The Building of a New The Building of a New Nation (1787-1800)Nation (1787-1800)

I. Articles of ConfederationI. Articles of Confederation

1.1. 17811781

2.2. Provided:Provided:1.1. Central governmentCentral government

2.2. Unicameral legislative branchUnicameral legislative branch

3.3. Unanimous vote to amendUnanimous vote to amend

4.4. 2/3 needed to pass laws2/3 needed to pass laws

Articles of Confederation (cont’d)Articles of Confederation (cont’d)

3. 3. Some weaknessesSome weaknesses

1.1. No power to taxNo power to tax

2.2. No power to enforce No power to enforce treatiestreaties

3.3. Every state has 1 Every state has 1 votevote

4.4. No power to regulate No power to regulate commercecommerce

5.5. Unanimous vote to Unanimous vote to amendamend

4.4. Problem CreatedProblem Created1.1. Growing debt; can’t Growing debt; can’t

pay army.pay army.

2.2. Britain keeps troop on Britain keeps troop on American soil. (They American soil. (They should’ve left)should’ve left)

3.3. Unequal representationUnequal representation

4.4. Trade hinderedTrade hindered

5.5. Difficult to amendDifficult to amend

II. Post-War ProblemsII. Post-War Problems

1.1. Economic depressionEconomic depression

2.2. SovereigntySovereignty of the U.S. challenged of the U.S. challenged1.1. Britain kept navigation lawsBritain kept navigation laws

2.2. Spain closed New Orleans to U.S. tradeSpain closed New Orleans to U.S. trade

3. Barbary Pirates3. Barbary Pirates——North Africans; North Africans; took advantage of took advantage of lack of Britishlack of Britishpresence.presence.4. These problems 4. These problems cause the colonies cause the colonies to repair the to repair the weakened A.O.C.weakened A.O.C.

III. New LawsIII. New Laws

1.1. Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 17851.1. New townships set aside land for public New townships set aside land for public

educationeducation

2.2. Sale of public land to pay off national Sale of public land to pay off national debtdebt

2.2. Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 17871.1. Territories w/60,000 apply for statehoodTerritories w/60,000 apply for statehood

2.2. Equal status w/ other statesEqual status w/ other states

3.3. Banned slavery North of Ohio RiverBanned slavery North of Ohio River

IV. Shay’s Rebellion & its IV. Shay’s Rebellion & its AftermathAftermath

1.1. Daniel ShaysDaniel Shays2.2. High taxes, debtor prisons, lack of High taxes, debtor prisons, lack of

valuable currencyvaluable currency3.3. 1786—Demanded restitution & tax 1786—Demanded restitution & tax

reliefrelief4.4. Congress failed to ensure states Congress failed to ensure states

could protect the rights & liberties could protect the rights & liberties of their own citizensof their own citizens

5.5. The A.O.C need to be fixed!!!The A.O.C need to be fixed!!!

V. Constitutional ConventionV. Constitutional Convention(Philadelphia Convention)(Philadelphia Convention)

1.1. May 25, 1787—55 delegates from all May 25, 1787—55 delegates from all states but RI met.states but RI met.

2.2. Washington elected chairpersonWashington elected chairperson3.3. James Madison, delegate from VA, James Madison, delegate from VA,

became the leading voice.became the leading voice.1.1. Central Government—power would exceed Central Government—power would exceed

the power of the statesthe power of the states2.2. Separation of Powers—exec., leg., & jud. Separation of Powers—exec., leg., & jud.

branchesbranches3.3. ““Factions”—Factions”—strong national gov. keep these strong national gov. keep these

views in check.views in check.

4. A.O.C would be thrown out!!!! 4. A.O.C would be thrown out!!!!

VI. A Great Compromise is VI. A Great Compromise is ReachedReached

1.1. State representation in the State representation in the legislative branch?legislative branch?

2.2. Virginia PlanVirginia Plan Edmund Randolph, Edmund Randolph, larger stateslarger states

3.3. May 29, 1787—rep.based solely on May 29, 1787—rep.based solely on population.population.

A Great Compromise is Reached A Great Compromise is Reached (cont’d)(cont’d)

3.3. New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan—William Patterson—William Patterson1.1. Equal representationEqual representation

2.2. Unicameral HouseUnicameral House

4.4. June 11, 1787—Roger ShermanJune 11, 1787—Roger Shermanthe the Great CompromiseGreat Compromise (Connecticut (Connecticut Compromise)Compromise)

1.1. House of Reps.: based on the pop. of statesHouse of Reps.: based on the pop. of states

2.2. House of Senate: equal representation; House of Senate: equal representation; regardless of state population.regardless of state population.

VII. An Executive Decision and the VII. An Executive Decision and the 3/5 Compromise3/5 Compromise

1.1. Pres. elected by a rep.body; not a Pres. elected by a rep.body; not a popular vote---avoid “mobocracy”popular vote---avoid “mobocracy”

2.2. Electoral CollegeElectoral College—cast votes as —cast votes as reps. of their states.reps. of their states.

3.3. Presidential Powers:Presidential Powers:1.1. Commander in Chief of the Armed Commander in Chief of the Armed

ForcesForces2.2. Chief DiplomatChief Diplomat3.3. Veto legislation.Veto legislation.

3/5 Compromise3/5 Compromise

4.4. What about the slaves?What about the slaves?

5.5. 3/5—Southern slaves would be 3/5—Southern slaves would be counted as 3/5 a citizencounted as 3/5 a citizen

1.1. A deal for passing the A deal for passing the Northwest Northwest OrdinanceOrdinance

2.2. 1808—South ended legal importation 1808—South ended legal importation of slavesof slaves

VIII. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists VIII. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

1.1. Problems in ratifying.Problems in ratifying.

2.2. 9 of the 13 colonies required to ratify.9 of the 13 colonies required to ratify.

3.3. Many feared the return of tyrannyMany feared the return of tyranny

4.4. FederalistsFederalists1.1. In favor of the Constitution In favor of the Constitution

2.2. Strong central governmentStrong central government

5.5. Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists1.1. Opposed the ConstitutionOpposed the Constitution

2.2. In favor of strong states’ rightsIn favor of strong states’ rights

Ratifying the Constitution (cont’d)Ratifying the Constitution (cont’d)

6.6. VA was critical. VA was critical. 1.1. Most populous stateMost populous state

2.2. Largest number of Anti-FederalistsLargest number of Anti-Federalists

3.3. Bill of RightsBill of Rights1.1. Individual freedomsIndividual freedoms

2.2. State sovereigntyState sovereignty

The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers

7.7. Encourage NY Ratification Encourage NY Ratification 1.1. Madison, Hamilton, JayMadison, Hamilton, Jay85 essays85 essays

2.2. The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers1.1. Ratify the ConstitutionRatify the Constitution

2.2. Refuted doubts about a central gov. ruling Refuted doubts about a central gov. ruling a vast landa vast land

IX. Structuring the New RepublicIX. Structuring the New Republic

1.1. April 30, 1789April 30, 17891.1. Washington takes officeWashington takes office

2.2. John Adams VPJohn Adams VP

3.3. Washington sets precedentsWashington sets precedents1.1. Secretary of State-JeffersonSecretary of State-Jefferson

2.2. Secretary of Treasury-HamiltonSecretary of Treasury-Hamilton

3.3. Secretary of War- KnoxSecretary of War- Knox

4.4. Attorney General-RandolphAttorney General-Randolph

4.4. ““Cabinet”Cabinet”—these 4 men—these 4 men

Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

2.2. Established:Established:1.1. Supreme CourtSupreme Court

2.2. One presiding chief justiceOne presiding chief justice

3.3. 5 associate justices5 associate justices

4.4. 13 district courts13 district courts

5.5. 3 circuit courts of appeal3 circuit courts of appeal

X. Hamilton Fixes FinancesX. Hamilton Fixes Finances

1.1. Report on Public CreditReport on Public Credit (1790) (1790)1.1. Monetary/Fiscal Policy favor the Monetary/Fiscal Policy favor the

richrichthey spend in the they spend in the economyeconomystimulate domestic growthstimulate domestic growth

2.2. Report on ManufacturesReport on Manufactures(1791)(1791)1.1. Protect the infant industrialization of Protect the infant industrialization of

the U.S.the U.S.

2.2. Strong protective tariffsStrong protective tariffs

Hamilton Fixes Finances (cont’d)Hamilton Fixes Finances (cont’d)

3.3. 5 components:5 components:1.1. Boost national creditBoost national credit

2.2. ““Father/Son” relationship between Father/Son” relationship between states and federal governmentstates and federal government

3.3. Heavy tariffs on imported goodsHeavy tariffs on imported goods

4.4. Excise taxesExcise taxes on whiskey on whiskey

5. National bank5. National bank

Hamilton Fixes Finances (cont’d)Hamilton Fixes Finances (cont’d)

4.4. Fed. Gov. assume all state debtsFed. Gov. assume all state debts1.1. Capital on the banks of the Potomac Capital on the banks of the Potomac

RiverRiver

5.5. Revenue Act of 1789Revenue Act of 17891.1. 8% tariff on imports8% tariff on imports

2.2. Such goods as Such goods as whiskeywhiskey to make up the to make up the shortfall in revenueshortfall in revenue

XI. The Bank of the United States XI. The Bank of the United States (BUS)(BUS)

1.1. National treasury would keep its deposits National treasury would keep its deposits in the bankin the bank

1.1. Keep the funds safe & available as loanable Keep the funds safe & available as loanable fundsfunds

2.2. Jefferson opposedJefferson opposed1.1. Strict ConstructionistStrict Constructionist—Strict interpretation of —Strict interpretation of

the constitution.the constitution.

3.3. Hamilton support the BUSHamilton support the BUS1.1. Loose ConstructionistLoose Constructionist—Loose interpretation —Loose interpretation

of the Constitutionof the Constitution

The Bank of the United States The Bank of the United States (BUS) (cont’d)(BUS) (cont’d)

4.4. Elastic ClauseElastic Clause—Granted Congress —Granted Congress “implied powers” to pass laws that “implied powers” to pass laws that were “necessary & proper” to run were “necessary & proper” to run the country effectively.the country effectively.

5.5. Washington agreed with Hamilton; Washington agreed with Hamilton; signs the bank into law in 1791.signs the bank into law in 1791.

6.6. Party system arisesParty system arises

The Bank of the United States The Bank of the United States (BUS) (cont’d)(BUS) (cont’d)

7.7. Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans1.1. Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

2.2. Limit the powers of the central gov.Limit the powers of the central gov.

3.3. Greater state’s rightsGreater state’s rights

8.8. FederalistsFederalists1.1. Strong national gov.Strong national gov.

2.2. Powers supreme over the statesPowers supreme over the states

XII. Development of Foreign PolicyXII. Development of Foreign Policy

1.1. French RevolutionFrench Revolution (1789-1793) (1789-1793)1.1. JeffersonJeffersonuphold the Franco-American uphold the Franco-American

alliance in 1778alliance in 1778

2.2. HamiltonHamiltonneutral to maintain trade relations neutral to maintain trade relations with Britain.with Britain.

2.2. Neutrality Proclamation of 1793Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

3.3. French & British began seizing American French & British began seizing American ships in the Atlanticships in the Atlantic

1.1. Seize the cargoSeize the cargo

2.2. ImpressImpress sailors into military service sailors into military service

Development of Foreign Policy Development of Foreign Policy (cont’d)(cont’d)

4.4. Chief Justice John JayChief Justice John Jay1.1. Negotiate with the British to reaffirm Negotiate with the British to reaffirm

U.S. neutralityU.S. neutrality

2.2. Removal of British forts in the West.Removal of British forts in the West.

5.5. Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty1.1. Settlement boundarySettlement boundary

2.2. Navigation on the Mississippi RiverNavigation on the Mississippi River

3.3. Use of the Port of New OrleansUse of the Port of New Orleans

Development of Foreign Policy Development of Foreign Policy (cont’d)(cont’d)

6.6. Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address1.1. Left office in 1797Left office in 1797

2.2. Remain neutral in European affairs!Remain neutral in European affairs!

3.3. Avoid entangling alliancesAvoid entangling alliances

4.4. Refrain from “factions” or political Refrain from “factions” or political partiesparties

XIII. Internal Issues Facing the XIII. Internal Issues Facing the New GovernmentNew Government

1.1. Threat of Indian attackThreat of Indian attack

2.2. Insurrection by angry citizensInsurrection by angry citizens

3.3. Settlement of western landsSettlement of western lands

4.4. Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville1.1. Shawnee, Miami give up lands in Ohio Shawnee, Miami give up lands in Ohio

& Indiana.& Indiana.

Internal Issues Facing the New Internal Issues Facing the New Government (cont’d)Government (cont’d)

5.5. Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion1.1. Excise TaxExcise Tax on whiskey on whiskey

2.2. Farmers protested violentlyFarmers protested violently

3.3. Significance:Significance:1.1. Pres. Washington put down the rebellionPres. Washington put down the rebellion

2.2. New fed. Gov. had the power to maintain New fed. Gov. had the power to maintain peace.peace.

X. Adams as 2X. Adams as 2ndnd President President

1.1. Pres. Adams; VP JeffersonPres. Adams; VP Jefferson

2.2. XYZ AffairXYZ Affair1.1. 1797—stop the seizing of American 1797—stop the seizing of American

vessels by the Frenchvessels by the French

2.2. French agents X, Y, ZFrench agents X, Y, Z

3.3. U.S. refused to bribeU.S. refused to bribe

XYZ Affair (cont’d)XYZ Affair (cont’d)

3.3. ““Quasi-War”Quasi-War”1.1. Hamilton calls for military actionHamilton calls for military action2.2. 1798-18001798-18003.3. West Indies West Indies 4.4. U.S. vs. FrenchU.S. vs. French

4.4. Convention of 1800Convention of 18001.1. Ended Franco-American allianceEnded Franco-American alliance2.2. U.S. pay for damaged French vesselsU.S. pay for damaged French vessels3.3. Avoid all-out warAvoid all-out war

XI. Alien and Sedition ActsXI. Alien and Sedition Acts

1.1. Federalists aimed to silence Federalists aimed to silence oppositionopposition

2.2. Alien ActsAlien Acts1.1. Residency requirements; 5 to 14 yearsResidency requirements; 5 to 14 years

2.2. President power to detain &/or deport President power to detain &/or deport enemy aliens in times of warenemy aliens in times of war

3.3. Sedition ActSedition Act1.1. Illegal to criticize the Pres. or CongressIllegal to criticize the Pres. or Congress

2.2. Heavy fine or imprisonmentHeavy fine or imprisonment

4.4. Theory of Theory of nullificationnullification1.1. States pass their own laws to States pass their own laws to nullifynullify

the Alien & Sedition Actsthe Alien & Sedition Acts

5.5. Kentucky & Virginia ResolutionsKentucky & Virginia Resolutions1.1. The states, not the Supreme Court, were The states, not the Supreme Court, were

the final judges of the limits of federal the final judges of the limits of federal powerpower

2.2. States were justified in declaring federal States were justified in declaring federal law null and voidlaw null and void