The Brain

Brain versus Computer (hardware)

Numbers Human brain Von Neumann computer

# elements 1010 - 1012 neurons 107 - 108 transistors

# connections / element 104 - 103 10

switching frequency 103 Hz 109 Hz

energy / operation 10-16 Joule 10-6 Joule

power consumption 10 Watt 100 - 500 Watt

reliability of elements low reasonable

reliability of system high reasonable

Brain versus Computer (information processing)

Features Human Brain Von Neumann computer

Data representation analog digital

Memory localization distributed localized

Control distributed localized

Processing parallel sequential

Skill acquisition learning programming

No memory management, No hardware/software/data distinction

Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI (fMRI) scanner

• Enables functional mapping

• Brain Activity mapping• Fiber tracking and

mapping

Fiber Tracking

Uncinate Fasciculus

Corpus Callosum& Cingulum

Corona Radiata

Inferior LongitudinalFasciculus

Superior LongitudinalFasciculus

EEG• Non Invasive, enables continuous

monitoring. • Epileptic Seizure detection• Brain Computer Interface

Animal Hearing Frequencies

Big Brown Bat

Sonar Applications

Ultrasound is based on Sonar

Sonar Principle

http://www.seeingwithsound.com/sonar_glasses.htm