the brookings institution · 4/15/2004 · april 15-16, 2004 the rise of new immigrant gateways...
TRANSCRIPT
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Center on Urban and Metropolitan PolicyAudrey Singer, Visiting Fellow
The Brookings Institution
Financial Access for Immigrants: Learning from Diverse PerspectivesApril 15-16, 2004
The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Immigration Headlines from Census 2000
More immigrants entered the United States in the 1990s than in any previous decade
Immigrants are settling in many new places with little history of immigration
The challenges of incorporating immigrants will be a growing issue in many places in the United States
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
The nation’s primary Gateway States are shifting
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
1 Los Angeles 3,449,444 36.22 New York 3,139,647 33.73 Chicago 1,425,978 17.24 Miami 1,147,765 50.95 Houston 854,669 20.56 Orange County 849,899 29.97 Washington DC 832,016 16.98 Riverside-San Bernardino 612,359 18.89 San Diego 606,254 21.510 Dallas 591,169 16.8
PERCENTNUMBER
Largest Immigrant Populations:Metropolitan Areas
Source: US Census Bureau
Top Ten Immigrant Populations by Metropolitan Area, 2000
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
The share of the U.S. population that is foreign-born is lower at the end of the 20th century than at the start
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%Foreign Born Population (millions)Percentage of Total Population
Number of foreign-born and share of population, United States,1900-2000
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Foreign Born Population
Share Foreign
Born1 New York 2,871,032 35.9 2 Los Angeles 1,512,720 40.9 3 Chicago 628,903 21.7 4 Houston 516,105 26.4 5 San Jose 329,757 36.8 6 San Diego 314,227 25.7 7 Dallas 290,436 24.4 8 San Francisco 285,541 36.8 9 Phoenix 257,325 19.5
10 Miami 215,739 59.5
1900 2000
Few cities maintained their status as gateways throughout the 20th century
Foreign Born Population
Share Foreign
Born1 New York 1,270,080 37.0 2 Chicago 587,112 34.6 3 Philadelphia 295,340 22.8 4 Boston 197,129 35.1 5 Cleveland 124,631 32.6 6 San Francisco 116,885 34.1 7 St. Louis 111,356 19.4 8 Buffalo 104,252 29.6 9 Detroit 96,503 33.8
10 Milwaukee 88,991 31.2
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13%
34%
3%50%
EuropeAsiaLatin AmericaAfrica
1900-1920 1980-2000
86%4%
10%
Source countries have reversed—from primarily European to primarily non-European
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
0
5
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30
35
40
45
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Perc
ent
BuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePittsburghSt. Louis
Former Gateways attracted large numbers of immigrants in the early 1900s but no longer do
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
0
5
10
15
20
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30
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1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Perc
ent
Boston Chicago New YorkSan Francisco
Continuous Gateways are long-established and continuing destinations for immigrants
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
0
5
10
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20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Years
Perc
ent
HoustonLos AngelesMiami
Post-World War II Gateways began attracting immigrants during the second half of the 20th century
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0
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1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Perc
ent
DallasWashington DCAtlantaFt. Worth
Emerging Gateways experienced rapid immigrant growth over the past 20 years
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0
5
10
15
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30
35
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45
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Perc
ent
San Jose Portland
Seattle Phoenix
Denver Tampa
Re-emerging Gateways waned as destinations in the middle part of the century, but have rebounded recently
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Three factors help classify metropolitan gateways for immigration
SIZE of the metropolitan area and of the foreign-born population
PERCENT foreign-born population and RATE of GROWTH
DOMINANCE, PERSISTANCE, and HISTORY of the settlement of the foreign born
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Former (8)BaltimoreBuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePhiladelphiaPittsburghSt. Louis
Continuous (9)BostonChicago Jersey CityNewarkNew York
Bergen-Passaic NJMiddlesex-Somerset NJNassau-Suffolk, NY
San Francisco
Post-WWII (7)Fort Lauderdale HoustonLos Angeles
Orange CountyRiverside-San Bernardino
San DiegoMiami
Emerging (7)Atlanta DallasFort WorthLas VegasOrlandoWashington, DCWest Palm Beach
Re-Emerging (9)DenverMinneapolis-St. PaulOaklandPhiladelphiaPhoenixPortlandSacramentoSan JoseSeattleTampa
Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Former (8)BaltimoreBuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePhiladelphiaPittsburghSt. Louis
Continuous (9)BostonChicago Jersey CityNewarkNew York
Bergen Passaic NJMiddlesex-Somerset NJNassau-Suffolk, NY
San Francisco
Post-WWII (7)Fort Lauderdale HoustonLos Angeles
Orange CountyRiverside-San Bernardino
San DiegoMiami
Emerging (7)Atlanta DallasFort WorthLas VegasOrlandoWashington, DCWest Palm Beach
Re-Emerging (9)DenverMinneapolis-St. PaulOaklandPhiladelphiaPhoenixPortlandSacramentoSan JoseSeattleTampa
Pre-emerging (5)AustinCharlotteGreensboro-Winston SalemRaleigh-DurhamSalt Lake City
Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000 (plus one more)
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-emerging
1970
1980
1990
2000
Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways still dominate, but Emerging and Re-Emerging are growing faster
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0
10
20
30
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60
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80
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Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-Emerging Pre-Emerging
Per
cent
% Change in Total Population % Change in Population without Foreign-Born
Population growth in Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways depends more on immigration than in Emerging Gateways
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Characteristics vary by gateway type…
Suburban settlement patterns
National origins
English language proficiency
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The share of overall population that is foreign-born tends to be higher in central cities than in suburbs…
34%21%36%New York36%34%40%Los Angeles51%41%60%Miami
17%15%22%Chicago
METROSUBURBSCITY
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9.8
6.9
4.9
12.9
7.7
5.0
2000
1990
1980
Suburbs
Cities
…but growth during the 1980s and 1990s was greater in suburban areas, yielding more immigrants in absolute terms
Foreign Born in Cities and Suburbs, 45 metro areas (in millions)
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Share of Foreign-Born Population That Live in the Suburbs by Gateway Type, 1970-2000
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
1970 1980 1990 2000
Perc
ent
Emerging
Former
Post-WWII
Re-emerging
Pre-emerging
Continuous
Immigrants in Emerging Gateways are more likely to live in the suburbs
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
UNITED STATESTotal Foreign Born = 31,107,889
Mexico30%
Remaining Foreign Born
57%
India3%
China3%Vietnam
3%
Philippines4%
The five largest country of origin groups in the U.S. include Mexico and four Asian countries
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
National origins also vary by gateway type…
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CHICAGOTotal Foreign Born = 1,425,978
Remaining Foreign Born
37%
Korea2%
Philippines4% India
5%
Mexico42%
Poland10%
LOS ANGELESTotal Foreign Born = 3,449,444
El Salvador
7%
Mexico45%
Philippines
6%
Guatemala4%
Korea4%
Remaining Foreign
Born37%
PITTSBURGHTotal Foreign Born = 62,286
Italy13%
India10%
Germany7%
China5%
United Kingdom
6%
Remaining Foreign
Born59%
WASHINGTONTotal Foreign Born = 832,016
Korea6%
El Salvador13%
India5%
Vietnam4%
Mexico4%
Remaining Foreign
Born67%
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82.6
73.6
65.3
70.7
72.5
65.8
34.2
27.5
29.3
34.7
26.4
17.4
0 25 50 75 100
Former
Continuous
Post W.W.II
Emerging
Re-Emerging
Pre-Emerging
Does not speak Englishwell
Speaks English "well"
English language skills are most limited in Post-WWII and Pre-Emerging Gateways
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Six Implications for Local Leaders
Understand local immigration dynamics
Bring cultural and language sensitivity to service delivery
Build English language capacity
Provide workforce support
Create linkages to mainstream institutions
Encourage civic engagement
BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
For more information:
www.brookings.edu/urban