Colom bia is one of th e coun-trie s w ith th e longe s t h is tory of arm e d conflict – by now m ore th an 50 ye ars . De cade s of w ar and viole nce by th e s tate 's m ilita-ry force s , param ilitarie s , and diffe r-e nt gue rilla force s le ad to a m ilita- ris ation of th e e ntire Colom bian s ocie rty. Afte r s e ve ral faile d pe ace proce s s e s , th e "w ar on te rror" and its Colom bian counte r-parts , th e "Plan Colom bia" and "Plan Patriota" le ad to an e s ca-lation of th e arm e d conflict.

In th is w ar, all partie s to th e conflict com m it atrocitie s and h u-m an righ ts violations . In te rm s of practice on th e battle fie ld, it is im -pos s ible to dis tinguis h be tw e e n any of th e arm e d force s – be th e y gove rnm e nt force s , param ilitarie s , or gue rillas .

Cons cie ntious obje ctionBut Colom bias youth h ad h ad

e nough . Enough of w ar and vio-le nce . Enough of be ing round up on th e s tre e ts by th e m ilitary, and be ing re cruite d by force . Enough of running afte r th e "libre ta m ili-tar", th e m ilitary card, w ith out w h ich th e y cannot graduate from unive rs ity, ge t a driving lice ns e or pas s port – jus t live a norm al life .

Th e official s tatis tics s h ow th at a large proportion of youth doe s not follow th e s tate 's "call to arm s " agains t th e gue rilla. H ow e ve r, w h ile m os t do jus t not re gis te r for m ilitary s e rvice and live an ins e cure life w ith out th e ir m ilitary card, ris k ing re cruitm e nt at e ve ry ch e ck point or random raid of th e m ilitary, an incre as ing num be r of youth is now pre pare d

to ope nly confront th e s tate and de clare th e ir cons cie ntious obje c-tion. Alth ough cons cie ntious ob-je ction is not re cognis e d in Colom bian law , th e COs claim th at th e ir righ t is guarante e d unde r inte rnational s tandards , w h ich – according to th e Colom -bian cons titution – are autom atic-ally part of Colom bian law , on par w ith th e fundam e ntal righ ts gua-rante e d by th is cons titution, and ignore d by th e s tate .

Th e las t ye ars s aw th e com ing toge th e r of CO groups from diffe re nt re gions of Colom -bia, and today 13 groups from all ove r th e country are part of th e National As s e m bly of Cons cie n-tious Obje ctors .

Prote ction and s olidarityBas e d on th is ne w s tre ngth ,

th e National As s e m bly of Con-s cie ntious Obje ctors s tarte d a proce s s to cre ate a national and inte rnational s upport ne tw ork for cons cie ntious obje ction in Colom -bia. Inte rnational Cons cie ntious Obje ctors ' Day 2007 – 15 May – is part of th is proce s s . But w h ile th is one -off inte rnational e ve nt in Me de llin is im portant be caus e of th e vis ibility it provide s to th e m ove m e nt for cons cie ntious ob-je ction in Colom bia, m ore im por-tant w ill be ongoing s upport. In coope ration w ith th e National As s e m bly of Cons cie ntious Obje ctors , W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte r-national is pre s e ntly s e tting up a databas e of COs in Colom bia

(s oon available at h ttps ://lis ts .w ri-irg.org/codb), and an inte rnational s olidarity ne tw ork . And 15th May w ill als o s e e th e public launch of th e "Libre ta obje tor/a de concie n-cia" – W RI's cons cie ntious ob-je ctor card, w h ich w ill be a vis ible s ym bol of cons cie ntious obje ction as an inte rnationally re cognis e d h um an righ t.

In s om e w ay, th e libre ta obje -tor/a de concie ncia is a form of "virtual accom panim e nt", s im ilar to th e ph ys ical accom panim e nt Pe ace Brigade s Inte rnational trie s to provide to s om e th re ate ne d h um an righ ts activis ts in Colom -bia (and e ls e w h e re ). H ow e ve r, all th is can only w ork w ith a s trong s olidarity ne tw ork , th at re acts q uick ly to atte m pts to re cruit or arre s t a cons cie ntious obje ctor. W h ile th e National As s e m bly of Cons cie ntious Obje ctors and W RI w ill atte m pt to dis tribute inform a-tion as q uick ly and w ide ly as pos s ible w h e ne ve r a cons cie n-tious obje ctor is in dange r, th is inform ation ne e ds to be acte d upon as fas t and w ide ly, to h ave an im pact on th e Colom bian auth oritie s . Contact th e W RI office now if you w ant to be part of th is "prote ctive s h ie ld" for obje ctors in Colom bia.

Andre as Spe ck

W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnational5 Cale donian Rd, London N1 9 DXTe l + 44-20-7278 4040info@ w ri-irg.org h ttp://w ri-irg.org/e n

EditorialInte rnational Cons cie ntious

Obje ctors ' Day 2007 focus e s on Colom bia, a country w ith m ore th an 50 ye ars of (civil) w ar and viole nce . A country al-s o, w h e re cons cie ntious obje c-tors face ch alle nge s diffe re nt from e ls e w h e re – th e th re at of involuntary re cruitm e nt not only com ing from th e s tate m ilitary, but als o from th e various irre -gular force s and gue rillas in th e country.

Colom bia is als o a ch al-le nge for th e inte rnational m ove -m e nt for cons cie ntious obje c- tion. In te rm s of inte rnational le gal s tandards , th e q ue s tion is h ow th e s e can be applie d to non-s tate actors , s o th at th e y too re cognis e th e righ t to con-s cie ntious obje ction. But th e n, th e Colom bian s tate als o doe s not re cognis e CO, and not only m igh t COs e nd up in pris on on ch arge s of dis obe die nce or de s e rtion, m ore lik e ly e ve n is th at th e y s udde nly find th e m -s e lve s in m ilitary barrack s , afte r be ing pick e d up at a ch e ck point or a raid by th e police . Le gal or ille gal – w ith out us inte rve ning, th e Colom bian s tate and th e m ilitary w on't care , at le as t not until it m igh t be too late for th e CO conce rne d.

Inte rnational Cons cie ntious Obje ctors ' Day is about s olida-rity w ith COs and CO m ove -m e nts . Th e re are only a fe w countrie s w h e re th is is as urge ntly ne e de d th an in Colom -bia, and w e as w ar re s is te rs ne e d to s tand up to th e ch alle n-ge s pos e d by th is s pe cific s ituation. W e k now from e xpe -rie nce th at inte rnational s olida-rity can m ak e a diffe re nce , and in th e cas e of Colom bia th is is e ve n m ore im portant, and re q uire s our conce rte d e fforts . And w h o, if not us ?

More inform ation is avail-able on W RI's Colom bia cam -paign page at h ttp://w ri-irg.org/co/colcam paign-e n.h tm .

Andre as Spe ck

Th e Brok e n RifleTh e Brok e n Rifle is th e ne w s -

le tte r of W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rna-tional, and is publis h e d in Eng- lis h , Spanis h , Fre nch and Ge r-m an. Th is is is s ue 74, May 2007.

Th is is s ue of Th e Brok e n Rifle w as produce d by Andre as Spe ck . Spe cial th ank s go Lie s be t Nive au, Andre a Och oa, and th e As am ble a Nacional de Obje tore s y Obje toras de Concie ncia. If you w ant e xtra copie s of th is is s ue of Th e Brok e n Rifle , ple as e contact th e W RI office , or dow nload it from our w e bs ite .

W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnational,5 Cale donian Road,London N1 9 DX, Britainte l + 44-20-7278 4040fax + 44-20-7278 0444info@ w ri-irg.orgh ttp://w ri-irg.org/pubs /br74-e n.h tm

No 74, May 2007

Support Cons cie ntious Obje ctors in Colom bia15 May – Inte rnational Cons cie ntious Obje ctors ' Day

Ge nde r and Militaris mW RI/Ne w Profile s e m inar in Te l Aviv, Is rae l, 23– 26 Augus t 2007

Today it is be com ing incre as ingly cle ar th at cons is te nt fe m inis m cannot do w ith out a th orough analys is of m ilitaris m and th at cons is te nt antim ilitaris m cannot do w ith out a de e p unde rs tanding of ge nde r is s ue s in both th e ory and practice .

Th e Ge nde r and Militaris m Se m inar, to be h e ld in Is rae l in Augus t 2007 w ill bring toge th e r activis ts and acade m ics from all ove r th e w orld to s tudy th e m utual conne ctions be tw e e n m ilitaris m and ge nde r. Th e s e m inar is organis e d by W ar Re s is te rs ’ Inte rnational toge th e r w ith th e Is rae li fe m inis t antim ilitaris t m ove m e nt Ne w Profile . Th is proje ct builds on a long h is tory of w ork on is s ue s of ge nde r and m ilitaris m by both organis ations , and continue s and de e pe ns th e long-s tanding coope ration be tw e e n th e m .

More inform ation: h ttp://w ri-irg.org/ne w s /2007/council2007-e n.h tm .

2 Th e Brok e n Rifle No 74, May 2007Inte rnational Cons cie ntious Obje ctors ' Day – Colom bia

Th e Pe ace Com -m unity of San Jos é de Apartadó

To ce le brate th e 10th an-nive rs ary of th e Pe ace Com -m unity of San Jos é de Apar- tadó de le gate s from oth e r Colom bian pe ace com m unitie s and vis itors from 14 countrie s m e t in s e ttle m e nts La Unión and San Jos e s ito de Apartadó (w h e re th e Com m unity re s e tt-le d afte r police ins talle d th e m -s e lve s on th e te rritory of th e original com m unity) in th e m uni-cipality of Apartadó, Antioq uia province .

W h ile pe ople k e e p de m and-ing th e w h ole truth and jus tice about th e s ys te m atic violation of h um an righ ts in Colom bia, th e State continue s to los e le git-im acy, th rough its viole nce and corruption, and a parliam e nt th at le gis late s for th e be ne fit of its m e m be rs . As th e firs t Pe ace Com m unity com ple te s 10 ye ars of re s is tance , it counts 178 de ad, m ore th an 500 crim e s of aggre s s ion de nounce d in 15 pe -titions pre s e nte d to Pre s ide nt Uribe . Th is te nth annive rs ary th e re fore h ad th e ch aracte r of a m e e ting place for various form s of s olidarity w alk ing a path of dignity and colle ctive m e m ory.

On 23 March , a s ile nt m arch th rough th e s tre e ts of Apartadó pas s e d th rough th e ce m e te ry e n route to th e ce ntre of San Jos é de Apartadó. Dur-ing th e m arch , 178 s ym bolic coffins w e re le ft outs ide th e of-fice of public pros e cutor to re -m ind th is ins titution of its re pe a- te d failure to carry out its cons ti-tutional function.

A grow ing num be r of com -m unitie s and organis ations , both ins ide and outs ide Colom -bia, are form ing link s of s olidar-ity and broth e r/s is te rh ood w ith th e Com m unity, s tre ngth e ning its proje cts for life and te rritory. Alre ady m any of th e m h ave be e n w itne s s e s of th e barbarity of th e State agains t com m unit-ie s th rough out Colom bia and e s -pe cially agains t th e Pe ace Com m unity of San Jos é de Apartadó. So on 17 March an Inte rnational Mis s ion of Solidar-ity w ith Colom bian Com m unit-ie s of Nonviole nt Civil Re s is tan- ce m e t in Bogotá be fore trave l-ling on to tak e part in th e te nth annive rs ary e ve nts and th e m e e ting of com m unitie s in re s -is tance in th e Pe ace Com m uni-ty its e lf. Inte rnational partici- pants cam e from Aus tria, Be lgi-um , England, Ge rm any, Italy, Portugal, Spain and th e USA. Th e y agre e d to w ork for th e le -gitim atiz ation and inte rnational re cognition of th e h um anitarian z one s cre ate d by th is pe ace com m unity as a m e ch anis m of prote ction of th e civil population in th e m ids t of arm e d conflict.

w w w .cdps anjos e .org

Re cruitm e nt and Cons cie ntious Obje ction Fre e dom of cons cie nce and obligatory m ilitary s e rvice in th e Political Cons titution of Colom bia

Th e le gal fram e w ork ove r re -cognition of cons cie ntious obje c-tion in Colom bia re m ains th e contradiction be tw e e n Article s 18 and 216 in th e 19 9 1 Cons titution. In th e ch apte r on fundam e ntal righ ts , article 18 guarante e s fre e -dom of cons cie nce : “nobody w ill be oblige d to act agains t th e ir con-s cie nce ”. H ow e ve r, in th e ch apte r on th e public force s , article 216 s tate s th at “all Colom bians are ob-lige d to tak e up arm s w h e n th e re is a public ne e d for th is in orde r to de fe nd national inde pe nde nce and th e public ins titutions . Th e law w ill de te rm ine th e conditions w h ich at all tim e s q ualifie s an indi-vidual for e xe m ption from m ilitary s e rvice and th e privile ge s for s e r-vice .”

W h e n cas e s about cons cie n-tious obje ction h ave be e n brough t, th e Cons titutional Court, ins te ad of s e arch ing for a h alfw ay point be tw e e n th e tw o article s , h as opte d for putting th e cons titu-tional obligation to tak e up arm s above th e righ t to fre e dom of con-s cie nce . Its argum e nts are th at col-le ctive inte re s ts tak e priority ove r individual, th at CO to m ilitary s e r-vice is not e xplicitly re cogniz e d in th e Cons titution, th at th e righ t to fre e dom of cons cie nce doe s not e xte nd to th e conce pt of Cons cie n-tious Obje ction, and th at m ilitary s e rvice is cons ide re d a form of cit-iz e n training. Ne ve rth e le s s , re -ce nt le gis lation h as re cognis e d s om e oth e r form s of cons cie n-tious obje ction – for ins tance by m e dical s taff or by m e m be rs of Congre s s w h o do not acce pt th e de cis ions of th e ir partie s .

Am ong CO groups in Colom -bia th e re is an agre e m e nt not to de m and ne w re gulations re cog-nis ing cons cie ntious obje ction and im ple m e nting article 18. Th at path w ould le ad to th e Colom bian s tate placing re s trictions and condi-tions on obje ctors . Ins te ad th e ir ar-gum e nt is th at inte rnational norm s , s e t out in a s e rie s of inte r-national tre atie s or Conve ntions ratifie d by th e Congre s s [1].

Obligatory m ilitary s e rvice and re fus e rs

Th e s tructure of obligatory m ilit-ary s e rvice in Colom bia is ch arac-te riz e d by th e h uge num be r of youth s calle d up, th e h igh propor-tion e xe m pte d, and th e re lative ly fe w w h o re ally do m ilitary s e rvice .

Since 2003, th e te nde ncy h as be e n to incre as e th e num be r calle d up, re duce th e num be r e x-e m pte d and s o incre as e th e num -be r oblige d to do m ilitary s e rvice , a w orrying s ituation above all w h e n you tak e into account th at m os t of th e m com e from low -in-com e fam ilie s w h o cannot afford to buy th e ir w ay out of m ilitary s e r-vice (paying for a m ilitary s e rvice card) or bribe officials .

As CO to m ilitary s e rvice is not re cognis e d le gally, w e h ave to us e th e te rm s us e d by th e m ilitary to as s e s s th e e xte nt of re fus al of cons cription and force d re cruit-m e nt in Colom bia. Th e official data provide e vide nce of th re e cat-e gorie s of youth s w h o h ave s aid no to coope ration w ith th e s ys te m of re cruitm e nt and th e conditions

of cons cription. Th e s e th re e cat-e gorie s are : re m is os (th os e w h o fail to re port), de s e rte rs and de s obe die nte s (th os e w h o dis -obe y). Th e re m is os are cate gor-ie d as h aving bre ak ing th e law conce rning re cruitm e nt, in th e ory be ing s ubje ct to fine s but not de -te ntion. De s e rtion and dis obe di-e nce , h ow e ve r, are cons ide re d as bre ak ing th e m ilitary pe nal code and are punis h able w ith los s of fre e dom . In practice , re m is os h ave be e n trie d as s oldie rs for crim e s of de s e rtion [2].

Th e q uantity of re m is os h as

be e n re lative ly h igh agains t th e num be r of pe rs ons obligate d to do th e m ilitary s e rvice . Th e ave r-age pe rce ntage for th e pe riod of 19 9 5 to 2003 h as be e n around 26% . Alth ough th e ge ne ral te nd-e ncy h as be e n dow nw ards , th e re w as a dram atic incre as e in 2003 to 48.5% of th e total of pe rs ons ob-lige d to do th e m ilitary s e rvice .

As w e can obs e rve in table 1, th e cas e s of de s e rtion and dis -obe die nce in th e arm y e norm -ous ly outnum be r th os e in th e police . Th e annual ave rage is th at th e re are 230 cas e s of dis obe di-e nce w ith in th e arm y, and 1847 de s e rte rs . Th e re fore w e can con-firm th at th e re e xis ts not only a nu-m e rous group of young pe ople w h o h ave re fus e d cons cription for s om e re as on and e nd up cata-logue d as re m is os , but als o a s ub-s tantial pre s e nce of pe ople w h o re fus e to s tay or to be obe die nt w ith in th e w ith in th e rank s of th e State ’s m ilitary force s .

Military card and cons cie n-tious obje ction

One alte rnative for re fus e rs of obligatory m ilitary s e rvice is trying to fit one of th e le gal e xe m ptions or pos tpone m e nts , s o th at th e y w ill q ualify to pay th e m ilitary a q uota of "com pe ns ation" and re -ce ive a m ilitary card ins te ad of be -ing re cruite d.

Anybody w h o re fus e s to pay th is q uota of m ilitary com pe ns a-tion (be caus e contributing finan-cially to w ar is agains t th e ir e th ical or political convictions ) is in a s pe cial s ituation. Le gally th e y

are no longe r oblige d to do m ilit-ary s e rvice . H ow e ve r, w ith out th e m ilitary card th e y w on’t h ave th e opportunity to graduate from s upe r-ior s tudie s or to s ign w ork con-tracts .

Furth e rm ore , th e gove rnm e nt h as be e n trying to ch ange th e law s o th at th e m ilitary card is de m an-de d on applying for a pas s port, re -gis te ring at unive rs ity or for a profe s s ional q ualification, obtain-ing a driving lice nce , or tak ing a public or private pos t. In th e m e an-tim e , alth ough in a ve ry incipie nt m anne r, s om e groups of cons cie n-tious obje ctors try to addre s s th is s ituation by cre ating cas e s and law s uits claim ing dis crim ination and violation of fundam e ntal righ ts .

Re cruitm e nt by th e Colom bi-an State : irre gular and ille gal

Alth ough th e re cruitm e nt law lays dow n proce dure s to e nlis t re -cruits , in m any cas e s th e due pro-ce s s is not fulfille d and its s uppos e d im partiality is riddle d

w ith arbitrarine s s and corruption. Batidas (raids ) are practice s

of force d re cruitm e nt carrie d out in public place s , ge ne rally in poor ne igh bourh oods or rural z one s . Th os e w h o do not h ave a m ilitary card are im m e diate ly s e iz e d, put in a truck and incorporate d into th e arm y. According to th e re cruit-m e nt law its e lf, th is is ille gal: nobody s h ould be force d to join im m e diate ly, and th e m axim um al-low e d is to force pe ople to re -gis te r th e m s e lve s to be gin th e w h ole proce s s of re cruitm e nt (or oth e rw is e re s olving th e ir s itu-ation).

Eve n th e le gal e xe m ptions and pos tpone m e nts are not ob-s e rve d or re s pe cte d by th e arm y. Indige nous pe ople , fath e rs , dis -place d pe ople , pe ople w ith ph ys ic-al dis abilitie s , and colle ge s tude nts , are tak e n into th e rank s de s pite th e e xis te nce of rule s th at e xe m pt th e m or pos tpone th e ir m ilitary s e rvice .

Re cruitm e nt of ch ildre n by ille gal groups

Th e 2004 global re port of th e Coalition to Stop th e Us e of Ch ild Soldie rs e s tim ate s th at a q uarte r of s oldie rs in ille gal arm e d groups in Colom bia are younge r th an 18 ye ars old. Th e s e ch ildre n particip-ate in com bats , trans port s up-plie s , act as m e s s e nge rs and guards , and place e xplos ive s and m ine s . Som e of th e m join to e s -cape from pove rty, une m ploy-m e nt or dom e s tic abus e , w h ile oth e rs s e arch to ave nge th e de ath of a fam ily m e m be r or frie nd. Mos t are de nie d contact w ith th e ir fam ily. Th e girls are co-e rce d into s e xual re lations h ips w ith m ale com m andants .

W ith th e ne w law of ch ildh ood and adole s ce nce , ch ildre n of 15 ye ars old involve d in activitie s of ille gal arm e d groups , ch ange d from be ing victim s of th e conflict to be ing punis h able , w h ich is in contradiction w ith th e re com m e nd-ations of th e Inte rnational Com m it-te e of th e Ch ildre n’s Righ ts in its las t re port.

Note s :[1] Th e righ t to cons cie ntious obje c-tion is im plicitly re cogniz e d in th e art-icle 18 of th e Unive rs al De claration of th e H um an Righ ts , in th e article 18 of th e Inte rnational Pact of Civil and Political Righ ts , approve d by Colom -bia by th e Law 74 of 19 68, and by th e article 12 of th e Am e rican Conve ntion about H um an Righ ts , approve d by Colom bia by th e Law 16 of 19 72, rule s th at affirm th e righ t to fre e dom of th ough t, of cons cie nce and re ligion (MADRID MALO, 2006,3), and e xpli-citly in th e re s olution 33/165 of 19 78 th e Ge ne ral As s e m bly of th e UNO, th e re s olution of th e H um an Righ ts Com m is s ion of th e 5th of March of 19 87, and th e re s olution 2002/45.[2] Th e law 522 from 19 9 9 de fine s dis -obe die nce as : Not carrying out or m odifying a le gitim ate orde r by th e of-fice r in com m and according to le gal form alitie s , carrying a punis h m e nt of be tw e e n 1 and 3 ye ars ' im pris onm e nt (Article 115). A de s e rte r can be h e ld from s ix m onth s to tw o ye ars . On com -ple ting th is s e nte nce , th e accus e d w ill be re q uire d to com ple te h is m ilitary s e rvice , including all th e tim e h e h as be e n abs e nt or in de te ntion (Article 128).

Action agains t re cruitm e nt

Dis obe die nce m ilitary

Dis obe die nce police

De s e rtion m ilitary

De s e rtion police

Ye ar2001– 2003

Ye ar19 9 5– 2003

Ye ar2001– 2003

Ye ar19 9 5– 2003

69 0pe rs ons

118pe rs ons

5541pe rs ons

13pe rs ons

Table 1. Dis obe die nce and de s e rtion in th e m ilitary force s and th e police : 19 9 5– 2003

Diagram . Pe rce ntage of re m is os am ong pe rs ons oblige d to do th e m ilitary s e rvice : 19 9 5– 2003

De parting at 21:00 from Bogota on th e bus fle e t Rápico Och oa bound for Me de llin, th e bus w as h e ld up at 12.45 a.m . by th e National Arm e d Force s of th e Municipality of Guaduas , Cundianam ar-ca. W e w e re h e ld up on th e m otorw ay till 1.55 a.m . and late r th e arm y allow e d us to re s t at th e Guadua Infantry Battalion, by w h ich tim e it w as 2:11 am , th e ve ry tim e one s tarts to im agine w h at m ay h ap-pe n. Th e re w e re 13 youth s in th e h angar w h e re e ve ryone w as am us ing th e m s e l-ve s on th e ir m obile s or jok ing around. I conve ye d m y pos ition as Cons cie ntious Obje ctor to lie ute nant Góm e z .

Ins pe ction at 5:20 a.m ., ligh ts on, off to w as h our m outh s and re ady for line form ation w ith Quinte ro and w aiting to be tak e n to Facatativa. Bre ak fas t of frie d cornm e al cak e w ith ch ocolate , and, inde e d a day full of s urpris e s th at Lie ute -nant Gom e z h ad in s tore , from a ball for footy, dom ino, ping pong rack e ts , de ck s of cards and continuous com pany, full of laugh te r and cold h um our of m ilitary nature , w ith com m e nts s uch as "cons cie n-tious obje ctor, s tay calm m ate , you'll s oon forge t about all of th at w h e n you grab a rifle and w atch th e cartridge s falling, now th at's w h at I call e xciting". Laugh s from e ve ryone and w h e n th e y w e re im aging m e w ith out e arrings and in cam ouflage th e y laugh m ore .

At 8:30 a.m . th e y took out th e ir cone s and ge ar for m otorw ay control, re turning at approxim ate ly 12:30 p.m ., w ith 15 youngs te rs plus th e battalion, w e playe d a gam e of football, th e y told s torie s about th e Arm y and h ow good it w as , of ne w policie s , of th e tre atm e nt w ith in th e ins titution, and s o on. Am ong th e young m e n, th e re w e re 3 from La Paz , 2 from H uile nce s , 2 from Bogota, one indige nous re ins e rte d in th e force s , and th e re w e re 21 from diffe re nt parts of th e Atlantic Coas t, nam e ly Valle dupar, Barranq uilla, Santa Marta, Since le jo).

At th e tim e w e h ad to clim b onto th e truck , th e re w e re 23, as th e s ituation h ad be e n s orte d its e lf out for 5 of th e m . Th e cas e of one of th e s e w as q uite nice , th at of Tibe rio Os orio, a 22-ye ar old young m an from th e Unión de Antioq uia, h aving only com ple te d 3 ye ars at prim ary s ch ool, w as ve ry frigh te ne d, as it w as th e

firs t tim e y h ad le ft h is village , h e h ad com e from Bogota to w ork in a s h op w ith h is cous ins . H e w ould s ay "not s ure if I w ill ge t us e d to it be caus e in s uch big citie s you are a nobody, at le as t in m y village , pe ople k now you and if you're bore d, th e n I ge t to w ork on m y s traw be r-rie s and potatoe s and am us e m ys e lf, w h e re as in a big city, w h at do you do?" Anyone w h o s aw h is h ands could re cog-nis e h is trade , as Don Juan Matus ' facts talk for th e m s e lve s , w h ich is w h at Tibe rio Os orio re fle cte d s o th e lie ute nant le t h im go.

At 2:15p.m . a truck arrive d to pick us up bound for Facativa. On th e w ay, pe ople w e re ge tting s e ttle d, te lling jok e s , w e s pe culate d about e ve ryth ing, h ow w e w ould look in uniform , w e w ork e d on de clarations th at w ould prove th at w e w e re not s uitable to e nte r th e m ilitary s e rvice , s uch as : I h ave flat fe e t; I s uffe r from as th m a; th at one h ad attack s ; a brok e n h and; and s o on, a th ous and w h ite lie s in orde r to e vade th e m ilitary s e rvice , w e did th is als o to k ill tim e w h ile on th e road in th e truck .

W e arrive d at Infantry Battalion num be r 38, Migue l Antonio Caro at 4:30 p.m ., w e got in line and th e us ual ins pe c-tion of th e pile of ide ntity cards , w h ich incide ntally w e re not confis cate d at th e tim e w e w e re de taine d. I'd lik e to clarify th at I w as ne ve r m ade to form w ith th e oth e rs , from th e firs t m om e nt w e arrive d in Facativa, a s e rge ant calle d m e ove r, h e as k e d m e w h e re I w as from and told m e to s tick by h im . Frank ly, h e tre ate d m e ve ry w e ll, h e h ad m e accom pany h im th e w h ole tim e as if I w e re h is gre at frie nd, h e w ould te ll m e s torie s and h e w ould as k m e th ings . Th e funny th ing w as th at h e s e e m e d m otivate d by m y s torie s about traditional Indige nous Me dicine s , th at w as th e are a h e w ante d to e xplore , on one of h is rounds h e pre s e nte d m e to h is colle ague s w h o im m e diate ly s aid: th is young m an m us t be s uitable for th e s e rvice , h e 's th e righ t s iz e – th e s e rge ant's re ply w as am us ing: no th is young m an cannot s tay, be caus e h e cons um e s m e dicine .

W h e n th e Major arrive d to q ue s tion pe ople on th e re as ons for not doing th e ir m ilitary s e rvice , it w as a good opportunity

for m e to put acros s m y de claration as Cons cie ntious Obje ctor, as I am ce rtain th at m any young pe ople h ave ne ve r h e ar anyth ing of th e s ort, nor did th e y be lie ve th at it w as pos s ible , or be tte r s till, to be re le as e d, as I w as w ith out furth e r e xam i-nation, nor any oth e r proble m s , th e only th ing h e as k e d m e w as to pre s e nt a s igne d and s e ale d w ritte n de claration.

Four of us w e re re le as e d, all w e h ad to do w as to confirm th e inform ation in th e dis trict, w h ich th e oth e rs did as th e ir paym e nt re ce ipt w as in proce s s , as for m e , I h ad noth ing to confirm , th e re fore , I w as fre e to go.

I le ft th e battalion at 5:50 p.m . accom -panie d by Se rge ant Pe na, w h o I as k e d if h e could give m e s om e docum e nt s o th at th e y w ould not de tain m e again on th e w ay, be aring in m ind als o th at I h ad alre a-dy los t $35.000 cos t of th e fare ), but h e s aid, don't w orry m ate , th e y w on't s top you, but s h ould th e y do s o, tak e m y m obi-le num be r and call m e im m e diate ly.

I w as s urpris e d at th e tre atm e nt I got, I th ough t th at th e y m ay h ave re ce ive d

s om e inte rnal com m unication and th at w as w h y th e y w e re s o am icable , but th at w as im pos s ible due to h ow late it w as in th e day. One of th e conclus ions I arrive d at w as th at I trie d to talk to th e m a lot about th e le gal as pe ct of it, q uoting m any article s and law s , and als o, I alw ays s us taine d th at I did not agre e w ith m ilitary s tructure in ge ne ral, re gardle s s of w h e re it cam e from and th at w e apons w as not th e w ay to re cons truct a com m unity; th e y m ay h ave q ue s tione d th is th e m s e lve s and it m ay h ave give n m e a bit of ch aracte r.

None of th e youngs te rs w ante d to do th e ir m ilitary s e rvice , but th e y all gave e xcus e s and none cam e forw ard w h e n th e Major as k e d w h o w ante d to be in th e National Colum bian Arm y. Th at m us t h ave e nrage d h im . Th e re m aining 17 youngs te rs h ad to proce e d to tak e m e di-cal e xam s and w ait to re ce ive a final ve rdict.

Andrés Danie l Giraldo

Th e National As s e m bly of Cons cie ntious Obje ctors

Th e National As s e m bly of Cons cie ntious Obje ctors ANOOC is a ne tw ork of organiz ations and groups of diffe re nt re gions of Colom bia w h o, w ith a nonviole nt approach , prom ote cons cie ntious obje ction agains t all – le gal and ille gal – arm e d groups .

One of th e m ain conce rns of th e National As s e m bly h as be e n th e re cruitm e nt proble m and th e cons tant m ilitariz ation of civil life by th e diffe re nt actors involve d in Colom bia’s arm e d conflict. Th at’s th e re as on w h y w e de cide d on th e follow ing line s of action:- Mutual s tre ngth e ning of diffe re nt

groups of cons cie ntious obje ction by e xch anging e xpe rie nce s and s pace s for training.

- National coordination of dire ct nonviole nt action and public acts .

- Accom panim e nt and pe rm ane nt com m unication be tw e e n th e diffe re nt groups on cons cie ntious obje ction.

- Cons truction of a national and inte rnational s olidarity ne tw ork for cons cie ntious obje ctors .

Pre s e ntly, th e National As s e m bly of Cons cie ntious Obje ctors include s th e follow ing groups :

1. Re d Juve nil Paz Caribe2. Cole ctivo Obje tarte Cali3. Re d Juve nil Me de llín4. Acción Cole ctiva de Obje tore s y

Obje toras de Concie ncia Bogota5. Movim ie nto Juve nil Arte s anos6. Conce jo Municipal de Juve ntude s

Pue rto Caice do – Putum ayo7. Corporación Colom bia Jove n Villa

Rica – Cauca8. Se rvicio Paz y Jus ticia Barranq uilla9 . As ociación Juve nil y Es tudiantil

Re gional Aruaca10. Movim ie nto de Obje tore s y

Obje toras Quinto Mandam ie nto Barrancabe rm e ja

11. Movim ie nto Juve nil Álvaro Úlce Cauca

12. Kas im ba Cali13. FUNSAREP Cartage na

More inform ation is available at:w w w .obje cioncolom bia.org

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Donate to W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnational

Th e Brok e n Rifle No 74, May 2007 Inte rnational Cons cie ntious Obje ctors ' Day – Colom bia

Ch ronicle Of Obje ctor Andre s Danie l Giraldo and h is libe ration (2006)

Ante ce de nts for cons cie ntious obje ction in Colom bia

In Colom bia, cons cie ntious obje ction firs t be cam e a topic in 19 88 w h e n a group of pe ople (acade m ics , ph ilos oph e rs , law ye rs , inte lle ctuals and ch urch m e m be rs ) be gan to q ue s tion obligatory m ilitary s e rvice .

In 19 9 1, tak ing advantage of th e ch ange in cons titution in Colom bia, th e Colle ctive of Cons cie ntious Obje ction and th e program Obje ctors for Pe ace from th e Me nnonite Ch urch , during th e National Cons titutional As s e m bly, m ounte d a cam paign to h ave CO include d in th e de bate . Public actions in th at ye ar include d m arch e s , pre s s inte rvie w s , m obiliz ing s ch ools and colle cting 6000 s ignature s th at w e re de live re d to th e National Cons titutional As s e m bly. Th ank s to th is w ork , th e th e m e w as dis cus s e d and article 18 w as include d in th e ne w cons titution, guarante e ing fre e dom of cons cie nce of th e Colom bian pe ople (article 18).

At th e s am e tim e , th e Re d Juve nil of Me de llín w as born, a com m unity organiz ation th at affirm s th e righ ts of young pe ople , s uch as cons cie ntious obje ction, tak ing an approach bas e d on nonviole nce and civil dis obe die nce .

In 19 9 4 a s ignificant e ve nt h appe ne d: on pre s e nging h is public de claration of cons cie ntious obje ction, Luis Gabrie l Caldas w as tak e n to pris on and th e n force d to live clande s tine ly until Am ne s ty Inte rnational, h aving adopte d h im as a pris one r of cons cie nce , e xe rte d s ufficie nt pre s s ure to re s olve h is s ituation.

In th e s am e ye ar, Colom bia participate d in th e firs t Latin-Am e rican Me e ting of Cons cie ntious Obje ctors in Paraguay, and w as th e ve nue of th e 9 th Inte rnational Me e ting of Cons cie ntious Obje ctors , ge tting m e dia atte ntion.

In th e ye ar 2000, th e group

Acción Cole ctiva por la Obje ción de Concie ncia e n Colom bia w as cre ate d in Bogotá th rough th e conve rge nce of organis ations inte re s te d in s tre ngth e ning th e w ork on cons cie ntious obje ction in Colom bia.

Be tw e e n 2002 and 2004 th e cam paign calle d ‘Juve ntude s de s de la Noviole ncia Activa Re s is tie ndo a la Gue rra’ w as prom ote d by various youth groups from diffe re nt re gions of Colom bia. It w as one of th e firs t s te ps for th e cre ation of a national ne tw ork about cons cie ntious obje ction th at, in Se pte m be r 2005, w as conve rte d into th e National As s e m bly of Cons cie ntious Obje ctors .

Since th e n, 4 national as s e m blie s h ave tak e n place s , plus a w ork s h op about le gal alte rnative s for cons cie ntious obje ctors and, in July 2006 in Bogotá, an inte rnational m e e ting of s olidarity for th e cons cie ntious obje ction in Colom bia, w ith th e

pre s e nce of various inte rnational de le gate s of m ove m e nts of w ar re s is tance and cons cie ntious obje ction. Th is rais e d w h e re th e ide a of cre ating an inte rnational s upport ne tw ork for th e cons cie ntious obje ction in Colom bia.

As th e Colom bian conte xt is ve ry diffe re nt from oth e r countrie s and th e cons cie ntious obje ction h as be e n de ve lope d in th e m iddle of an arm e d conflict be tw e e n th e State , gue rrilla and param ilitary groups , w ith m ultiple caus e s and factors th at play a role , th e righ t to obje ct for cons cie nce doe s n’t re fe r only to official m ilitary s e rvice , but als o to any coe rce d s e rvice in any arm e d group involve d in th e conflict, to all th e e xpre s s ions of m ilitaris m in th e daily life (lik e auth oritaris m ), and to th e s ys te m s s uch as th e ne olibe ral e conom ical m ode l, th at s us tain m ilitaris m .

It w as back in 19 24 th at th e re w as th e firs t ins tance of w om e n ob-je cting to com puls ory m ilitary s e r-vice . Union le ade r Carlota Rua, during th e firs t W ork e rs ' Con-gre s s , ope ne d th e de bate on th e obligation of m ilitary s e rvice by ar-guing th at young w ork e rs and pe as ants s h ould not be tak e n from th e ir land, w h e re th e y contrib-ute d to th e country w ith th e ir w ork , to be force d into de s troy it as part of th e arm . Th is s am e initi-ative prom pte d anoth e r group of w om e n to oppos e th e re cruitm e nt of th e ir s ons and h us bands during th e w ar agains t Pe ru, m ak ing th e ir obje ction public and ge ne rat-ing de bate ins ide th e country [1].

As th e ye ars h ave pas s e d, w o-m e n h ave continue d to organis e initiative s agains t th e inte rnal w ar, in s e arch of pe ace and s olutions to th e arm e d conflict bas e d on m e -diation. It is w orth m e ntioning th e e fforts of th e w ork ing table “W o-m e n and Arm e d Conflict”, th at brings toge th e r dive rs e organis a-tions and individuals to inve s tig-ate and q ue s tion th e m ultiple form s of viole nce th at affe ct w o-m e n, young w om e n and girls in th e conte xt of th e arm e d conflict

in Colom bia – w ork h igh ly re le v-ant as ge nde r viole nce w as invis -ible , de s pite th e h ars h ne s s of viole nt acts agains t th e fe m ale ge nde r by th e diffe re nt arm e d act-ors [2].

Eq ually im portant is th e w ork of th e Alliance “Colom bian W o-m e n's Initiative s for Pe ace ”, again bringing groups toge th e r on th e bas is of UN Se curity Council Re s -olution 1325 (approve d 31 Octo-be r 2000) calling for participation of w om e n's groups in ne gotiations and dialogue about arm e d conflict and for re cognition of th e ir contri-bution to proce s s e s of re concili-ation and re ducing th e im pact of arm e d conflict on w om e n [3]. Th e s e organis ations h ave carrie d out im portant w ork , inte rve ning in political de bate , as w e ll as th rough s ocial w ork and public de m ons trations .

Alth ough w ith in th e cons cie n-tious obje ction m ove m e nt its e lf, th e ge nde r pe rs pe ctive is not s o cle ar, s ince w om e n are as m uch re fle cte d as m e n in th e principle s of active nonviole nt, antim ilitaris m in th e full vis ion of th e s tructural caus e s and atm os ph e re of w ar as w e ll as in th e advocacy of s olu-tions and alte rnative s from di-ve rs e angle s , w om e n h ave an e s s e ntial re le vance w ith in th e m ove m e nt. In our country, w h e re only m e n are oblige d to do m ilit-ary s e rvice , th e pos ition of w om e n h as gone far be yond s olidarity w ith frie nds , partne rs or s ons , to contribute w ork and initiative s in th e cons truction of a Colom bia th at is le arning to trans form its con-flicts w ith out re s ort to viole nce , a Colom bia m ore e q uitable and w ith out th e s h arp s ocial injus tice s th at fue l all th e country's prob-le m s . From th is point of vie w , th e w ork on cons cie ntious obje ction h as e s pe cially s pre ad th rough th e de ve lopm e nt of an alte rnative pe d-agogy, re ach ing out to ch ildre n, youth and adults of all s ocial and cultural traditions w ith its prom o-tion of nonviole nce . At th e s am e tim e , it h as e xte nde d its pe rs pe ct-ive s to addre s s th e m e s s uch as th e injus tice of e xce s s ive ch arge s of public s e rvice s , th e im portance of fair trade (trade th at is jus t, con-s cious and in s olidarity), and th e cre ativity of dire ct action. In th e s e are as of w ork , w om e n h ave m ade

a vital contribution. It is als o re le vant to note as

w e ll th e s tate 's s ys te m of cons crip-tion, groups rath e r outs ide th e law – s uch as gue rrillas and param ilit-arie s – re cruit both coe rcive ly and voluntarily m e n and w om e n unde r th e banne r of ge nde r e q uality. Th is is w h y it h as be e n s o im port-ant to h ave w om e n de clare th e m -s e lve s as cons cie ntious obje ctors , re fus ing to participate in any arm y or contribute in any w ay to th e m ach is to, patriarch al and m ilitaris t culture th at m aintains th e h ars h vi-ole nce Colom bia s uffe rs .

In th is w ay, w om e n w ith in th e CO m ove m e nt in Colom bia h ave m ade it pos s ible to tak e up both th e proble m and th e propos e d al-te rnative s to w ar from a broad pe r-s pe ctive , unde rs tanding th e com ple xity of th e Colom bian re al-ity and th e ne e d to propos e de e p and s tructural alte rnative s . It is touch ing th at w e are th e one s w h o h ave m os t pow e r to call pe ople to tak e part in public acts and th at m e n, apart from fe e ling accom panie d in th e ir re fus al of m ilitary s e rvice , re cognis e us as e q ually im portant w ith in th e m ove -m e nt, k now ing th at e ve rybody ne e ds to com m it th e m s e lve s s ould, h e art and h ands in th e trans form ation of e ve ryday life and th e policie s th at s upport w ar.

Andre a Och oaObje tora de Concie ncia, Bogotá,

Colom bia.

Note s :[1] Giraldo, Jh on. “La Obje ción de Concie ncia e n Colom bia: una h is toria e n m ovim ie nto” publicado e n h ttp://w w w .nodo50.org/m oc-cara-banch e l/cam pa% F1as /obje cion/15m 04_ colom bia_ agre s ion.h tm [2] W e b page of Me s a de Muje r y Con-flicto Arm ado e n Colom bia h ttp://w w w .m uje ryconflictoarm ado.org/lam e s a.h tm l[3] W e b page of Iniciativa Muje re s por la Paz : h ttp://w w w .m uje re s porlapaz .org/

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