?%+!'%88@)4(-!1%+! '#&H%-! 4*! "%4,$%&*! (+! "$%*%! "'#! *,$##8*3!'$(8%!"$%!*"2-%+"*!48*#!&%,%(?%-!"'#!DNoH!)#,H%"!1#+%0!)%&!-40F,Q WKH FRXUVH RI WKH "$! ,%+"2&03!'$%+! "$%!

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KRXVHKROGVXQWLOPRUHDGYDQFHGDJULFXOWXUDO1%"$#-*!14-%!4!*8(.$"!(+,&%4*%!)#**(68%F!

Table 2: population of the village of Kruevljane (in households)

1477 1499 1519 1585 1910 1991

Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr.0 25 0 25 13 36 31 0 28 2 33 3Total: 25 Total: 25 Total: 49 Total: 31 Total: 30 Total: 46Muslim: 0% Muslim: 0% Muslim: 26% Muslim: 100% Muslim: 93% Muslim: 91%

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The elebi or Surkovi damija of Donja Bijenja.$VHFRQGH[DPSOHRI DFDPSDQLOHPLQDUHW

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Table 3: Population of the village of Donja and Gornja Bijenja (in households)

1477 1499 1519 1585 1910 1991

Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr. Musl. Chr.

0 41 53 60 61 53 72 6 100 0 69 33

Total: 41 Total: 113 Total: 114 Total: 78 Total: 100 Total: 102

Muslim: 0% Muslim: 47% Muslim: 53% Muslim: 92% Muslim: 100% Muslim: 68%

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