the cambridge companion to thomas reidassets.cambridge.org/97805218/12702/frontmatter/... ·...

the cambridge companion to

THOMAS REID

Each volume of this series of companions to major philoso-phers contains specially commissioned essays by an inter-national team of scholars, together with a substantial bibli-ography, and will serve as a reference work for students andnonspecialists. One aim of the series is to dispel the intimi-dation such readers often feel when faced with the work of adifficult and challenging thinker.

Widely acknowledged as the principal architect of Scot-tish common sense philosophy, Thomas Reid is increasinglyrecognized today as one of the finest philosophers of the 18thcentury. Combining a sophisticated response to the skepti-cal and idealist views of his day with a robust realism aboutmind, world, and value, Reid’s thought stands as an impor-tant alternative to Humean skepticism, Kantian idealism,and Cartesian rationalism. This volume is the first compre-hensive overview of Reid’s output and covers not only hisphilosophy in detail but also his scientific work and his ex-tensive historical influence.

New readers will find this the most convenient and ac-cessible guide to Reid currently available. Advanced studentsand specialists will find a conspectus of recent developmentsin the interpretation of Reid.

Terence Cuneo is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at CalvinCollege, Grand Rapids, Michigan

Rene van Woudenberg is Professor of Philosophy at the VrijeUniversiteit, Amsterdam

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-81270-2 - The Cambridge Companion to: Thomas ReidEdited by Terence Cuneo and Rene van Woudenberg FrontmatterMore information

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other volumes in the series of cambridge companions:

AQUINAS Edited by norman kretzmann and eleonore stumpHANNAH ARENDT Edited by dana villaARISTOTLE Edited by jonathan barnesAUGUSTINE Edited by eleonore stump and norman kretzmannBACON Edited by markku peltonenSIMONE DE BEAUVOIR Edited by claudia cardDARWIN Edited by jonathan hodge and gregory radickDESCARTES Edited by john cottinghamDUNS SCOTUS Edited by thomas williamsEARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY Edited by a. a. longFEMINISM IN PHILOSOPHY Edited by miranda fricker and

jennifer hornsbyFOUCAULT Edited by gary guttingFREUD Edited by jerome neuGADAMER Edited by robert j. dostalGALILEO Edited by peter machamerGERMAN IDEALISM Edited by karl ameriksGREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY Edited by david sedleyHABERMAS Edited by stephen k. whiteHEGEL Edited by frederick beiserHEIDEGGER Edited by charles guignonHOBBES Edited by tom sorellHUME Edited by david fate nortonHUSSERL Edited by barry smith and david woodruff smithWILLIAM JAMES Edited by ruth anna putnamKANT Edited by paul guyerKIERKEGAARD Edited by alastair hannay and gordon marinoLEIBNIZ Edited by nicholas jolleyLEVINAS Edited by simon critchley and robert bernasconiLOCKE Edited by vere chappellMALEBRANCHE Edited by steven nadlerMARX Edited by terrell carverMEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Edited by a. s. mc gradeMEDIEVAL JEWISH PHILOSOPHY Edited by daniel h. frank and

oliver leamanMILL Edited by john skorupskiNEWTON Edited by i. bernard cohen and george e. smithNIETZSCHE Edited by bernd magnus and kathleen higginsOCKHAM Edited by paul vincent spadePASCAL Edited by nicholas hammondPLATO Edited by richard krautPLOTINUS Edited by lloyd p. gersonRAWLS Edited by samuel freemanROUSSEAU Edited by patrick rileyBERTRAND RUSSELL Edited by nicholas griffinSARTRE Edited by christina howellsSCHOPENHAUER Edited by christopher janawayTHE SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT Edited by alexander broadieSPINOZA Edited by don garrettTHE STOICS Edited by brad inwoodWITTGENSTEIN Edited by hans sluga and david stern

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The Cambridge Companion to

THOMAS REID

Edited by

Terence CuneoCalvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan

Rene van WoudenbergVrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

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32 Avenue of the Americas, New York ny 10013-2473, usa

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521812702

© Cambridge University Press 2004

Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataTh e Cambridge companion to Th omas Reid/edited by Terence Cuneo, René van Woudenberg p. cm. – (Cambridge companions to philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-81270-4 (hc) – isbn 0-521-01208-2 (pbk) 1. Reid, Th omas, 1710–1796. I. Cuneo, Terence, 1969– II. Woudenberg, René van. III. Series. b1537.c36 2004 192–dc21 2003051249

isbn 978-0-521-81270-2 Hardbackisbn 978-0-521-01208-9 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.



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contents

List of Contributors page ixNote on Citations xiiiChronology of Events Relating to Thomas Reidand His Context xix

Introduction 1terence cuneo and rene van woudenberg

1 Reid in Context 31alexander broadie

2 Thomas Reid and the Culture of Science 53paul wood

3 Reid on Common Sense 77nicholas wolterstorff

4 Reid’s Theory of Perception 101james van cleve

5 Reid’s Reply to the Skeptic 134john greco

6 Nativism and the Nature of Thought in Reid’sAccount of Our Knowledge of the External World 156lorne falkenstein

7 Reid and the Social Operations of Mind 180c. a. j. coady

8 Reid on Memory and the Identity of Persons 204rene van woudenberg

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viii Contents

9 Thomas Reid’s Theory of Freedom andResponsibility 222william l. rowe

10 Reid’s Moral Philosophy 243terence cuneo

11 Reid’s Philosophy of Art 267peter kivy

12 Reid’s Philosophy of Religion 289dale tuggy

13 Reid’s Influence in Britain, Germany, France,and America 313benjamin w. redekop

Bibliography 341

Index of Names and Subjects 361



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contributors

ALEXANDER BROADIE is Professor of Philosophy and Chair ofLogic and Rhetoric at the University of Glasgow, Scotland. He haspublished extensively in medieval philosophy and the history ofScottish philosophy. His books include The Circle of John Mair: Logicand Logicians in Pre-Reformation Scotland (1994), The Shadow ofScotus: Philosophy and Faith in Pre-Reformation Scotland (1999),and The Scottish Enlightenment: The Historical Age of the Histori-cal Nation (2002). He is also the editor of The Cambridge Companionto the Scottish Enlightenment (2003).

C. A. J. COADY is an ARC Senior Research Fellow and the DeputyDirector of the ARC Special Research Centre for Applied Philoso-phy and Public Ethics at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Hehas published numerous articles in epistemology, philosophy of lan-guage, philosophy of mind, ethics, and political philosophy. He is theauthor of Testimony: A Philosophical Study (1992) and Morality andPolitical Violence (forthcoming).

TERENCE CUNEO is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at CalvinCollege, Michigan. The author of several articles on Reid’s moralphilosophy and in contemporary metaethics, he is also the editor ofReligion in the Liberal Polity (forthcoming).

LORNE FALKENSTEIN is Professor of Philosophy at the Univer-sity of Western Ontario. He has published widely in the history ofearly modern philosophy and is the author of Kant’s Intuitionism: ACommentary on the Transcendental Aesthetic (1995).

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x Contributors

JOHN GRECO is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Fordham Uni-versity, New York. In addition to having published numerous arti-cles in epistemology, he is the author of Putting Skeptics in TheirPlace (2000) and the editor of Reading Sosa (forthcoming) and thecoeditor (with Ernest Sosa) of The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology(1999).

PETER KIVY is Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers University, NewJersey. Among his many books are Music Alone: Philosophical Re-flections on the Purely Musical Experience (1991), Authenticities:Philosophical Reflections on Musical Performance (1998), New Es-says on Musical Understanding (2001), The Possessor and the Pos-sessed: Handel, Mozart, Beethoven, and the Idea of Musical Genius(2001), and Introduction to a Philosophy of Music (2002).

BENJAMIN W. REDEKOP is Associate Professor of Liberal Studiesat Kettering University, Michigan. In addition to having authoredseveral articles on Reid, he is the author of Enlightenment and Com-munity: Lessing, Abbt, Herder, and the Quest for a German Public(1999) and the editor of Power, Authority, and the Anabaptist Tra-dition (2001).

WILLIAM L. ROWE is Professor of Philosophy at Purdue University,Indiana. He has published numerous articles in philosophy of reli-gion, action theory and the history of philosophy. He is the authorof Thomas Reid on Freedom and Morality (1991), The Cosmologi-cal Argument (1998), and Philosophy of Religion: An Introduction(2001, 3rd edition) and is the editor of God and the Problem of Evil(2002).

DALE TUGGY is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the State Uni-versity of New York, Fredonia. His publications include articles onThomas Reid and in the philosophy of religion.

JAMES VAN CLEVE is Professor of Philosophy at Brown University,Rhode Island. He is the author of numerous articles in metaphysics,epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and thehistory of modern philosophy as well as Problems from Kant (1999).



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Contributors xi

RENE VAN WOUDENBERG is Professor of Philosophy at the VrijeUniversiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. In addition to publish-ing articles in epistemology, history of philosophy, and philosophy oflanguage, he has written several books including Gelovend denken(1992), Het mysterie van de identiteit (2000), and Filosofie van taalen tekst (2002).

NICHOLAS WOLTERSTORFF is Noah Porter Professor of Philo-sophical Theology, Yale University, Connecticut. He is the authorof, inter alia, On Universals (1970), Works and Worlds of Art (1980),Until Justice and Peace Embrace (1983), Reason within the Boundsof Religion (1984, 2nd edition), Divine Discourse (1995), John Lockeand the Ethics of Belief (1996), and Thomas Reid and the Story ofEpistemology (2001).

PAUL WOOD is Professor of History at the University of Victoria,Canada. He has published widely in the intellectual history of earlymodern Europe and is the editor of Thomas Reid on the AnimateCreation: Papers Relating to the Life Sciences (1995) and The Corre-spondence of Thomas Reid (2002).



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note on citations

References to editions of or sources for Reid’s published works usean abbreviated title of work or source as indicated below:

list of abbreviations for works bythomas reid

C The Correspondence of Thomas Reid, ed. Paul Wood. Edin-burgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002.

EAP Essays on the Active Powers of Man. In The Works of ThomasReid, 6th ed., ed. Sir William Hamilton. Edinburgh: MacLach-lan and Stewart, 1863. Reprint Bristol: Thoemmes Press,1994.

EIP Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, ed. Derek R.Brookes, with annotations by Derek R. Brookes and KnudHaakonssen. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002.

EQ “An Essay on Quantity; occasioned by reading a Treatise, inwhich Simple and Compound Ratios are applied to Virtue andMerit,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ofLondon 45 (1748): 505–20. Reprinted in The Works of ThomasReid: 715–19.

IHM An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Com-mon Sense, ed. Derek R. Brookes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni-versity Press, 1997.

LFA Lectures on the Fine Arts, ed. Peter Kivy. The Hague: Marti-nus Nijhoff, 1973.

LNT Lectures on Natural Theology (1780), ed. Elmer Duncan.Washington: University Press of America, 1981.

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xiv Note on Citations

LRF Thomas Reid on Logic, Rhetoric, and the Fine Arts, ed.Alexander Broadie. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,forthcoming.

OP “On Power,” ed. John Haldane. Philosophical Quarterly 51,no. 202 (January 2001): 3–12.

PE Practical Ethics, ed. Knud Haakonssen. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1990.

PO The Philosophical Orations of Thomas Reid, ed. D. D. Todd.Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989.

PRLS Thomas Reid on the Animate Creation: Papers Relating tothe Life Sciences, ed. Paul Wood. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni-versity Press, 1995.

SP Reid on Society and Politics, ed. Knud Haakonssen and PaulWood. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, forthcoming.

W The Works of Thomas Reid, 6th ed., ed. Sir William Hamilton.Edinburgh: MacLachlan and Stewart, 1863. Reprint Bristol:Thoemmes Press, 1994.

Reid engaged extensively with the work of Locke and Hume, andseveral of the essays included in this volume make numerous refer-ences to this work. Thus, a similar abbreviation scheme is used whenreferring to Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understandingand Hume’s An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, An En-quiry concerning Human Understanding, and A Treatise of HumanNature.

list of abbreviations for works by john locke

E An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nid-ditch. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.

list of abbreviations for works by david hume

EHU An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, ed. Tom L.Beauchamp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

EPM An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. Tom L.Beauchamp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

THU A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. David Fate Norton and MaryJ. Norton. Oxford: Oxford University Press, reprinted withcorrections, 2001.



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Note on Citations xv

In the case of references to the first two books published in Reid’slifetime (IHM and EIP), the abbreviated title is followed by twoRoman numerals that indicate essay and chapter, and then a pagenumber (if necessary), preceded by a colon. Thus a reference to Es-say II, Chapter v, page 97 of Essays on the Intellectual Powers ofMan is made as follows: EIP II.v: 97. Occasionally, an author mayalso include the line numbers on the page cited. In this case, the linenumbers follow the page number preceded by a forward slash. Thusa reference to Essay II, Chapter v, page 97, lines 5 through 10 of Es-says on the Intellectual Powers of Man is made as follows: EIP II.v:97/5–10. With a single exception, references to Essays on the ActivePowers of Man are made thus: The abbreviated title is followed bytwo Roman numerals that indicate essay and chapter, a page number(if necessary), preceded by a colon that is followed by the letter “a”or “b,” which indicates the left-hand and right-hand column respec-tively of the page in the Hamilton edition. Thus a reference to EssayII, Chapter i, page 637, column a of Essays on the Active Powers ofMan is made as follows: EAP II.i: 637a. The exception to this is thereferences to Essay III of the Essays on the Active Powers of Man,which Reid divided into three parts with chapters. In the case of ref-erences to Essay III, then, the abbreviated title is followed by threeRoman numerals that indicate essay, part, and chapter, respectively,followed by a page number (if necessary), preceded by a colon, thatis followed by the letter “a” or “b.” Thus, a citation to Essay III, partiii, Chapter ii, page 581, column b of Essays on the Active Powers ofMan is made as follows: EAP III.iii.ii: 581b.

References to works by Reid published after his lifetime conformto the following format: The abbreviated title is given followed bya page number, preceded by a colon. Thus a reference to page 82 ofThomas Reid on the Animate Creation: Papers Relating to the LifeSciences is made as follows: PRLS: 82.

Several of the essays contained in this volume cite Reid’s unpub-lished manuscripts contained in Aberdeen University Library (AUL)and elsewhere. Unless indicated otherwise, references to the generalcollection designated AUL MS 2131 are given by the aforementionedgeneral collection title, followed by an Arabic numeral designatingthe box number, a Roman numeral designating the envelope number,another Arabic numeral designating the item number (all separatedby forward slashes) and then (if necessary) either a page number pre-ceded by a colon or a folio number followed by “v” (verso) or “r”



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xvi Note on Citations

(recto) preceded by a comma. Thus a reference to page 11 of item 3 inenvelope II, box 3 of AUS MS 2131 is made thus: AUL MS 2131/3/II/3:11. By contrast, a reference to folio 2 verso of item 3 in envelope II,box 3 of AUL MS 2131 is made thus: AUL MS 2131/3/II/3, fol. 2v.References to the general collection designated AUL MS 3061 aregiven by the aforementioned general collection title, followed by anArabic numeral that indicates the item number, separated by a for-ward slash, and followed by a page number (if necessary), preceded bya colon. Thus a reference to page 5 of item 6 of AUL MS 3061 is madethus: AUL MS 3061/6: 5. Unless indicated otherwise, references toother manuscripts held in this collection and manuscripts held atother locations are referred to by their general designation number.Thus a reference to AUL MS 2343 is made thus: AUL MS 2343.

References to Locke’s An Essay on Human Understanding takethe following form: The abbreviated title is followed by two Romannumerals that indicate book and chapter, an Arabic numeral thatindicates section, and then a page number (if necessary), preceded bya colon. Thus a reference to Book IV, Chapter 1, section 1, page 525of An Essay on Human Understanding is made as follows: E IV.i.1:525.

References to Hume’s An Enquiry concerning Human Under-standing and An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals aremade as such: The abbreviated title is followed by an Arabic numeralthat indicates section number, an Arabic numeral that indicates partnumber (if necessary) and page number (if necessary), preceded by acolon. Thus a reference to section IV, page 109 of An Enquiry con-cerning Human Understanding is made thus: EHU IV: 109. Refer-ences to Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature take the following form:The abbreviated title is followed by three Arabic numerals that in-dicate book, part and section, and then a page number (if necessary),preceded by a colon. Thus a reference to Book 3, part 3, section 1,page 367 of A Treatise on Human Nature is made as follows: THU3.3.1: 367.

Unless indicated otherwise by the author of a particular essay,works by authors other than Reid (and the works by Locke and Humementioned above) are referred to by name of the author, the publi-cation date of the work or edition cited (followed by “a,” “b,” “c,”etc. to distinguish publications in the same year), and a page num-ber (if necessary), preceded by a colon. For example, a reference to



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Note on Citations xvii

page 100 of Nicholas Wolterstorff’s Thomas Reid and the Story ofEpistemology, published in 2001, is made thus: Wolterstorff 2001:100.

Full information about cited works and sources is given in thebibliography.



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chronology of events relating tothomas reid and his context

1687 Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica1690 John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding1694–1746 Francis Hutcheson1696–1782 Henry Home, raised to the Bench as Lord Kames 17521698–1746 Colin Maclaurin1698–1748 George Turnbull1704 Isaac Newton’s Opticks1707 Treaty of Union of England and Scotland1710 Thomas Reid born to Lewis Reid and Margaret Gregory1710 Bishop Berkeley’s Principles of Human Knowledge1711–76 David Hume1711 Lord Shaftesbury’s Characteristicks of Men, Manners,

Opinions, Times1719–96 George Campbell1720–2 Reid a pupil at Kincardine O’Neil parish school1722 Reid at Aberdeen Grammar School; then matriculates

at Marischal College, Aberdeen1723–90 Adam Smith1723–1816 Adam Ferguson1724–73 John Gregory1726 Reid graduates Master of Arts from Marischal College1726–31 Reid a student of divinity at Marischal College1728 Hutcheson’s Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the

Passions, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense1728–95 Alexander Gerard1731 Reid licensed to preach by the presbytery of Kincardine

O’Neil

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xx Chronology of Events

1731–70 David Skene1732 Death of Margaret Gregory, Reid’s mother1733–6 Reid is librarian at Marischal College1736 Reid and John Stewart visit Cambridge, London, and

Oxford1737 Reid ordained minister of New Machar, Aberdeenshire1739–40 Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature1740 Reid marries his cousin Elizabeth Reid in London

George Turnbull’s Principles of Moral and ChristianPhilosophy

1742 George Turnbull’s Observations upon LiberalEducation

1744 Birth of Martha, the only one of Reid’s six children tosurvive him

1745–6 Jacobite Rising under Prince Charles Edward Stuart1748 Hume’s Philosophical Essays concerning Human

Understanding (later titled An Enquiry concerningHuman Understanding)Colin Maclaurin’s Account of Sir Isaac Newton’sPhilosophical DiscoveriesReid’s “Essay on quantity” published in volume 45 ofthe Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

1751 Adam Smith appointed Professor of Logic and Rhetoricat Glasgow, becoming Professor of Moral Philosophy atGlasgow in 1752Reid appointed regent at King’s College, AberdeenHume’s An Enquiry concerning the Principles ofMorals

1753–1821 James Gregory1753–1828 Dugald Stewart1754 Reid becomes Honorary Burgess of Aberdeen1755 Hutcheson’s A System of Moral Philosophy1757 Hume’s The Natural History of Religion1758 Founding of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, the

“Wise Club,” of which Reid is founding member andfirst secretaryReid attends inaugural meeting of the Gordon’s MillFarming Club



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Chronology of Events xxi

1759 Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments1762 Reid receives doctorate of divinity from Marischal

CollegeDeath of Reid’s father, Lewis ReidGeorge Campbell’s Dissertation on Miracles

1764 Thomas Reid’s An Inquiry into the Human Mind onthe Principles of Common SenseReid appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy atGlasgow in succession to Adam Smith and madeburgess and guild brother of GlasgowReid elected member of the Glasgow Literary Society

1765 Second edition of Reid’s Inquiry1766 Death of Reid’s friend, the Marischal Professor of

Mathematics, John Stewart1769 Third edition of Reid’s Inquiry1774 Lord Kames’s Sketches of the History of Man including

Reid’s “A Brief Account of Aristotle’s Logic”Joseph Priestley’s An Examination of Dr. Reid’s Inquiryinto the Human Mind on the Principles of CommonSense

1775–6 Reid publishes in the Monthly Review vols. 54, 55 ananonymous review of Joseph Priestley’s edition ofDavid Hartley’s Observations on Man, His Frame,Duty, and Expectations (first published 1749)

1776 Adam Smith’s The Wealth of NationsGeorge Campbell’s Philosophy of RhetoricAmerican Declaration of Independence

1777 Marriage of Reid’s daughter Martha to PatrickCarmichael, son of Gershom Carmichael (firstProfessor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University)Joseph Priestley’s Disquisitions Relating to Matter andSpiritJoseph Priestley’s The Doctrine of PhilosophicalNecessity

1778 Joseph Priestley and Richard Price’s A Free Discussionof the Doctrines of Materialism, and PhilosophicalNecessity, in a Correspondence between Dr. Price, andDr. Priestley



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xxii Chronology of Events

1779 Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion1780 Archibald Arthur elected as Reid’s assistant and

successor1781 Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason1783 Reid elected Fellow of the newly founded Royal Society

of Edinburgh1784 Reid appointed Vice-Rector of Glasgow University by

the Rector Edmund Burke1785 Reid’s Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man

Fourth edition of Reid’s InquiryReid reappointed Vice-Rector of Glasgow University bythe Rector Edmund BurkeDugald Stewart appointed Professor of MoralPhilosophy at Edinburgh

1788 Reid’s Essays on the Active Powers of ManImmanuel Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason

1789 French Revolution1790 Reid is founding member and first president of the

Glasgow Society of the Sons of Ministers of the Churchof Scotland

1791 Reid joins the Glasgow Friends of Liberty and attendsBastille Day dinnerMedallion of Reid struck by James TassieReid contributes money to the French NationalAssemblyDeath of Reid’s wife ElizabethJames Gregory’s Philosophical and Literary Essays

1794 Reid publishes “Observations on the dangers ofpolitical innovation” in Glasgow Courier, 18December

1795 Adam Smith’s Essays on Philosophical Subjects1796 Reid’s portrait painted by Raeburn

Death of Reid, 7 October1799 Reid’s “University of Glasgow” published in John

Sinclair’s Statistical Account of Scotland, vol. 211805 Death of Reid’s daughter Martha



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