the calvert mine, pioneer mountains, montana• open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana:
A summary of the site geology, pit‐lake chemistry, and tungsten‐skarn mineralogy
Chris GammonsJosh Messenger
Montana Tech
![Page 2: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Part 1: Geochemistry of the Calvert Pit Lake
![Page 3: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Form when open pit mines close and dewatering pumps are shut off
• Often contain acidic water with elevated concentrations of metals and metalloids
• Can be a hazard for aquatic life
Berkeley Pit lake, Butte, MTpH 2.6
600 mg/L Zn1000 mg/L Fe
Mining Pit Lakes
![Page 4: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What about Calvert pit lake?
• No pre‐existing information
• Visual observations– Clear, cold, good visibility.– No visible evidence of acid mine drainage.
– Plenty of aquatic insects. Past reports of trout. Toads (indicator species).
– Local swimming hole!
![Page 5: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Barbara Pape non‐thesis M.S. project
• Characterize the chemistry, hydrology, and limnology
• Evaluate seasonal changes in lake stratification
• Identify possible water quality problems
Objectives of pit lake study
![Page 6: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Calvert Mine
Big Hole River
Calvert Mine
Pioneer Mtns
• Beaverhead National Forest • Elevation ~ 7100 ft
Location
![Page 7: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Site History• Open pit tungsten mine• 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐ 1961• Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling• Average grade roughly 1% WO3
• Principle ore mineral: Scheelite (CaWO4) • Main pit lake flooded after mining ceased• Mine was listed as abandoned in 1983• Recent interest by small mining company
![Page 8: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Geology
– Cretaceous tonalite/granodiorite intruding Paleozoic limestone
– Pockets of marble and epidote‐garnet skarn(well‐known mineral locality)
– Very few sulfide minerals!
Epidote (green) and calcite (gray)
![Page 9: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Pit lake• 90 ft deep• 350 x 410 ft diameter
• No inlet or outlet• Fed by groundwater
and direct precipitation• Evapo‐concentration
• Small seeps at bottom of waste rock• Contamination?
Site Conditions
![Page 10: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
seeps
Calvert Creeklake
Waste rock pile
![Page 11: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Methods: Barb Pape M.S. study
• Field Data Collection– Aug., Sept., Oct., Dec. 2009.
• Field Methods– Lake Depth Profiles– Seeps and Creek
• Laboratory Methods– Metals by ICP‐AES (EPA Method 200.7)– Anions and nutrients by IC (EPA Method 300.0)– δ18O and δD of water, δ13C of DIC by IRMS– δ18O of dissolved oxygen
![Page 12: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Results: Water Quality Profiles
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Dep
th (f
t bel
ow w
.s.)
Temperature ( C)
Temperature vs. Depth
20 Aug. 09
23 Sept. 09
23 Oct. 09
5 Dec. 09
Oct. Thermocline
Sept.
Aug.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120 140 160 180 200 220SC (µS/cm)
SC vs. Depth
20 Aug. 09
23 Sept. 09
23 Oct. 09
5 Dec. 09
![Page 13: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
pH
pH vs. Depth
20 Aug. 09
23 Sept. 09
23 Oct. 09
5 Dec. 09
CO2 + H2O ↔ CH2O(org) + O2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
‐1 2 4 6 8 10 12
Depth (ft below
w.s.)
DO (mg/L)
DO vs. Depth
20 Aug. 09
23 Sept. 09
23 Oct. 09
5 Dec. 09
![Page 14: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
P
Dissolved concentration, mg/L
0 1 2 3 4 5 6D
epth
, fee
t0
20
40
60
80
100
SiMn
Secchi depth
Mn-reducing bacteria in anoxic bottom waterMnO2 + ½ Corg + 2H+ → Mn2+ + ½CO2 + H2O
Diatoms consume Si in photic zone
![Page 15: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Other trace metals in the lake*Element Concentration, g/L
As 1.5 to 1.7Cd < 0.05Co < 0.1Cu < 0.4Mo 3.5Ni < 0.1Pb < 0.15Se 0.11 to 0.14U 3.1 to 3.3W 14 to 26Zn < 0.9
* Metal concentrations in the seeps also very low (data not shown)
![Page 16: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Is the pit-lake connected to the creek?
Lake
Creek
Waste Rock
Seeps
“Terminal Lake” scenario
![Page 17: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Is the pit-lake connected to the creek?
Lake
Creek
Waste Rock
Seeps
“Flow-through” or “Leaky Lake” scenario
![Page 18: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Water Isotope Analyses – δD, δ18O
‐200
‐175
‐150
‐125
‐100
‐75
‐50
‐25 ‐20 ‐15 ‐10 ‐5 0
δD VS
MOW (o
/oo)
δ18O VSMOW (o/oo)
Pit Lake
Seep
Creek
~ 33% evaporation
![Page 19: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Estimate seepage from lake to creek
2. Q1∙ δ18O1 + Q2∙ δ18O2 = Q3∙δ18O3
Q3 = Creek downstream
Q1 = Creek upstream
Q2 = GW seepage from lake
Pit lake
1. Q1 + Q2 = Q3
![Page 20: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Results
• An estimated 1 L/sec of lake water enters Calvert Creek
• This is probably fairly steady year round– lake elevation only changes a few feet seasonally
• Estimated residence time of water in pit lake is about 2.5 years
• Through‐flow of water through the lake helps to maintain excellent water quality
![Page 21: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Conclusions: Part 1
• This mining lake has very good water quality!• Lake is seasonally stratified but mixes annually • Geology buffers lake chemistry to neutral pH• Isotopes show evidence of evaporation• Lake is connected to Calvert Creek• Very low metal & nutrient concentrations
– Mn, Si, P increase near bottom of lake
![Page 22: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Part 2 Mineralogy &
geochemistry of Calvert skarn
M.S. student Josh Messenger (in progress)
![Page 23: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Tungsten deposits of Montana (mostly skarns)
http://www.mbmg.mtech.edu/sp28/minm-sod.htm
Calvert Mine
![Page 24: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Metamorphic water (+ CO2) expelled from rock Note “roof pendant” of marble
1. Heat creates contact metamorphic aureole. 2. Prograde skarn
Magmatic fluids (red) mineralize exoskarn (shaded) and endoskarn (xxx pattern).
from Evans (1993) textbook
![Page 25: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3. Retrograde skarn
Meteoric fluids (blue… heated groundwater) add H2O back to the rock… form hydrous skarn minerals. May re‐distribute some metals (e.g., gold).
from Evans (1993) textbook
![Page 26: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Example hand samplesGarnet‐scheelite prograde skarn
Normal light UV lamp (10 cm sample)
![Page 27: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Retrograde skarn
• All pyroxene altered to actinolite(green)
• Some garnet and scheelite remains
garnet
scheelite
![Page 28: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Epidote‐rich endoskarn
![Page 29: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Example thin section
Altered pyroxenes?
grossularcalcite
![Page 30: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Example SEM‐BSE photos
Altered pyroxenes?
scheelite
Actinolite + quartz
scheelite
grossular
![Page 31: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Skarn paragenesis at Calvert MinePrograde Early Retrograde Late Retrogradegrossular epidote muscoviteepidote actinolite hematitepyroxene apatite Mn‐oxide
wollastonite siderite Mn‐silicatemagnetite quartz chloritequartz calcite quartzcalcite calcite
scheelitezirconbaritetitanite
NO SULFIDES!
![Page 32: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Josh Messenger study, future work
• C, O‐isotopes of marble and skarncalcites
• Fluid inclusions in scheelite, quartz
• P‐T‐XCO2 phase diagrams →
Epidote stable
Retrograde skarn
Prograde skarn ?
![Page 33: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Acknowledgements• Roger Haskins and U.S. Tungsten for field support• Barbara Pape (M.S., MT Tech 2013)• Gary Wyss (MT Tech) for SEM work• MT Tech Field Hydrogeology and Field Geology classes
Dr. Simon Poulson, UNV-Reno(Stable isotope guru)
![Page 34: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f09ef447e708231d429357d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Questions?