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The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was hit by Mary. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 90.

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Page 1: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping?

The boy can sleep.Can the boy sleep?

Mary picked up the book.Mary picked the book up.

Mary hit Bill.Bill was hit by Mary.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 90.

Page 2: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

The father wept silently.The father silently wept.

Mary picked up the book.Mary picked the book up.

Mary hired Bill.Bill was hired by Mary.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 152.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2007. An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 115.

Page 3: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

I know that you know.I know you know.

The boy is sleeping.Is the boy sleeping?

The boy can sleep.Can the boy sleep?

The boy slept.Did the boy sleep?

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 152.

Page 4: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

Different from PS rules Purpose of T-rules Examples of T-rules needed D-structure and S-structure trees

No formal statement of rules in textbook

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 115ff.

Page 5: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

Yes/No Questions (EX) The boy is sleeping.Is the body sleeping?

Question Word Movement (EX)

Active/Passive The cat chased the mouse.The mouse was chased by the cat.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 115-124.

Page 6: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

There sentences A man was on the roof.There was a man on the roof.

PP Preposing The astronomer saw the quasar with the

telescope.With the telescope, the astronomer saw the

quasar.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 115-124.

Page 7: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

Verb-Adverb Switching (EX) The father wept silently.The father silently wept.

Verb-Particle SwitchingMary picked up the bookMary picked the book up.

Topicalization John asked Mary to see this film with him. This film, John asked Mary to see with him.

Page 8: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

What can transformational rules do?

1. Move elements

2. Add elements

3. Delete elements

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 117.

Page 9: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

S

NP VP

Det N V

The boy is sleeping

Aux VP

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 116.

Page 10: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

S

S

Aux NP VP

Det N V

Is the boy sleeping

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 116.

Page 11: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

S

NP VP

Det N Aux VP

NP The student PAST ate

Det N

some ice cream

Page 12: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

S

Aux S

NP VP

Det N

V NP

Det N

some ice cream

Did the student eat

Page 13: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

S

S

PROwh Aux NP VP

Npr Vt NP _

What can Mary accomplish

Nick Cipollone, Steven Hartman Keiser, Shravan Vasishth, editors. Language Files, seventh edition. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998, p. 206

Page 14: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

S

NP VP

Det N V Adv

The father wept silently

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language, sixth edition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998, p. 138.

Page 15: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

S

NP VP

Det N Adv V

The father silently wept

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language, sixth edition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998, p. 138.

Page 16: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

The guy seems kind of cute.The guys seem kind of cute.

The guy we met at the party next door seems kind of cute.

The guys we met at the party next door seem kind of cute.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 118.

Page 17: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

The boy was dreaming. Was the boy dreaming?

The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.Was the boy who is sleeping dreaming?

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 118-119.

Page 18: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

The girl with the incredibly red hair who

bought the Porsche yesterday down on

Mintzu Road that I saw talking to your

sister is eating.

Page 19: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

“Universal Grammar (UG) provides the

basic design for all human languages, and

individual languages are simply variations

on this basic design.”

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 124.

Page 20: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

“Imagine a new housing development. All of the houses have the same floor plan, but the occupants have some choices to make. They can have carpet or hardwood floors, curtains or blinds; they can choose their kitchen cabinets and the countertops, the bathroom tiles, and so on.

It is claimed that “This is more or less how the syntax operates. Languages conform to a basic design and then there are choice points or points of variation.”

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 124.

Page 21: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

Universal Phrase structure rules Phrases consist of heads and complements Sentences are headed by Aux (or T) Movement rules Structural dependency

Specific Parameters Word order Head first / last Details about tense, aspect, agreement Details about inflection Movement or non-movement

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 124-127.

Page 22: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

They decrease the number of PS Rules we need. We can write just basic rules (for d-structure) and allow T Rules to transform them into surface forms (s-structure).

They show the relationship between related sentences that native speakers intuitively feel.

They prevent us from writing PS Rules that might allow ungrammatical sentences.

Page 23: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

1. The boy bit the dog.

2. A large elephant walked into the school.

3. Cathy said that Sonia likes music.

4. Avon believes we should help other people.

5. That we should help other people is praised

by everyone.

Page 24: The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy can sleep. Can the boy sleep? Mary picked up the book. Mary picked the book up. Mary hit Bill. Bill was

6. They don’t want pizza.

7. Aaron is tall.

8. Carol quickly ran to the car.

9. Can you help me?

10. *Vicky ate on the table the cake.

Analyzing Sentences Using Phrase Structure Rules


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