the brain in space 1 gilles clément, ph.d cnrs "cerveau et cognition" laboratory...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Brain in Space
1
The Brain in Space
Gilles Clément, Ph.D
CNRS "Cerveau et Cognition" Laboratory
Toulouse, France
Kluwer Academic Publishers • Copyright © 2003 • All rights reserved
Fundamentals of Space Medicine — Chapter 3
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The Brain in Space
2Key Concepts
• How the central nervous system evaluates our position and motion. The sense of motion
• How we use gravity to control our posture and equilibrium
• Why eye movements are helpful for evaluating the functioning of the vestibular system
• The effects of spaceflight on posture, equilibrium, eye movements, and spatial orientation (perception of "up" and "down")
• The possible causes, symptoms, and treatment for space motion sickness
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The Brain in Space
3
Distance and
Speed
Gon
ick
& H
uffm
an (
1991
)
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The Brain in Space
4
Velocity
Gon
ick
& H
uffm
an (
1991
)
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The Brain in Space
5AccelerationG
onic
k &
Huf
fman
(19
91)
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The Brain in Space
6AccelerationsG
onic
k &
Huf
fman
(19
91)
d = 1/2 gt2
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The Brain in Space
7The Sense of Motion
VestibularOrgans Vision
Proprioception
Muscles
Tendons and Joints
Skin
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The Brain in Space
8The Neuro-Vestibular SystemG
illin
gham
& W
olfe
(19
86)
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The Brain in Space
9
Movementof Support
Surface
EyeMovements
BodyPosture
MotionSickness
Spatial OrientationStatic or
MovingVisualStimuli
AngularAcceleration
LinearAcceleration
Retina
Ocular Muscles
CerebralCortex
Oculomotor Nuclei
Cerebellum
AutonomicCenters
VestibularNuclei
SemicircularCanals
Otoliths
Somatic Musculature
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Inputs/Outputs of the Vestibular System
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The Brain in Space
10Inner Ear — Semi-Circular Canals
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The Brain in Space
11Inner Ear — Otoliths
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The Brain in Space
12Stimulation of the Otolith Organs
Tilt Translation
Einstein’s equivalence principle states that all linear accelerometers must measure
linear acceleration and gravity
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The Brain in Space
13Stimulation of the Otolith Organs
In 0-G, the otolith organs of the vestibular system are stimulated by head translation movements only, not by head tilt
Tilt Translation
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The Brain in Space
14
Rest(Semi-Flexed) Posture in 0-G
Pho
to N
AS
A
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The Brain in Space
15
“Upright” Posture
in 0-G
Pho
to N
AS
A
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The Brain in Space
16
Out
Visual Orientation
The brain uses shading cues to determine how to interpret the shape of objects
The visual scene content influences the perception of up or down
In InOut
Movie: 16_shadow1
Movie: 16_shadow2
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The Brain in Space
17Visual Orientation in Space
The Earth is generally
perceived as being
“below”
Photos NASA
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The Brain in Space
18"Ball Catching" Experiment
On Earth, the ball would fall based on the acceleration of gravity, but in space the ball is propelled toward the crewmember at a constant velocity
Documents NASA
Movie: 19_ballcatch
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The Brain in Space
19Pointing
Subjects are asked to point to memorized targets with their eyes closed
Changes occur in the accuracy of pointing and in the control of limb position
during drawing
Documents NASA
Movie: 19_pointing
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The Brain in Space
20
homogenous visual environment
Pitch movement results in forward tumble
ab
a : Actual movementb : Perceived movement
"Giant Hand" phenomena
Actual path
Perceived path
Postflight Postural Illusions
Documents NASA
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The Brain in Space
21Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
The vestibulo-ocular reflex causes the eyes to rotate in a direction opposite from the head’s rotation
Movie: 21_vortoon
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The Brain in Space
22Voluntary Head Rotation
Pho
tos
NA
SA
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The Brain in Space
23Passive Motion
Documents ESA and NASA
Angular Rotation (IML1)
Linear Translation (D1)
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The Brain in Space
24Principle of Centrifugation
on Earth
G
Tilt
GIF(gravito-
inertial force)
2r
G
r
Movie: 24_centriftoon
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The Brain in Space
25Principle of Centrifugation
In microgravityon Earth
2r
r
G
Tilt
Translation
G
Tilt
GIF(gravito-
inertial force)
2r
G
r
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The Brain in Space
26Centrifugation in Space (Neurolab)
Documents NASA
Movie: 26_neurolab
Movie: 26_crewvideo
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The Brain in Space
27Artificial Gravity on Neurolab
L-9
0L
-60
L-3
0L
-15
L-0
2F
D01
FD
02
FD
03
FD
04
FD
05
FD
06
FD
07
FD
08
FD
09
FD
10
FD
11
FD
12
FD
13
FD
14
FD
15
FD
16
R+
0R
+1
R+
2R
+3
R+
4R
+5
R+
6R
+7
R+
8R
+9
15
30
45
60
75
90
Perc
eiv
ed
Roll
Til
t (d
eg
)
Mission Days
LEO/REO
N=4
From Clément et al. (2001)
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The Brain in Space
28Off-Vertical Axis Rotation
Photo NASA
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The Brain in Space
29Spatial OrientationP
hoto
NA
SA
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The Brain in Space
30Mental Rotation
A well-known person is not
easily recognized
when upside-down
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The Brain in Space
31Elvis Presley
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The Brain in Space
32Who’s That Girl ?
Distortions in the features of a face are not evident when the face is upside-down
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The Brain in Space
33Madonna (1984)
Distortions in the features of a face are not evident when the face is upside-down
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The Brain in Space
34Cognitive Tests
These two figures are the same
These two figures are different: they are mirror image isomorphs
Mental Rotation of 3-D Objects Symmetry Detection
1.5 s
3.0 s
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The Brain in Space
353-D Perception
• Distance perception is altered
• Volumes and objects are perceived smaller in the vertical dimension (height)
Preflight Inflight
Distance perception is altered in absence of landmark references
Pho
to N
AS
A
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The Brain in Space
36Space Motion Sickness (SMS)P
hoto
NA
SA
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The Brain in Space
37Space Motion Sickness Categorization
USA USSR/Russia
ASTP: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
• Mild SMS: – One to several transient symptoms– No operational impact– All symptoms resolved in 36-48 hrs
• Moderate SMS: – Several symptoms of a persistent nature– Minimal operational impact– All symptoms resolved in 72 hrs
• Severe SMS: – Several symptoms of a persistent
nature– Significant performance
decrement– Symptoms persist beyond 72 hrs
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The Brain in Space
38Space Motion Sickness Experience
• Shuttle SMS experience on first flight (36 flights):– Total crewmembers 109– Total cases of SMS 77 (71%)
• Mild 36 (33%)• Moderate 29 (27%)• Severe 12 (11%)
• Shuttle SMS experience on second flight compared to first flight:– Total crewmembers 62
• No changes 35 (56%)• Slight improvement 22 (35%)• Worst 5 (9%)
• Shuttle anti-SMS drug use:– 30% of Shuttle crewmembers have received medication
for SMS symptoms relief– Scopolamine (0.35 mg) + Dexedrine (5 mg)– IM Promethazine (50 mg) (Phenergan, antihistaminic)
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The Brain in Space
39SMS—What do we know?
• We know :
– About 66% of space travelers will experience symptoms of SMS (mostly "Moderate" or "Mild" ; about 10% "Severe")
– First symptoms occur in minutes
– SMS rarely exceeds 2 days
– The problem is generally brought on by head movements in pitch and roll
– Symptoms are not significantly reduced on a reflight
– The current favorite drug treatment is IM injection of promethazine, rather than the use of scopolamine or other prophylactic medications
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The Brain in Space
40SMS—What do we know?
• We dont' know :– A reliable and validated predictor of SMS :
• Susceptibility to SMS is not correlated with susceptibility to motion sickness on Earth
• In-flight prevention devices have not proven to be successful
• Preflight Adaptation Training (PAT) looks promising, but for research only (requires voluntary consent)
Pho
to N
AS
A
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The Brain in Space
41Preflight Adaptation Training
Head Roll Head PitchHead tilts whereas visual scene translates
Symptom No PAT PAT Improvement (n=40) (n=18)
(%)Impaired Concentration 23 11.1 51.7Headache 55 27.7 49.6Malaise 38 22.2 41.6StomachAwareness 65 44.4 31.7Vomiting 48 38.9 19.0Nausea 60 55.6 7.3
normal
PAT
% of crewmembers reporting symptom(s) D
ocum
ents
NA
SA
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The Brain in Space
42SMS—What do we know?
• We dont' know :
– A reliable and validated predictor of SMS :
• Susceptibility to SMS is not correlated with susceptibility to motion sickness on Earth
• Inflight prevention devices have not proven to be successful
• Preflight Adaptation Training (PAT) promising, but for research only (requires voluntary consent)
– The cause of SMS:
• Possible relationship between orientation illusions and SMS
• Possible influence of otolith organs asymmetry
• Sensori-motor conflict. But, how to validate this theory?
– The side effects of promethazine
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The Brain in Space
43
ON A MARCHE SUR LA LUNE by HergéArt © 1954 by Editions Casterman, Paris & Tournai
Library of Congress Catalogue n° R 17608
Summary
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The Brain in Space
44Additional Reading
• Clément G (2003) Fundamentals of Space Medicine. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
• Clément G, Reschke MF (1996) Neurosensory and sensory-motor functions. In: Biological and Medical Research in Space. Moore D, Bie P, Oser H (eds) Berlin: Springer, Chapter 4, pp 178-258
• Clément G (1998) Alteration of eye movements and motion perception in microgravity. Brain Research Reviews 28: 161-172
• Crampton GE (1990) Motion and Space Sickness. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc
• Lathan CE, Clément G (1997) Response of the neurovestibular system to spaceflight. In: Fundamentals of Space Life Sciences. Volume 1. Churchill S (ed) Malabar, FL: Krieger, pp 65-82
• Reschke MF, Harm DL, Parker DE, Sandoz GR, Homick JL, Vanderploeg JM (1994) Neurophysiological aspects: space motion sickness. In: Space Physiology and Medicine. Nicogossian AE, Huntoon CL, Pool SL (eds), Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, pp 228-260
• Space Neuroscience Research. Brain Research Reviews, Volume 28, Numbers 1 and 2, Special Issue, 1998