the book of daniel montgomery

8/11/2019 The Book of Daniel Montgomery

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THE BOOK OF DANIEL

The International critical Commentary

A CRITICAL ANDEXEGETICAL COMMENTARY

ON

THE BOOK OF DANIEL

BY

AME! A" MONTGOMERY# $h"D"# !"T"D"

$ROFE!!OR IN THE %NI&ER!ITY OF $ENN!YL&ANIA AND INTHE $HILADEL$%IA DI&INITY !CHOOL

E'in()r*h + l, -c T" CLARK# ./ Geor*e !treet

$RINTED IN GRFAT BRITAIN BYMORRI!ON AND GIBB LIMITED

FOR

T" - T" CLARK# EDINB%RGH

NE0 YORK + CHARLE! !CRIBNER12 !ON!

Fir2t $rinte' """" 3456!econ' Im7re22ion " " " 3489Thir' Im7re22ion # " # 3484

TO THE MEMORY OF

OHN 7" $ETER!

MORRI! A!TRO0# R"

ALBERT T" CLAY

ILL%!TRIO%! MEN

$REFACE"

In the 2)mmer o: 343/ Doctor ohn $" $eter2 'i' me thehonor o: a2;in* me to colla(orate


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In re*ar' to the literary an' hi2torical critici2m o: the (oo;#I ha=e ta;en 7o2iti=e 7o2ition# a2 one m)2t in the cla2hin*Ente*e?2i2# in the ca2e o: Daniel a 7ec)liarly :a2cinatin* 2t)'y" I ha=e(een concerne' to 'i2co=er an' recor' the initiator2 o: inter7re?tation2# an' it ha2 o:ten (een 2)r7ri2in* to :in' ho< m)ch that

$REFACE IX

7a22e2 a2 mo'ern may a77ear in an ol'?time $rote2tant ore


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in rea'in* m)ch o: the man)2cri7t an' all the 7roo:" An' Iac;no7ectation2" * Mont*omery"

Decem(er 38# 345 "

CONTENT!"

FACE

$REFACE =ii

BIBLIOGRA$HY >=

KEY TO ABBRE&IATION! >>=ii

!YMBOL! AND ABBRE&IATION! IN THE TEXT%ALA$$ARAT%! >>>i

INTROD%CTION

I" THE BOOK I

J I" The Content2 i

J 5" Early Te2timony to the Boo; an' It2 $lace in the

Canon 5

J ." Literary Di=i2ion2 o: the Boo; 8

J " a" A7ocry7hal A''ition2 /

(" Later $2e)'e7i*ra7ha 39

c" Le*en'2 39

II" TEXT AND LANG%AGE 33

J 8" The He(re


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J 34" The Hi2torical Data 86

a" The A77earance o: the Boo; in Literat)re " 8/

(" The $hilolo*ical E=i'ence 8/

c" The Hi2torical O( ecti=e o: the Boo;+ the

Fo)r Monarchie2 84

'" Dari)2 the Me'e .

e" Bel2ha ar

" The Thir' Year o: ehoia;im the CHALDiEAN!#

ETC 65

*" The Boo; a2 an A7ocry7hon 6J 59" The Theolo*y o: the Boo; an' It2 $lace in e


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I" THE HI!TORIE! 33.

Cha7ter i + The E')cation o: Daniel an' Hi2 Three Com?7anion2 33.

Cha7ter 5+ Ne()cha'ne ar12 Dream an' It2 Inter7re?

tation BY Daniel i.1Note on the !ym(oli2m o: the Ima*e an' It2 Inter7re?tation 3/8

Cha7ter .+ The Gol'en Ima*e an' th ? Three Con:e22or2 34.

Cha7ter + Ne()cha'ne ar12 Ma'ne22 559

Note on the Tran2lation o: 5 6

Cha7ter 8+ Bel2ha ar12 Fea2t 5 4

Note on the Tran2lation o: C8 5 6Cha7ter + Daniel in the Lion21 Den 5 !

Note on the Tran2lation o: 5/9

n" THE &I!ION! 5/5

Cha7ter 6+ The &i2ion o: the Bea2t2 an' the Man " 5/5

Note on 1!on o: Man1 .36

Cha7ter /+ The &i2ion o: the Ram an' the B)c; " " .5

Te>t)al Note on / 1 ? .8

Note on &!! at / 11 .8/

Cha7ter 4+ The Re=elation o: the !e=enty 0ee;2 " .8/

Note on the Inter7retation o: the !e=enty 0ee;2 .49Note on the Gree; Te>t2 o: 4 ?

i OF ! 93

5 OF THE Te>t2 o: 95

Cha7ter2 39?35+ The Final Re=elation 9

Note on the $rince2 an' An*el2 in c" 39 " " " " 34

Note on the Inter7retation o: c" ii /

INDEXE!

I" In'e> &arior)m /3

II" $hilolo*ical In'e>e2 /

III" Literary Re:erence2# Bi(lical# etc /


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BIBLIOGRA$HY"

The :ollot in Mi;raoth Ge'oloth"

A(ra(anel+ Comm" on Dan"# :or e''" 2" Ro2enmiiller# 7" .4"

AcHELi2# H"+ Hi77olyt2t)'ien# T%# =ol" i# He:t "

Al(ert)2 Ma*n)2+ Commentari)2 in Danielem# Lyon2# 3 83# etc"

An'er2on# R"+ Daniel in the Critic21 Den an2cer7t2 o: comm" in Mai# "="

A)(erlen# K" a"+ Der $ro7het Daniel )" 'ie O::en(ar)n* ohanni2# 3/8 "A)craNCLO!!# 0" !"+ The Boo; o: Daniel %nloc;e'# N" Y"# 3498"

Ball# C" "+ Daniel an' Ba(ylon# E>7o2itor# 34 3459 # 5.8"

Bar# !"+ Li(ri Danieli2 E rae et Nehemiae# 3//5"

Bar'enhe


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Daniel :rom $hoto*ra7hic Co7ie2# BL 3458 # .9.?.5 "Ber*2tra22er# G"+ He(riii2che Grammati; anno)nce' a2 e'" 54 o: Ge2e?

ni)21 Grammati; # 7t" I# 343/"Bertiiol't# L"+ Daniel# 3/9 "

Bertholet# a"+ 2" )n'er !ta'e"X&

X&I BIBLIOGRA$HY

Be=an# a" a"+ a !hort Commentary on the B;# o: Dan"# 3/45 re=" (y

Ne2tle# LCB 3/45# no" .6 "Be=an# E"+ Ho)2e o: !ele)c)2# 5 =ol2"# 3495"

er)2alem )n'er the Hi*h?$rie2t2# 349 "Bianchini# "+ Di22ertatione2# on Chi*i te>t 2" Int" J39# a i #

Blee;# F"+ Einleit)n* in 'a2 Alte Te2tament# e''" an' 8 3// (y

" 0ellha)2en"

t (er &er:a22er )" an'rinae inter7retationi2 li(ri Danieli2 in'olecritica et

hermene)tica# Miin2ter i" 0"# 3/43

Die ale>an'rini2che t (er2et )n* 'e2 B)che2 Daniel )n' ihr &erhalt?

ni22 )m ma22orethi2chen Te>t Bi(%2che !t)'ien ii# He:t 5?.# Frei?()r* i" B"# 3/46"

Die A7o;aly72e )n' Theo'otion2 Danielii(er2et )n*# Theol" P)artal?

2chri:t# 3/46# 7" I"

BocHART# !"+ Omnia o7era# Ley'en# 363 5"

BoN0ET!CH# G" N"+ !t)'ien ) 'en Kommentaren Hi77olyt2 )m B)cheDaniel )n' Hohenlie'e# T% i 3/46 "

an' AcHELi2# H"+ e'" Hi77olyt)21 Comm" to Dan"# GC! i# 3/46"

Bo)che?Leclerc # a" + Hi2toire 'e2 La*i'e2# =ol2"# 349. 2e "

Hi2toire 'e2 !ele)ci'e2# 343."

Bo)22et# 0" + Die Reli*ion 'e2 )'ent)m2 im ne)te2tamentHcheneitalter #

349 "


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Bo)TFLO0ER# C+ In an' Aro)n' the B;" o: Dan"# Lon'on# 345. c "Roicon o: the O" T"# 3/43?

349 BDB "Broc;elmann# C+ Le>icon !yriac)m# 3/48# e'" 5# 345. 2e " SLe> "

Gr)n'i22 'er =er*leichen'en Grammati; 'er 2emiti2chen !7rachen#

5 =ol2"# 349/?343. &G "

Bro)*hton# H"+ Danieh2 =i2ione2 chal'aicae et e(raeae# Lon'on# 384 "

BroTORF# ohn+ Le>icon chal'aic)m# talm)'ic)m et ra((inic)m e'" (y

hi2 2on # Ba2el# 3 9"B) Y# D"+ Le2 2ym(ole2 'e Daniel# RB 38# 9."

BIBLIOGRA$HY X&ll

Calmet# a" + Commentaire litteral 2)r to)2 le2 li=re2 'e I1Ancien et') No)?

=ea) Te2tament# 3696# etc"Cal=in# ohn+ $raelectione2 in li(r)ra 7ro7hetiar)m Danieli2 I"B)'aei et

C" lon)illae la(ore et in')2tria e>ce7tae# Gene=a# 38 3 En*" tr"#E'in("#

3/85 "Ca27ari# C+ )r Ein:iihr)n* in '" B)ch Dan"# L7 *"# 3/ 4"Ceriani# a"+ Co'e> 2yrohe>a7lari2 am(ro2ian)2 7hotolitho*ra7hicee'it)2

Mon)menta 2acra et 7ro:ana# =ol" 6# 3/6 re=" (y Ne2tle# TL 3/6 #

364 ?Charle2# R" H"+ A Critical Hi2tory o: the F)t)re Li:e in I2rael#)'ai2m#an' Chri2tianity# 3439"


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e'" A7ocry7ha an' $2e)'e7i*ra7ha o: the Ol' Te2tament# 5 =ol2"#

343. A7oc "

Boo; o: Daniel# Ne< Cent)ry Bi(le# n"'"

Reli*io)2 De=elo7ment (ett?Boo; o: North !emitic In2cri7tion2# O>:or'# 349.

N!I "Corneli)2 a La7l'e+ Commentarii in !cri7t)ram !acram# Lyon2# 3//8"

Cornell# C" H"+ Einleit)n* in 'a2 A" T" 3/45 En*" tr" 3496 "Cor7)2 in2cri7tion)m 2emiticar)m# 3//3 2e " CI! "Cor7)2 2cri7tor)m eccle2ia2ticor)m latinor)m# 3/ 8 81" C!EL #CoRRODi+ Freimiithi*e &er2)che li(er =er2chie'ene in Theolo*ie )"(i(l"

Kriti; ein2chla*en'e Ge*en2tiin'e# 36/."Cot# 77"=i?>ii"

(

X&lll BIBLIOGRA$HY


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Delit 2ch# Frie'rich+ A22yri2che Grammati;# 3//4 Gr" "

A22yri2che2 Han'


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3//8"

Gall# A" =on+ Die Einheitlich;eit 'e2 B)che2 Daniel# 3/48"

Galle# a" F"+ Daniel a=ec commentaire2 'e R" !aa'ia# A(en?E ra#

Ra2chi#etc"# et =ariante2 'e2 =er2ion2 ara(e et 2yria )e# $ari2# 3499"Ge(har't# O" =on+ Graec)2 &enet)2# L7 *"# 3/68 re=" (y Kam7ha)2en#

T!K# 3/6 # 866 "Gehman# H" !"+ The $oly*lot Ara(ic Te>t o: Daniel an' It2A::initie2#

BL 3458 # .56?.85"

BIBLIOGRA$HY XIXGeier# M"+ $raelectione2 aca'emicae in Danielem 7ro7hetam 3 6 #L7.*"#

3 / "Ge2eni)2# ,&"+ 2" )n'er Bri**2?Dri=er?Broicon# 3/ 3"Die *riechi2chen chri2t%chen !chri:t2teller 'er er2ten 'reiahrh)n'erte#

3/46 2e " GC! "Grie2in*er# G" F"+ Ne)e An2icht 'er A):2at e im B)che Daniel#!t)tt*art#

3/38"Groti)2# H"+ Annotatione2 in &et)2et No=)m Te2tament)m# Lon'on# 3656"G> n;el# H"+ !cho7:)n* )" Chao2 in %r eit )" En' eit# 3/48 2"Gie2e(recht#

GGA 3/48# 84 "# 0ellha)2en# in !;i en )" &orar(eiten# 3/44 # 538?

5 4# an' G)n;el in re7ly 0T 5 3/44 # 8/3? 33 "

Hahn# H" a"+ Aa=: X >a?ri Toii i78o+ "T: >o=Ta e co'ice chi2iano#etc"# L7 *"#

3/ 8"Ham()r*er# "+ Daniel# in hi2 Real?Encyclo7a'ie :" Ei(el )" Talm)'#=ol" i#


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3/69# al2o on the (;"# 7" 459"Hatch# E"# an' Re'7ath# H" A"+ A Concor'ance to the !e7t)a*int# 3!45?

46# O>:or'"Ha)7t# 7"+ Note2 to Kam7ha)2en in !BOT"Ha=ernic;# H" a" C+ Commentar ii(er 'a2 B)ch Dan"# 3/.5"

Ne)e ;riti2che %nter2)ch)n*en ii(er '" B" Dan"# Ham()r*# 3/./"

He((elync;+ De a)ctoritate li(ri Danieli2# Loonien2ia# 3//4"erome+ In Danielem 7ro7hetam# e'" &allar2i# =ol" 8# 36 /"ot ON# $"+ Grammaire 'e I1He(re) (i(li )e# Rome# 345.")ni)2# F"+ E>7o2itio 7ro7hetae Danieli2# Hei'el(er*# 384."

Kahle# 7"+ Ma2oreten 'e2 O2ten2# 343."

E'" te>t2


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Daniel# in !BOT# 3/4 "

Daniel# in EB# 3/44"

Ka)t 2ch# E"+ Grammati; 'e2 Bi(li2ch?Aramai2chen# 3// re=" (y Nol?'e;e# GGA# 3// # 393 ?5. "

0ilhelm Ge2eni)21 He(rai2che Grammati;? # 3/4 GK En*" tr"#

(y A" Co:or'"Kent# C" F"+ !ermon2# E7i2tle2 an' A7ocaly72e2 o: I2rael12 $ro7het2#

N" Y"# 3439"KiRCHNER# G" !" L"+ Die Ha)7t


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Len*er;e# C" =on"+ Da2 B)ch Daniel# 3/.8"

Le=ia2# a" + A Grammar o: the Aramaic I'iom containe' in theBa(ylonian

Talm)'# Cincinnati# 3499"

Le=y# " + Ne)he(rai2che2 )n' chal'ai2che2 0orter()ch ii(er 'ieTalm)'im

)n' Mi'ra2chim# 3/6 2e "LiD BAR!Ki# M"+ Han'()ch 'er nor'2emiti2chen E7i*ra7hi;# 3/4/ NE "

E7hemeri2 :iir 2emiti2che E7i*ra7hi;# . =ol2"# 3495?38 E7h" "

Altaramai2che %r;)n'en a)2 A22)r# 345 3"

Man'ai2che Lit)r*ien incl)'in* L)tin*12 Pola2ta # 3459"

LiGHTFOOT# ohn 3 95?3 68 + 0or;2# e'" $itman# 35 =ol2"# 3/58"

LoHR# M" + Te>t;riti2che &orar(eiten ) einer Er;lar)n* 'e2 B)che2Daniel#

AT0 3/42# 68?io.U 34.?558 3/4 # 36?.4"

e'" critical a77arat)2 in Kittel12 Bi(le"

Lo


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Mar*oli2# M" L"+ Lehr()ch 'er aramiii2chen !7rache 'e2 (a(yloni2chenTalm)'2# 34 39"

Mar2ham# ohn+ Canon chronic)2# Fran;:)rt# 3 46"

Marti# K"+ Daniel# in Ka)t 2ch# Die Heili*en !chri:ten 'e2 A" T"#

3/4 "Da2 B)ch Daniel# 3493# in Marti12 KHC"

K)r *e:a22te Grammati; 'er (i(li2ch?aramai2chen !7rache# e'" i# 3/4

re=" (y Nol'e;e# LCB 3/4 # 695# (y Rahl:2# TL 3/4 # 8/8 # e'" 5# 3433e'" . # 3458 "

Ma)rer# F"+ Commentari)2 *rammatic)2 critic)2 in &et)2 Te2tament)m#=ol" 5# E e"# Dan"# L7 *"# 3/./"

XXll BIBLIOGRA$HY

McCota he(raeam aramaea a'hi(ita 2it'ia?

lect)2# 3/ 8"Meyer# E"+ Ge2chichte 'e2 Altert)m2# =ol" .# 3493"

%r27r)n* )n' An:an*e 'e2 Chri2tent)m2# =ol" 5# 3453 e'" ?8# 3458 "

Michaeli2# C" B"+ %(eriorc2 annotatione2 7hilolo*ico?e>e*eticae inlia*io?

*ra7ho2 &eteri2 Te2tamenti# Daniel in =ol" .# Halle# 3659"Michaeli2# " D"+ Orientali2che )n' e">e*eti2che Bi(liothe;# 3663 2e "

Ne)e or" )" e>" Bi(liothe;# 36/ 2c "

!)77lementa a' le>ica he(raica# n"'"

Re7rint o: 'e Maitre2# Daniel 2ec)n')m !e7t)a*inta# Gottin*en# 366.#

366 ?Michaeli2# " H"+ Bi(lia he(raica e> ali )ot M!!# etc"# Ma*'e()r*#3659"Mi*ne# " $"+ $atrolo*ia latina# 3/6/ 2e " $L "


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$atrolo*ia *raeca# 3// 2e " $G "

Mil:raoth Ge'oloth He(re< title + 0ar2a< e'"# =ol" # 3/6 "

Mill2# L" H"+ A=e2ta E2chatolo*y com7are' =i# Rome# 38/ "

$erle2# F"+ i&nale;ten )r Te>t;riti; 'e2 A" T"# e'" i# 3/48# e'" 5#3455"

$hili77e# E"+ Daniel 7ro7het an' (oo; # in &i*o)ro)># Dictionnaire'e


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la Bi(le# 5# coll" 3 5 6?3 5/."

$oGNON# H"+ In2cri7tion2 2 miti )e2 'e la !yrie# etc"# 3496?9/"

$oLAN%!# A"+ In Danielem " " " commentari)2# Ba2el# 3 9 "

$cle# Matthet in Mi;raoth Ge'oloth 2" )n'er

Breitha)7t"Ra# 3453"Re)22# E"+ La Bi(le# Tra')ction no)=elle a=ec intro')ction et com?

mentaire2# =ol" 6# 3/64 Da2 A" T"# =ol" 6# 3/4 "RiE!!LER# $"+ Da2 B)ch Daniel# 3/44"

Ro2enm)ller# E" F" C+ !cholia in &et)2 Te2tament)m# 7t" 39# 3/.5"DE Ro22i# " B"+ &ariae lectione2 &eteri2 Te2tamenti# =ol2"# 36/ ?//# an'

2)77lement# !cholia critica in &" T" li(ro2# 364/# $arma"

!aa'ia+ 2" )n'er !7ie*el" Te>t o: $2e)'o?!aa'ia in Mi;raoth Ge'oloth"!a(atier# 7"+ Latinae =cr2ione2 anti )ae 2e) &et)2 Italica# Rome# 36832e "!acha)# E"+ Aramai2che $a7yr)2 )n' O2tra;a# 3433 A$O "!ancti)2# C"+ Commentari)2 in Danielem 7ro7hetam# Lyon2# 3 35"

XXI& BIBLIOGEA$HY

!ayce# a" H"# an' Co


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A$A "!cHEFTELO0iT # I"+ Ari2che2 im A" T"# Koni*2(er* Di22"# 3493"

Die alt7er2i2che Reli*ion )n' 'a2 )'ent)m# 3459"

!cHOTTGEN# C"+ Horae he(raicae et talm)'icae# 5 =ol2"# 36..# 36 5#

Dre2'enan' L7 *"!cHRADER# E"+ Keilin2chri:ten )n' 'a2 A" T"? En*" tr" (y0hiteho)2e

The C)nei:orm In2cri7tion2 an' the Ol' Te2tament# 5 =ol2"# 3///

COT al2o 2" )n'er immern"!cH%LTEN!# A"+ O7era minora# Ley'en# 36 4 77" .59?.56 Anima'=er2ione2

7hilolo*icae in Danielem"!cH%LTHE!!# F"+ Le>icon 2yro7ala2tin)m# 349."

an' LiTTMANN# E"+ Grammati; 'e2 chri2tlich?7ala2tini2chen Ara?

mai2ch# 345 "

!cHt RER# E"+ Ge2chichte 'e2 )'i2chen &ol;e21# . =ol2"# 349 ?94"!ellin# E"+ Intro')ction to the Ol' Te2tament# 345. En*" tr" "!in;er# R"+ Daniel# in Tem7le Bi(le"!mith# R" $ayne+ The2a)r)2 2yriac)2# . =ol2"# 3/64 2e "

Daniel i?=i# an E>7o2ition# 3// "

!oDERBLOM# N"+ La =ie :)t)re '1a7r 2 le Ma 'ei2me# 3493"

!ola# " M" + La 7ro:ecia 'e Daniel"

!7ie*el# H"+ !aa'ia al?Fa )mi12 ara(i2che Daniel=er2ion# Berne Di22"#349 "

!ta'e# B"+ Lehr()ch 'er he(rai2chen Grammati;# 3/64"

Bi(li2che Theolo*ie 'e2 A" T" =ol" 5# 3433# (y A" Bertholet"

!te=en2on# 0" B"+ Grammar o: $ale2tinian e


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Te>te )n' %nter2)ch)n*en )r Ge2chichte 'er altchri2tlichenLitterat)r# 5'

!erie2# 3/46 2e " T% "Te>t2 an' !t)'ie2# Cam(ri'*e# 3/4. 2e " T! "Thac;eray# H" !t" ohn+ Grammar o: the Ol' Te2tament in Gree;# =ol" i#

3494"

The !e7t)a*int an' e7licat)2# $a'er(orn# 3/48 re=# (y

Ry22el#TL 3/48# 886 "Thilo# M"+ Die Chronolo*ic 'e2 Daniel()che2# 77" .# Bonn# 345 "Thoma2 A )ina2 + :or In Danielem 7o2tillae attri()te' to him 2"Int"# J5."Thom72on# " E" H"+ Daniel# in $)l7it Commentary# 3/46"Ti2cHENDOR$# C" + Bi(lia 2acra latina &eteri2 Te2tamentV Hieronymointer?

7rete " " " te2timoni)m comitat)r Co'ici2 Amiatini# L7 *"# 3/6."

&et)2 Te2tament)m *raece i)>ta LXX Inter7rete2# e'" 6 (y Ne2tle# 5

=ol2"# 3//6"

Ti!DALL# 0" !t" Clair+ The Aryan 0or'2 in the Ol' Te2tament# PR i#..8 " 5# 53. "# . 8 " # 46 "

E*y7t an' the Boo; o: Daniel# E>7" 6 3453 # . 9"

ToRREY# C" C+ The Com7o2ition an' Hi2torical &al)e o: E ra?Nehemiah#Beihe:t to AT0# 3/4 "

E ra !t)'ie2# Chica*o# 3439"

Note2 on the Aramaic $art o: Daniel# in Tran2action2 o: the Conn"

Aca'emy o: Art2 an' !cience2# 38 3494 # 5 3 Note2# I "

!tray Note2 on the Aramaic o: Daniel an' E ra# AO! . 345. # 554

Note2# II "

&enema# H"+ Di22ertatione2 a' =aticinia Danieli2 em(lematica to cc"5# 6#

/ # 36 8"

Commentari)2 in Dan" cc" >i" ?>ii" .# 3685"

&oL # $"+ ii'i2che E2chatolo*ie =on Daniel (i2 A;i(a# 349."


22/522

0al'# !" G"+ C)rar)m in hi2toriam te>t)2 Danieli2 27ecimen i# L7 *"#36/."

0alton# B"+ Bi(lia !acra 7oly*lotta# Lon'on# e'" 3 86"

0e(er# F"+ ii'i2che Theolo*ie a): Gr)n' 'e2 Talm)'1# 3/46"0ellha)2en# "+ 2" )n'er Blee;"

0e2tcott# B" F"+ Daniel# in !mith12 Dictionary o: the Bi(le# 3/ ."

0ic;2# H" "+ The Doctrine o: Go' in the e


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nia The2i2# L7 *"# 345."

immern# H"# an' 0inc;ler# H"+ Die Keilin2chri:ten )n' 'a2 A" T" e'".

o: !chra'er # 3498 KAT "

oCKLER# O"+ Daniel# In Lan*e12 Theol"?homileti2che2 Bi(elt # in Mer># Archi=#=ol" i#

3/ 4")en'el# D" + Kriti2che %nter2)ch)n*en ii(er 'ie A(:a22)n*2 eit 'e2B)che2

Daniel# i/ i"

KEY TO ABBRE&IATION!"

Name2 o: a)thor2 an'


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A$O + !acha)# Aramai2che $a7yr)2"

A "+ A )ila"

Ara("+ Ara(ic"

Aram"+ Aramaic"

A22"+ A22yrian"

A)*"+ A)*)2tine"

A&+ 1A)thori e' &er2ion#1 Kin*ame21 Bi(le# the mo'em te>t"

BA + Beitrii*e )r A22yriolo*ie"

Ba("+ Ba(ylonian"

Bar+ e'ition o: He(" Bi(le"

BDB+ Bri**2?Dri=er?Bro" t (er2et )n*

'" B" Daniel "Bo)t:lot o: Eccl)2"E)>t"+ B)>tor: Le>icon "

c" + circa"

c# cc+ cha7ter 2 "

Cal="+ Cal=in comm" "


25/522

CBMich"+ C" B" Michaeli2 comm" "

CB!+ Cam(ri'*e Bi(le !erie2"

Cha"+ Charle2 comm" "

Chr$al"+ Chri2tian?$ale2tinian 'ia?lect"

ChrU12"+ Chry2o2tom comm" "

CI!+ Cor7)2 in2cri7tion)m 2emiti?car)m"

Clem" Ale>"+ Clement o: Ale>an'ria"

Comm" + main te>t o: thi2 Commen?tary"

>>=ii

XX&I%

KEY TO ABBRE&IATION!

comm"+ coinmentator 2 # commen?tary ?ie2 "

Com"+ Cornill"

COT+ !chra'er# C)nei:orm In2cri7?tion2 an' the O"T"

C!EL+ Cor7)2 2cri7tor)m eccle2i?a2ticor)m latinor)m"

Cy7r" + Cy7rian"

Dalm"+ Dalman"

DB+ Ha2tin*21 Dictionary o: theBi(le"

DCB + Dictionary o: Chri2tian Bio*?ra7hy"

Del"+ Frie'rich Delit 2ch"

'e R" + 'e Ro22i# critical a77arat)2"

'itto*"+ 'itto*ra7h y "

DL + De)t2che Litterat)r eit)n*"


26/522

Dr"+ Dri=er comm" "

EAram"+ Ea2t Aramaic"

EB + Encyclo7ae'ia Bi(lica"

e'"# e''"+ e'itor 2 # e'ition 2 "

Ehr"+ Ehrlich Ran'*lo22en "

Enc" Brit"+ Encyclo7ae'ia Britan?

nica"'En="+ '1En=ie) comm" "E7i7h"+ E7i7hani)2"ERE+ Encyclo7ae'ia o: Reli*ion

an' Ethic2"

Eth"+ Ethio7ic"E)2"+ E)2e(i)2 $am7hili"E7o2itor"E>7" T" + The E>7o2itory Time2"

Fiel'+ Fiel'12 He>a7la"

=Gall+ =on Gall Einheitlich;eit '"

B" Dan" "OB+ Ge2eni)2?B)hl+ He(" H


27/522

Hi77"+ Hi77olyt)2 comm" "

Hit "+ Hit i* comm" "

H$+ Holme2?$ar2on2"

HR+ Hatch?Re'7ath# Concor'ance

to the !e7t)a*int"H


28/522

)l" A:r"+ )li)2 A:rican)2"

)n"+ )ni)2 comm" "

)2t" M"+ )2tin Martyr"

&+ 1 e > "+ le>icon# le>ica"

Li' "+ Li' (ar2;i"

Lohr+ critical a77arat)2 in Kittel12

1 Bi(le"

L)ci:"+ L)ci:er Calaritan)2"

L) "+ L) atto *rammar "

Mar"+ Marti comm" *rammar cite'

(y 2ection2 "Ma22"+ Ma22ora# Ma22oretic"Ma)r"+ Ma)rer comm" "Mein"+ Meinhol' comm" "MG0 + Monat2chri:t :)r Gc?

2chichte )n' 0i22en2cha:t 'e2 )?

'enth)m2"Mich" + " H" Michaeli2 e'" o: He("


29/522

Bi(le "

Mi'r"+ Mi'ra2h"

Moa("+ Moa(ite"Mo::"+ Mo::att# En*" tr" o: Bi(le"M&AG+ Mitteil)n*en '" &or'era2i?ati2chen Ge2ell2cha:t"

Na("+ Na(ataean"

NE+ Li' (ar2;i# Nor'2emiti2cheE7i*ra7hi;"

NHe("+ Ne< He(re< Si"e"# 7o2t?Bi(hcal "

Nol'"+ Nol'e;e"Note2+ 7hilolo*ical note2 in thi2Commentary"

N!I + Coo;e# North?!emitic In2cri7?tion2"

N!yr" + Ne< !yriac"

N"T" + Ne< Te2tament"

OAram"+ Ol' Aramaic"

Occ+ Occi'ental Ma22" tra'ition "

OLat"+ Ol' Latin Si"e"# 7re?Hiero?

nymian "Ol2h"+ Ol2ha)2en"OL + Orientali2ti2che Literat)r ei?

t)n*"O$er2"+ Ol' $er2ian"Or"+ Oriental Ma22" tra'ition "Or"+ Ori*en"O!la="+ Ol' !la=onic"O"T"+ Ol' Te2tament"

$A(oth+ $ir;e A(oth"$alm"+ $alm.T+ene"7a7 7 "+ 7a7yr)2# 7a7yri"$er2"+ $er2ian"

$G+ Mi*ne# $atrolo*ia *raeca"$hoen"+ $hoenician"$L + Mi*ne# $atrolo*ia latina"$ole !yno72i2 criticor)m "$oly("+ $oly(i)2"$olych"+ $olychroni)2"$r"+ $rince comm" "$RE+ Realcn y;lo7ii'ie :iir 7rote?


30/522

2tanti2che Theolo*ie )n' Kirche"

XXX


$!BA + $rocee'in*2 o: the !ociety

o: Bi(lical Archaeolo*y"$!mith+ $ayne !mith The2a)r)2 "$2!a"+ $2e)'o?!aa'ia comm" "

P! + P)arterly !tatement o: the

$ale2tine E>7loration F)n'"Ra"+ Ra2hi comm" "

RB + Re=)e (i(li )e# Ne< !erie2"

r'* 2 "+ rea'in* 2 "

re:"+ re:erence"

re27"+ re27ecti=ely"

re="+ re=ie


31/522

2e " + an' :ollot *rammar cite' (y

2ection2 "!t)"+ !t)art comm" "

2)77l"+ 2)77let# ?ent"!&+ 1!tan'ar' &er2ion#1 American

Re=i2ion o: A 3493"2"=" + 2)( =oce"!ym"+ !ymmach)2"!yr"+ !yriac"

Talm"+ Talm)'"Tar*" + Tar*)m"Tert"+ Tert)llian"

Te2t" XII $atr"+ Te2tament2 o: the

XII $atriarch2 Te2t" o2" Te2t"

o: o2e7h# etc"Theo'"+ Theo'otion"Theo't"+ Theo'oret"TL + Theolo*i2che Literat)r ei?

t)n*"tr"# trr"+ tran2late# tran2lation 2 "Trem"+ Tremelli)2 cite' :rom $ole "T! + Te>t2 an' !t)'ie2"T!BA + Tran2action2 o: the !ociety

o: Bi(lical Archaeolo*y"T!K + Theolo*i2che !t)'ien )n'

Kriti;en"T% + Te>te )n' %nter2)ch)n*en#

!econ' !erie2"

="# =="+ =er2e 2 "

=ar r "+ =ariant 2 "

=2"+ =er2)2"

&!# &!!+ ancient &er2ion 2 "

0Aram"+ 0e2t Aramaic"

0H+ 0e2tcott?Hort"N"T" in Gree;"

0il2on+ R" D" 0il2on !t)'ie2 in the

B;" o: Dan" "0ri*ht+ C" H" H" 0ri*ht Daniel

an' hi2 $ro7hecie2 "


32/522

0!em"+ 0e2t !emitic"0 KM + 0iener eit2chri:t : iir 'ie

K)n'e 'e2 Mor*enlan'2"

YO!+ Yale Oriental !erie2"

A + eit2chri:t :iir A22yriolo*ie"a'" Fra*"+ !chechter12 1 a'o;ite

Fra*ment2#1 =ol" i"A T0 + eit2chri:t :)r 'ie altte2ta?

mentliche 0i22en2cha:t"DMG+ eit2chri:t 'er De)t2chen

Mor*enliin'i2chen Ge2ell2cha:t"KR In2cr"+ $o*non# In2cri7tion2

2emiti )e2# no" / "NT0+ eit2chri:t :iir 'ie ne)?

te2tamentliche 0i22en2cha:t"


XXXI

oc;"+ oc;ler comm" "$T+ eit2chri:t :)r 7rote2tanti?2che Theolo*ie"

t2"+ eit2chri:t"

0T+ eit2chri:t :iir


33/522

::l!+ Co7tic?!ahi'ic &er2ion"

c+ te>t o: the Chi*i M!"

'+ Ol' Gree; &er2ion 1!e7t)a?

*int1 "

[*G+ Gr" te>t"

- + !yro?he>a7lar te>t"Pi?=en " 1 Graec)2 &enet)2" 1WZ+ He(re


34/522

B# )nle22 other?

The :ollo


35/522

II" The 2econ' 2ection 'etail2 :o)r =i2ion2 *rante' to Daniel"

C" 6" Year i o: Bel2h" A =i2ion o: the con:lict2 o: :o)r mon?2tro)2 Bea2t2# o: the Fo)rth Bea2t an' it2 Horn2# an' the The?o7hany 7o2ition o:the 12e=enty year21 o: 7ro7hecy"

CC" 39?35" Year . o: Cyr)2" In an2


36/522

J5" EARLY TE!TIMONY TO THE BOOK .

2)n* 2a*e o: the 7a2t# e=en a2 Enoch# Noah# Bar)ch# E ra


37/522

$)2ey" " " " B)t the real 'e:en2e " " " o)*ht to a lar*e e>tent to (e(a2e' )7onthe internal e=i'ence 7re2ente' in the (;" For 'e7en'ence o: Dan"127rayer onthe Chronicler 2" the e>ten2i=e ar*)ment (y the Catholic 2cholar Bayerin hi2

Daniel2t)'ien"1 For a :)ll li2t o: the2e re:l" 2" Charle2# Boo; o: Enoch?# In'e># 7". 3 5" For a re=ieactly that in thecla22ical Talm"7a22a*e on the Canon# Ba(a (alhra 3 2e "# Dan" an' E2t" e>chan*e7lace2# 7ro("a 2hi:tin* on hi2torical *ro)n'2 2" Gin2()r*# Int"# 7t" i# c" 5# an'Ryle# Canon o:

the O"T"# E>c" C al2o 'e Ro22i# &ariac lectionc2# i# 7" >>=i" Ryle#E>c" B"# *i=e2 theTalm)'ic 7a22a*e in tran2lation"

1 Dr" 0il2on12 learne' article com(at2 the chima2ra that the claim o:later a*e :orthe (;" contra'ict2 it2 canonicity" He (rin*2 a(2ol)tely no ne 2e "# a n)m(er o: e>?tract2 an' re:erence2 (earin* )7on 2)ch literat)re# incl)'in*a2trolo*ie2 an' oneirocritica# o: a 27ecie2 that :lo)ri2he' al2o inthe =ernac)lar2 o: the Mi''le A*e2" Ti2chen'or:# A7ocaly72e2a7ocry7hae# 3/ # >>>?>>>iii# 7)(li2he' 2ome e>tract2 o: Danielliterat)re in the Gr"# an' E" Klo2termann a Gr" 1A7ocaly72e o:Dan"1 an' tt :ir2t 7)(li2he' in He(" ty7e(y oten(er* in Mer>12 Arc;i=# 7t" # 3/ 4# 77" ./8? 56 # c:"Bo)22et# The Antichri2t Le*en'# 394 an' al2o a cor7)2 o: Orien?tal te>t2 in Le2 a7ocal7y2e2 a7ocry7he2 'e Daniel# 3/48# contain?in* a''itional material o: Darme2teter12 $er2" te>t# the tr" o: aCo7tic A7ocaly72e# tr" t"

The :ollo


45/522

J8? THE HEBRE0?ARAMAIC TEXT II

him a 7rie2t" $2"? E7i7hani)2 ;not a77ear2 to (e :ar le22 'e:i?nitely :i>e' (y tra'ition than that o: the He(" thi2 (ein* ')eto the :act that the later e'itor2


46/522

ity o: cla22ical He(" 0ithal the i2t2 a2 (ett2 o: Ben A2her an' Ben Na7htali o: the :ir2t hal:o: the loth cent" The 0e2tern tra'ition 7re:er2 the a)thority

o: Ben A2her an' nat)rally an' 7ro:e22e'ly :ollot# the t2 7ro=i'e' Ken" 389# an' Co'" Er:)rten2i2 ."

J " THE HEBRE0 3.

intere2t to the 7hilolo*ian" For the material o: thi2 a77arat)2


47/522

an' 'i2c)22ion 2)mmary re:erence may (e ma'e to $" Kahle#1Ma2oreten 'e2 O2ten2#1 He:t 38# Beitr'*e " 0i22" =om A"T"#343." Kahle ha2 ren'ere' 7artic)lar 2er=ice to the 2t)'ent o:Dan" (y 7)(li2hin* acce22i(le 7ortion2 o: thi2 Oriental te>t o:o)r (;"+ =i "# o7" cit"# 77" /3 :" :or 5 3? # an' in !trac;# Gr"#e''"

.? # :or .35?38" 59?5 ?6 all Aram# 7a22a*e2 " 0here citationo: thi2 a77arat)2 i2 nece22ary the 2i*nat)re i 11 i2 )2e'"

B)t the critic i2 concerne' in *oin* (ehin' thi2 i'eal )nity o:a Te>t)2 Rece7t)2# (ac; to the m22" For thi2 com7ari2on heha2 at han' the tt '" A"T" )" 'ie %e(erlie:er)n*'" hahylon")'cn# 3495" For the 7)nct)ation 2y2tem 2" Ber*2tra22er# Ee(r" Gramm"#77" 89 :"#an' e27" Kahle in BL J6"

[ Thi2 in2tance o7en2 )7 an intere2tin* line o: in )iry a2 to M!!n"h" Ken" 4. ha2it2 (;2" arran*e'# a2 Ken" note2# 1ace" to the En*li2h or'er"1 The2ame or'er i2 :o)n'in the Com7l)ten2ian $oly*lot Ken" 569 #


48/522

erence may (e ma'e to the 2tati2tic2 in the o77o2in* ar*)ment2o: $)2ey# 77" 868?84/# an' Dr"# Int"# 89 ?89/# 2)mmari e' in hi2Comm"# 77" I>?l>iii c:" hi2 li2t o: 7ec)liaritie2 in Chr" in the:ormer


49/522

o: the Gr" 7erio'# an'# a2 com7are' either t o: E r"?Neh"?Dan"Bar ha2 7re:i>e' 77" o: a 1Chal'ai2mi (i(lici a')m(ratio#1


50/522

1Bi(lical Aramaic1 al2o Chal'ee# Chal'aic# !yriac# 2" at 5i2 an ina'e )ate name# ')e to it2 a77lication to "

For the el'er e7i*ra7hic material 2" CI! ii 2electe' te>t2


51/522

0" R" Har7er# =ol" i# 349!# 77" 5/8?.55# an' Dela7orte# E7i*ra7;e2arameen2# 3435the KR In2cri7tion no< ;not#2" Coca=ationo: !ar'i2# i*i # c:" !" ," Coo;# o)rn" Hell" !t)'ie2# .6 3436 # 77"66_?" 538 1"# an'Torrey# A !L . 343/ # 3/8 ::" The ol'e2t Aram# literary 'oc)ment#o)t2i'e o:the in2cri7tion2# i2 the o2tra;on letter o: A22h)r(ana7al12 a*e7)(li2he' (y Li' "#Allaram" %r;)n'en a)2 A22)r# 3453" The o:=oca()lary in Co


52/522

')ce' in hi2 !emiti2che !7rachen# 3//6# an' hi2 2erie2 o: art2# on2e=eral 'ialect2#DMG 53# 3/. _" 55# . ::" 5 # /8 " Cha(ot# Lc2 lan*)e2 el le2littirat)re2 ara?

l/ INTROD%CTION

The a22imilation o: all thi2 :re2h material# e27ecially that:rom E*y7t# rich not only in 7er2onal letter2 an' ()2ine22 an'o::icial 'oc)ment2 ()t al2o in a note


53/522

an in'i27en2a(le a' )nct"

!ee the e>cellent The2i2 (y H" H" $o


54/522

hol'2 that cc" 3? are earlier than cc" 6?35 2" J53# ( # he ha2no 'i27o2ition to 'ate 'o>"# Frie'r" Delit 2ch in Bar# 77"=i?>ii# Ka)t 2ch# J # Behrmann# Dan"# 7" L>" Dr"# Conim"# 77"I=i 2e " i an' :or ar*)ment2 in re()ttal o: the alle*e' =ii# :or early con?tact2 o: the Gree;2


55/522

(" $er2ian cl)'e' a2 a corr)7tion" For n ra 2" at 5 # an':or raaat . 1"

All the2e c" three#an' t


56/522

there are no $er2ian >i# # / "

The re()ttal o: thi2 e=i'ence :or a lo< 'ate lie2 in the 2tre22?in* o: the 7otentialitie2 o: Gr" in:l)ence in the Orient :rom theth cent# an' on c:"# e"*"# " Kenne'y# The B;" o: Dan" :rom aChri2tian !tan'7oint# 3/4/# A77" II# an' Bo)t:lo


57/522

the Hellenic Gol'en A*e" The 7re2ent :ancy o: 7o2t)latin* an e>ten2i=e$er2" in:l)?ence in the 0e2t m)2t rec;on


58/522

(e allot2 7rimarily :ol?lot# ta;en:rom Co a12 tran2cri7t o: the )ni )e m2 in the &atican# an'in the mar*" the =ariant2 o: the 7arallel 1 !yro?He>a7lar 1 =" in:" #retran2late' :rom !yriac into Gr" On the ri*ht?han' 7a*e a7?7ear2 the &! o: 1Theo'otion1 a:ter the te>t o: the )ncial B#


59/522

:ra*menta *raeca et latina# =ol" i"

The 2tan'ar' li2t o: Gr" m22 o: the O"T" i2 no< that 7)(?li2he' (y Rahl:2 in hi2 &er eichnc22" For the r'*2" o: all otherM!! e>ce7t tho2e name' a(o=e the 2t)'ent o: Dan" ha2 ha' torely )7on the =a2t =arior)m i2t2# in the Co'e>Chi2ian)2# an?'er &II# a mem(er o: the Chi*i :amily# to t notice' a(o=e# alon* t 7)(li2he' (y !t the 2ym(ol # a?7lar


60/522

The )ncial co'ice2 A Ale>an'rin)2 # B &atican)2 # P Mar?chalian)2 # the :ra*mentary F Co'e> re2cri7t)2 cry7to:erraten?2i2# te>t o: Co a# o7" cit"# =ol" i # the :ir2t three in 7hoto*ra7hicre7ro')ction an' all in !tin a M! o: Theo'oret12 comm" For H$ // I ha=e a'o7te' the2i*ill)m c chi2ian)2 # 2o a2 to a=oi' the con:)2ion note' a(o=e#:ollot i2 L)cianic


61/522

Theo'otion ha2 (een notice' :ir2t a*ain2t the )2)al aca'emictra'itional c)2tom :or the rea2on2 2" J3." A " an' !ym" may(e *ro)7e' to*ether# :or their :ra*mentary remain2 are :o)n'in the 2ame 2o)rce2" The the2a)r)2 o: the2e material2 i2 Fiel'#Ori*eni2 he>a7lor)m )ae 2)7er2)ni# etc" He>" # 5 =ol2"# 3/68"

A clo2e 2t)'y o: the Gr" o: Dan" a''2 con2i'era(ly to o)r;noam7le myNote2 at 51# 5 :or 2ati2:actory e>7lanation2 a7laric a''i?tion2 to an' 'i2co=er2 m)ch more material :rom ation o: the te>t# con2i2t2 in their inter7retation2# re7?re2entin* a2 they 'o# in A " at lea2t# a)thoritati=e Ra((" e>e*e?


62/522

2i2 o: the :ir2t thir' o: the 5' cent"# an' hence in=al)a(le :or the2)(2tance an' hi2tory o: inter7retation" For (re=ity12 2a;e re:?erence m)2t (e ma'e a'" loc" to the Note2 :or nota(le r'*2" In*eneral (oth tran2lator2 e>hi(it the 2ame characteri2tic2 a2 a7?7ear el2e


63/522

The OLat" te>t2 are 2)(? =er2ion2 :rom the Gr"# an' in re27ectto 7re?Hieronymian citation2 are (a2e' )7on d an' 9" For thechan*e :rom the :ormer to the latter# t :rom the mona2tery at !t" Gall+ i ? #59?55 .o *ic 2ome 2ection2 :ra*mentary # 4? ?39 # 33 ?35 al2o:ra*ment2 o: the A7ocry7hal A''ition2" Thi2 :re2h materialcame too late :or 'i*e2tion :or thi2


64/522

7" 564" The 7re2ent


65/522

.5 (?58 ren"# =# 8# 5"

111?11 !7ec# c" 33 "

? # 111?/i Con2t"

Cy7r"# De o7ere ei eleem"# c" 8"

! 1ec# c" ."

58?5/ * 7rom"# ii# . "

5 5. ?5/ 56 "7 " Te!t"# iii# 59"

61? L)ci:"# c" .9"

6 Iren"# =# 58# 5 &ictor"# In A7oc#

>iii# 5"61?1 $2"?Cy7r"# A' No="# c" 36"61 Iren"# ii# # 5 Tycon"# 7" 9"611 ? Iren"# i=# . # 39# c:" iii# 59# 5# i=#

89# I# i=# 88# i Cy7r"# Te2t"# ii# 5

Matern)2# c" 58 A)*"# De ci="#

>=iii# . "

I ac;no


66/522

L)ci:er Calaritan)2 c" .89 # De tion 7arcen'o in De)m 'clin )enti()2#e'" Hartel#C!EL =ol" 3."

Tert)llian# A'=" l)'aeo2# e'" Oehler"

Tyconi)2# e'" B)r;itt# T! =ol" .# 7t" i"&ictorin)2 o: $etta)# e'" Ha)22leiter# C!EL =ol" .4 a*ain2t Bl)'a)#7" 34# &ict#al2o )2e2 9 "

De $a2cha com7)t)2 c" 58.W # e'" Hartel# C!EL =ol" .# 7t" ."

De 7romi22ioni()2 et 7rae'ictioni()2 Dei $2" ?$ro27er # $L 83#6.. " T" lar*ely cite'(y !a(atier "

.5

INTROD%CTION

y 38?5/ A)*"# Dc ci="# >># 5."

659?58 Iren"# =# 58# 5"

: Iren"# =# . # 5"

/ 8 1cc"# c" 33 "

*2?*io 0 ("

*ii(?i ii?en"# 58# ."

/5.?58 Iren"# i("

*#i?5( Tert"# = " l)'"# c" /"

*."5o A)*"# E7"# c>i"

4 ?1 Cy7r"# e la72"# c" .3"

4 1? Tert"# c" /"

*5.?56 D 7rom"# ii# .8"

*5 ?56 * 7a2cha# c" 3."

*58 Pii 0n*" Con2t"

*58 &ictor"# De :a(rica niiin'i# c" /"

*5 P Con2t"

4 / Commo'"# A7oL# 33" 5 6 "


67/522

4 Iren"# =# 58# ."

lO ?II1

0 ("

3 3 .3 Con2t"

3 ?5. Con2t" Cor22en "

ii59 . 0 ("

33 35 Con2t".8?.4 Con2t" Ran;e12 !t)tt*" "

5i(?. A)*"# De ci="# >># 5.# >>ii# ."

35? !7ec# c" 56"

35 Iren"# i=# 9# i !7ec"# c>=i"

35 ? Iren"# i=# o# i Cy7r"#rc8 "#i# "

35 11 Ca22"# In $2" li"

351? Iren"# i# 35# Gr" an' Lat" te>t2#

citation o: CJ :rom Marco2ian

2o)rce"351 Iren"# =# . # 5 A)*"# De ci="# >>#

5. ?ec# c" 56"!)2anna al"

5 The &)l*ate"

For erome12 &er2ion H 2" the :)ll article (y H" " 0hite#1&)l*ate#1 BD" The te>t )2e' in thi2 Comm" i2 Ti2chen'or:12Bi(lia 2acra latina &eteri2 Te2tamenti# 3/6.# (ein* the o::icialClementine te>t# Amiatin)2 in themar*" The2e r'*2"


68/522

There are t co'" am(ro2iano# Milan# 3/6 2e " TheLon'on $oly*lot ha2 (een *enerally con2)lte' in thi2 Comm"

5 The Am(ro2ian 1 !yro?He>a7lar 1 te>t ha2 (een 2)m7?t)o)2ly 7)(li2he' (y Ceriani in 7hoto*ra7hic :ac2imile# Co'e>2yro?he>a7lari2 am(ro2ian)2# 3/6 # a2 =ol" 6 o: hi2 Mon)menta2acra et 7ro:ana# Milan" It i2 a literal tran2lation o: a co7y o:Ori*en12 He>a7la ma'e# a2 the 2cri(al note2 atte2t# :or $a)l o:Telia Telia 'e?Ma) elath # in 3 ?6" It i2 7ro=i'e'


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1 It ha' (een 7re=io)2ly e'ite' (y Nor(er*# 36/6# an' in 7art (yMi''el'or7:#3/.8# an' the te>to: Dan" (y C" B)*ati# a " 8ec" e :" LA1X " " " e>co'" 2yro?e2thran?*elo# etc"# Milan# 36//" For the M! an' it2 hi2tory 2" Ceriani12

7re:ace Fiel'# $role*"to hi2 He>"# 7" I>=ii 2e " Bl)'a)# 7" 5 :" !t :rom 1the li(rary o: Ori*en"1 The content2 o: thi2 te>t t in the remain2o: aco( o: E'e22a12 re=i2ion o: the O"T" a m2 o: it i2 in $ari2#2" Fiel'# He>"# i# 4 "# :or a 'e2cri7tion# an' :or :)rther 2tate?ment 2" Ba)m2tar;# Ge2ch" '" 2yr" Lit"# 583# n" 5"

e" Ara(ic"

There i2 only one ty7e o: ancient Ara(ic te>t o: Dan" in 7rint#namely# the i'entical te>t in the $ari2 an' Lon'on $oly*lot2"On thi2 te>t 2" the :)ll treatment (y H" !" Gehman# 1The $oly?*lot Ara(ic Te>t o: Daniel an' It2 A::initie2#1 BL 3458 #.56?.85 o)t2i'e o: 2t)'ie2 on the $entate)ch thi2 i2 the mo2tthoro)*h treatment o: any (;" o: the Ara(ic Bi(le" A2 A it e*etical intere2t an'


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Holme2?$ar2on2 *i=e2 2" $re:" to Gen"# 7" i= 8e " # a77arently=ia tran2lation2# =ariant2 :rom 7rinte' e''" o: the Armenian#Geor*ian an' !la=onic Bi(le2# the la2t?name' :rom the O2tro?*o o; an' Mo2co< e''" O: the2e the Armenian i2 o: 27ecialintere2t :or critici2m# ()t ha=in* no control o=er the ori*inal

the 7re22e' in the 7ertinent 2ection# J # in


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an' the re2t o: the (;" For thi2 (alance the 7re2ent


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A7ocry7hal $rayer# Interl)'e# Bene'iction in c" . (y 7ro*re2?2i=e inter7olation 2" a(o=e# J n"("# the (om(a2tic charactero: that Interl)'e" The 7henomenon a77ear2 to 7oint to theact)al circ)lation o: cc" .? a2 a 'i2tinct collection o: 2torie2 at2ome 2ta*e n"("# the Gr" Lectionarie2 a77ear to contain onlythe2e cc # a 7oint 7erha72 t# 'imini2he2 the ran*e o: 7o22i(le correction2 o: :rom that)arter" The =ery in*en)ity o: the tran2lator m)2t 7)t )2 on*)ar' a*ain2t acce7tin* hi2 :acile tran2lation2 a2 re7re2entin* a(etter te>t than " The li2t2 a22em(le' (y the erci2e in He(re< com7o2ition# t an' =er2ion2 ha2 le' him Qthe tent 2ometime2 a22)me'"O: the corre27on'ence2 li2te' (y Bl)'a)# 7" /# n" # only the:olloariaL tto0ol n? Mac" i!eX= :ia i7r >co TfP [ n i Mac" & ? KaOa7i ei= ra a[ La / " A2 :or .!" i7"# that may ha=e ari2en contem7oraneo)2ly


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Ch"?E r"?Neh" containin* 5 E2'" e>i2te' (y the mi''le o: the5' cent" I: 2o# t may J3 "

For the He>a7laric a''ition2# tinction# 2" J3."J35# THEODOTION"

Be:ore the en' o: the 5' Chri2tian cent# another tran2lationthan that o: 7re22e' 'e27ite the reco*nition o:certain 2hortcomin*2 ()t it i2 a2 te>t :ar cleaner than any o:it2 collea*)e2# an' i2 in:initely 2)7erior to Co'" A# a mo2t im7er?:ect 'oc)ment" Nat)rally the intere2t o: critical 2cholar2 ha2(een 'e=ote' to # ()t )n:ort)nately B ha2 (een ne*lecte'(oth in re27ect to it2 intrin2ic


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li;e o: t o: B the t# etc"

There are many ca2e2 t 2ome .9ca2e2 ha=e (een li2te' e"*"# 5 ? li n ten2othro)*ho)t the O"T"# the ;in' o: actlyo77o2ite re2)lt2 areo(taine' (y Torrey# 7" 48# in the com7ari2on o: A an' B" For hi2Bi(lical 7ortion+


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The (e2t )ncial (y :ar i2 A an' the fi=i " Hi2 )2)al ()t not con2tant t in hi2 comm"to Dan" 2ee J39# a 5 " The Bi(lical te>t )2e' (y Hi77# i27re2ent in 'o)(le :orm# in Gr" an' in !la=onic# an' a2 the latter=arie2 :rom the :ormer to 2ome e>tent &? In t7o2itor o: the Tar?*)m1 an' hi2 )n'o)(te' ac )aintance


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2" Acheli2 cite' in the ne>t note # 77" 3 3.?359" The ca2e2 in7oint are 33 # 7" .99# an' ii # 7" 54/" The not con2i'era(le=ariation2 :rom B are He>a7laric?L)cianic# more 7artic)larlyL)cianic" Thi2 latter characteri2tic (elon*2 to the *eneral 7ro(?lem o: 1 7re?L)cianic r'*2"#1 2" J35 en'# J38 en'"

No< Hi77"12 te>t i2 one o: o)r mo2t 7rimiti=e 7roo:2 not only:or B ()t al2o :or the tra'ition o: 9" Bar'enhet# a?7laric# corro(oratin* B)r;itt12 'ict)m )7on $atri2tic citation2


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that the OLat" nohi(it2 the He>a7laric earmar;2"1 An'the te>t i2 in *eneral that o: B" Ran;e ha2 7lace' 2cholar2 inhi2 'e(t (y *i=in* an a77arat)2 o: com7ari2on o: r'*2" t2that can (e ea2ily correcte'"1 Thi2 OLat" material (ear2 a2 atran2lation the 2ame relation to it2 Gr" co7y a2 the latter# 9#'oe2 to 3 # an' hence the


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erome12 7lanation# that L)cian him2el:)2e' a2 a (a2ic te>t one that =arie' 7rimiti=ely :rom that o: B"That i2# there e>i2te' a !yrian or Antiochian :orm o: ^#


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(ecame the (a2i2 o: the OLat" tran2lation" Direct connection2o: the 0e2t t o: the N"T" in OLat" an'!yriac came :rom Antioch" It can (e 7o2iti=ely in2i2te' )7onthat 'e27ite the alle*e' 1L)ciani2m21 none o: the He>a7laric

1 !ee Kenne'y# 8 .# 3 "# !chi rer# G6F.#. "2# .3# n" 3 # Die)# 1Reto)che2 l)cia?ni )e2 2)r )elle2 tc>te2 'e la =ieille =er2ion latine I et II!am)el #1 RB 3 # .65 ?#2)mmary# 7" 9."

INTROD%CTIONinter7olation2# none o: the characteri2tic L)cianic 'o)(let2 a7?7ear2 in .3"

Finally it i2 to (e remar;e' that


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6 11 + i("# iii# .# 7" 5 $" 7" 5 5 9"

/ :?+ !trom"# i# 53# 7" 43 $" 7" 9/ !tiihlin12 te>t m)chim7ro=e' "

P 1 ? + i("# 7" 6/ $" 7" .4. in *eneral 9 2" :)rther Note

at en' o: c" 4"35 :?+ i("# 7" 43 $" 7" 94 9# ()t ho'ri=at :or ho'r aeTai>>i" Hi2other citation2 are all :rom the 2ame cha7ter# e>ce7t 5 inTry7h" # I>># i# t i2 in'i::erent (et" 5# t # tot ha2 (een =ario)2ly 'ia*no2e'# ()t


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89 INTROD%CTION

:o)n' a lon* 7rayer mo2tly com7o2e' o: e>cer7t2# ar(itrarily

arran*e'# :rom Dan12 7rayer# c" 4" Thi2 a77ear2 :rom the :ol?lohi(it o: the or'er o: the :ra*ment2 o: Dan" + ==" !(" 39"38" li(" 39" 35" 3.a" /" 3. " 3 " 39" 38" 3 " 36" 34c" 34 " 3/" 59"It i2 2mall am7le


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earlier re=i2ion2 2" JJii" 35" A2 :or the te>t# the *reat ()l;o: the Gr" m22 are He>a7laric L)cian (ein* 2)(?He>a7laric # acontamination that ha2 not 27are' one o: them# e=en B"

Mo2t o: the a7laric *ro)7" The ar*)mentation :or the re2)lt2

o(taine' ha=e (een 7re2ente' (y the


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are the (e2t re7re2entati=e2 o: the *ro)7 A m)2t (ee>tremely 'i2co)nte' a2 a t it re7re2ent2 to A an' it2 Gr" :el?loti2 'i2tinctly Ori*enian# in it2 7l)22e2 an' in it2 :a)lt2# a2 a com?7ari2on


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P re7re2ent2 the E*y7tian He2ychian te>t# :or "# i# 7" I>>>i= 2e " # corro(orate' (y La*ar'e# *a=e'emon2tration :or the reco*nition o: te>t2 o: L)cianic ori*in"For the $ro7het2# incl)'in* Dan"# he 2electe' a2 L)cianic H$55 . / 83 5 49 4. 3 3 6 5.. .9/" Mo2t o: the2e title2 ha=e(een acce7te' (y 2)(2e )ent 2t)'ent2 o: the $ro7het2" Thet# c1 A2 :or 5 3 6 the theory a'=ance' in J3 ha2 'e?:ine' them a2 7rimiti=e?Ori*enian# there:ore 7re?L)cianic# an'a2 the (a2i2 on t2


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ante'atin* L)" The2e a77ear in the OLat" 7ar e>cellence# al2oin 7rimiti=e Gr" te>t2 o: the i2t an' 5' cent)rie2# 7erha72 *oin*(ac; to 1%r?Theo'otion"1 The2e =ariation2 are all 2li*ht in=al)e# nohi(it He>a7laric r'*2" or the 7l)22e2 charac?teri2tic o: Ori*en an' L)cian" At time2 they o::er more literaltran2lation2 in t that ha2 (een e'ite' an' 7rinte' :or Dan" The L)cianic'o)(let2

a77ear in it a2teri e' the te>t ha2 many intere2tin* :eat)re2"

Jl " THE OLD !YRIAC &ER!ION 88

!till more" 0e ha=e then to 7o2t)late 'i::erent ty7e2 o: te>t#a2 ce7t in e=i'ent ca2e2 o:inter7retation or theolo*ical mo'i:ication" There are a :e7re22e2 the o7in?ion that the (;" i2 com7o2e' o: =ery 'i::erent 7art2 an' ha2(ehin' it a lon* hi2tory" B)t 2)ch 7o2ition2# in'icatin* a (an;?r)7tcy o: critici2m# ha=e not :o)n' a77la)2e" It 7laine' on the hy7othe2i2 that the narrator 'i' not in=ent hi2theme here or in the other !torie2# ()t i2t?in* tale2 an' tra'ition2" C" .#


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4 INTROD%CTION

Bert# :o)n' no le22 than :i=e 'i::erent


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cor7)2 7an'e' )n'er the laterMace# 7oint o: =ie< (y the intr)2ion o: 'irect re:erence2 to thehate:)l Antioch)2 in the )'*ment 2cene he 1Anhan*1 to cc" 3? # to the .' cent"Hol2cher12 ar*)ment2 :rom the lo*ic an' lan*)a*e o: the cha7#are not at all concl)2i=e 2" a(o=e# n" 4# :or $rei2


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(y Grot"# Bert"# Torrey# Hol2cher# that the 1min*lin* o: the 2ee'o: men#1 5 # re:er2 to the marria*e o: Berenice# 5 6 B"C" Thecollection contain2 a 2erie2 o: 2torie2 (a2e' on ece7tion o: c" 6 a2 'i2tinct :rom


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o: the (;" i2 >>i +

i # =n!> r,U5" /?# 1an' I 2a< in the =i2ion#1

51 # i& W " /\# n2n!>i"

55/?54 'o)(let# =" 1 2econ'ary" /1?# la2t t


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o: 2)( ect2 nor in the 'e=elo7ment o: the 7lot" The mo2t 2tri;?in* an' ori*inal o: the com7o2ition2 i2 the :i*)re o: the Ima*e inc" 5# erci2ethem2el=e2 nat)rally an' ')ti:)lly in the rite2 o: their reli*ion#7re22ion o: theli:e act)ally li=e' (y e


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I95 INTROD%CTION

tremen'o)2ly intere2tin*# intellect)al# arti2tic# (ea)ti:)l# ()t al2ocr)el an' (ea2tly# reli*io)2 in the 2en2e o: 2)7er2titio)2# or el2e2ce7tical an' athei2tic# *o'le22 in 2)m" !)7ermen ram7e' o=erthe 2ta*e# 2el:?2tyle' *o'2 o: the (itter 2tre22 o: the time2 an' mo=e


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al


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:ir2t o: all 7o)n'in* the (;" more :)lly# to o)r lo22"

In the Talm)' Dan" i2 27o;en o: a2


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the :ormer a2 :ar hi*her (eca)2e it 'i27o22e22e' the reci7ient o:hi2 nat)ral :ac)ltie2# am7le in hi2 e*e2i2 an' the e


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!aa'ia H" !7ie*el# !aa'ia al?Fa )mi12 ara(" Daniel=er2ion# 349 #3. "# 'atin* it# aten' o: the 35th cent# a2 o: North A:rican ori*in" For !aa'ia12 Ara("tr" o: Dan" 2"J39# e"

Ra2hi


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1 $)(li2he' (y A" Mai in =ol" i o: hi2 !cri7tor)m =eter)m no=acollectio# 3/58" Maial2o a''2 a catena o: annotation2 SCommcnlarii =arior)m on Dan" (yother Gr"


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J5.? RE&IE0 OF THE LITERAT%RE ON DANIEL 394

3/.3 # C" H" A)(erlen 3/8 # $)2ey 3/ # Ha=ernic; 3/.5 @he an' =on Len*er;e are rich in all)2ion2 to Cla22ical literat)re !t)art o: An'o=er 3/89 @ the :ir2t American 7hilolo*ical com?

mentary on Dan"# an e>em7lary tremeo: the a7olo*etic 7o2ition Klie:oth# Kranich:el' (oth 3/ / @e>cellent commentarie2 oc;ler 3/69 @ a =ery 2o)n' commen?tary# t Marti 3493 @ all too (rie: Charle2 in the Ne


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e=ent in the .' year o: ehoia;im# at act e )i=alence o: o)r =" t o: Dan" an' the Grr" =" in:" " A rational moti=e :orthe 2ho=in* (ac; o: the 'ate o: the ca7ti=ity to eh"12 .' yearmay (e :o)n' in the 7ro(a(le 'e2ire to o(tain the :)l:ilment o:the e>act 69 year2 o: the E>ile# 5 Ch" . er" 58 3 1] 2oC)rti2# Chron"# a' loc# c:" Mein" B)t e>act calc)lation2 are notto (e attri()te' to o)r a)thor ()t to tra'ition"

!)77ort o: thi2 ca7ti=ity o: the .' year ha2 (een claime' :romGr" 2o)rce2 e"*"# (y Hen*"# A)thentie# ! ::?# n' 2o mo'ern a7ol?o*i2t2# 0ri*ht# Dan" an' Hi2 $ro7hecie2# c" .# J3# 0il2on#!;i'ie2# c" " One )nnotice' e" $olyhi2tor# 3 a:terte%in* that Kin* onachim ha' 2et )7 a *ol'en ima*e o: Baal#the e>tract narrate2 ho< Ne(" ma'e a =ictorio)2 cam7ai*nthro)*h $ale2tine# ca7t)re' er)2alem# too; onachim ali=e# an'carrie' o:: to Ba(ylon the *ol' in the tem7le alon*


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:ar a2 E*y7t i2 concerne' " Then hearin* o: hi2 :ather12 'e?cea2e# he 2et o)t on a :orce' march acro22 the 'e2ert to recei=ethe cro# # i# a:ter the (attle o: Kar?;emi2h Ne(" too; all !yria a2 :ar a2 $el)2i)m e>ce7t )'2ea"

In the 2ame cha7" o2" recor'2 that later# at the en' o: eh"12rei*n" Ne(" came a*ain2t the latter# too; er)2alem# 2le< eh"#an' ha' hi2 (o'y ca2t o)t2i'e o: the # 39# i# 'eli(eratelyi*norin* the 'at)m o: Dan" that they o=La[i 'e27ite erome12ar*)ment a*ain2t $or7hyry that t


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toricity o: the 'at)m# ce7tion o: Behr"#


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Ne(" a2 1accor'in* to the name o: my *o'#1 o(=io)2ly# Bel# c:"Bel an' the Dra*on# =" The later $a*ani2m ?i.. # e"*"# i ill'e2ire'to )2e the :)lle2t 27ellin* at the :ir2t occ)rrence o: the


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(rai e' nn1i 1# e"*" 3 Ki" # an' 7arallel to n27# (et7an'e' in He>a7l" te>t2 intoet[ tto= oty"o=" @ TiiN $ 1. !)ch a 'e7o2itary in the tem7le ater)2alem#I Ki" 6 1 al2o rea' i2i"= :or i>= at ech" 3.1" The term A;;" (itni2irti"For 'eri=ation2 o: i>in 2" GB ()t 7o22" n)2'rU)Sn 2'rU'W'r" !tran*elyeno)*h A P 5. om" OT aa)7o) @ (y ha7lo*" o) "W @ O!12

I 1 334

i>T 7e:::a>o ot)>a I= t 6 e !o) i E2'" 51# a 7roo: o: thei'entityo: the tran2lator"

.?6" The e')cation o: the yo)th2" ." The ;in* or'er2 1hi2Chie: E)n)ch1 to intro')ce into the co)rt certain hi*h?(ornyo)th2 o: the e


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e


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lan*)a*e le7o1y7' >i>aTa that ha' 'e2cen'e' a2 the me'i)m o:the Chal'a2an 2a*e2 it2 mon)ment2


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7o22i(ly in 7erio'2 o: reaction Se"*"# at 7re2ent e# 7" 3" For el'er =ie


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iarien in the A22" La< Co'e# AO! 3# 3/" Ha)7t# BL 343 # .53#e>7lain2 1D a2 a !a:el o: Di# 1? i2 an in2ertion :rom 5 # an' may (e e>e*etical# a2 ="?27ea;2only o: the ca7ti=ity o: the ;in*" @ 1on 7i " " " itDi The con 2"arecorrelati=e# 1(oth " " " an'#1


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PR # 46" tran2literate2+ - e?ictXi>Tto=# 12electe'"1 A " in hi2:ir2t e'" 2" Fiel'# i# 7" >>i= 2e " ha' ace" to er" e>XE>>ti=# ()tinthe 2econ' >)7'tc"here an' er" .31 i l [ al>" :or 7ro7o2e' 'eri=ation2+ the tt o: !am"?# at 8 " @ hni' U.i++ Not archai2tic# =2"Behr"# Dr"the e>7re22ion i2 :re )ent in E2t"# e"*"# i "@ 1 3 'i! '+ 1 Thecomm" trytheir han' at o(tainin* e>act 27eci:ication2 an' a lo*ical or'er inthe2ethree 7hra2e2# e"*"# Hit "# ()t many con:e22 it cannot (e )r*e' too:ar


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e"*"# CBMich"# =Len*" " B)t it i2 (e2t


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" 3 1" d12 7ara7hra2e ma;e2 the i'enti:ication o:)'aha2 one o: the tri(e2 o: I2rael" @ >" E e" 3 ? ? # 5/1 Kt"!n i# o:the tra'itional 2a*e al2o a 2on o: Da=i'# i Ch" .1# an' a 7rie2t#E r" !11#Neh" 391" The name i2 al2o A;;"# D'nil)# an' !a("# $alm"# Na("# 2"Le>>" al2o o: an an*el# Enoch 4 " There i2 no rea2on to 'o)(t themn*" E3 ha2 )'*e'1 the name i2 ta;en :rom tra'ition# not in=ente':or thi2 (;" Gei*er# %r2chri l# 54 # Gin"# Int"# .46# thin; o: theMa22"7ointin* a2 intentionally o(2c)rin* the 2acre' element el ()t it i27honetically correct" @ nU n !ee Le>>" it a77ear2 in A;;"tran2cri7?tion a2 Hananiyama an' on an Aram# 'oc;et :rom Ni77)r# i n al2oin !acha)12 7a77" in ei inter7ret2# 1


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Tra'ition# .99# 1>" 3 ha2 con " (e:ore thi2la2tname# 2)77lie2 it to the la2t three name2 ! ha2 a2yn'eton thro)*h?o)t# an' i2 7ro(" ori*inal 2" at =" " The or'er o: the la2t threename2i2 al7ha(etical" !ome Gr" M22# al2o ! # 7lace A aria2 (e:ore Mi2hael#7ro(a(ly in con2e )ence o: the central 7o2ition ta;en (y the :ormer in. :?" @ 6" mcty " " " Di+1 1i C:" 5 Ki" 36 # Neh" 4 other


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4

3.9 A COMMENTARY ON DANIEL

Le>>"# !acha)# A$O In'e># Li' "# NE ..5 " It i2 7ointe' here Aramaic?i# # 4# in


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cre'ite' them2el=e2 in letter2 an' 7hilo2o7hy 1learnin* an'


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12entry o: the *ate"1 Thi2 cle< i2 corro(orate' (y - menai2ar $aiel77l" Wan' A m)n'2ir# 1;ee7er"1 A2 thi2 i2 2)77orte' (y the =ocali ation o:L)" an' 34# I 2)**e2t a $ael 77l"# mena22ar# t o: + 1cn A7t2a!7i# iti1> t>"In ="a 1 iinr i2 )2e' !yr" ar1on# Talm" er1on# the Aram# e )i=alent"For=ariety o: :orm2 o: the 2ame


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it in the Aram# ori*inal in (oth 7lace2W " The !o:erim ha=e allo


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Ten2e2# J 3.8 8 " For '=at7o)i>e=o a *lo22 in T Xaii!i=in* o: the 2)( ect2 em7ha2i e2them an' m)t)ally contra2t2 them e"*"# 5 Ki" 3611# an' c:" Dr"#Ten2e2#J3 9# O(2" @ '7 ?in E e" i1 the 2ame :orm :or 6 in 5 !a" 531 a

ca2eo: thi2 :orm in BAram"# in:" . 1# "=" The o7enin* 7hra2e i2 =ario)2lyren'ere' (y the Gr" &!! an' re=i2ion2 H et illi2 )ail)or 7)eri2a*ree2clo2e2t a>t ha2(eencorrecte' (y the 7l)2 o7aQi#aTt"

3/?53" Acc" to


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2)7eriority" Mar"# :olloile' to Me'ia" The He(" =("rrri 1to (e#1 in the 2en2e a2 tran2late' here# 1contin)e'#1 i2 :)llycorro(orate'# a2 note' (y Hii="# al" The tr" o: G& Mo:i:" 1li=e'1ha2 the im7lication that Dan" 'ie' there)7on"

3/" itt1N Not 1 the 'ay2


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colle*e o: 7a*e2# the !em" 2ynta> (ein* loo2e in 'e:inin* antece'ent2" @

1[i2h .8 5.5 e=tiicto= 1 in con27ectit"# the ori*" r'*" o: =2"7re?=ailin* 2=ci=>to=" @ 59" 353 . .8 3 / Tca= *ri1 a# 7ro(" ori*" Or "

@

n i. nD.n The con2t# relation i2 (ro;en (y the &!! al2o !a" " HMich" con2i'er2 the ca2e 1em7hatica con2tr)ctio2ynonymor)m#1 e:t" i7!n n D $2" 3 # >r"+1 1!an .31" The latter ca2ean'UnNan ,= $2" .5 CBMich" re*ar'2 alon* #J6" @ HIT miry Re')7licati=e# a2 e"*"# Gen" .1 ti i2 al2o )2e' toe>7re22 a :raction# e"*"# Gen" 61 2" GB" BAram" ha2 anothere>7re22ion#.11" For the )2e o:ten1 in com7ari2on c:" Gen" .31# Ecc" 611" @D cannO)t2i'e o: Dan" )2e' only o: E* 17tian ma*ician2" Gen" 31# etc" It2ori*in i2 o(2c)re a2 :rom nn 1in2cri(e1 2o BDB# Kon"# Hce7t IC1 11 incantatore2 ma*o2 IC m)2t ha=e:ollo# !"&"# KAT 8/4" The A;;" 77l" :orm


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a''ition2 in Grr" to . " @ 53" inM De27ite the o( ection o: comm"#thi2 )2e o: rrrn# 1remaine'# contin)e'#1 i2 :o)n' el2etraor'inary a re )e2t#he i22)e2 or'er :or their 2)mmary e>ec)tion#


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Ne(" ha' an oracle :rom an )n;notra year


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In thi2 2econ' year Ne(" ha' a 'ream?e>7erience 2o the 7i"niD n he


164/522

o)t my 2o)l )7on me"1 B)t 7aralleli2m2 7re22e' (y 2ome Ehr"7ro7o2e2 a =(" in Ara(" 1:or(i'#1 an' Behr"# Mar"# ahn# Cha"tooea2ily re=i2e the te>t (y r'*" : +# e:t" 11" Grot" tr" 1hi2 'ream#1


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1 1 ma*ician2# enchanter2# Chal'aean2# 'i=iner2"

811 enchanter2# Chal'aean2# 'i=iner2"

8 ma*ician2# enchanter2# Chal'aean2# 'i=iner2"

81 ;ia>i# L)" P al" >aXlaa>e" @ :olloiyoi# 7a7 a>o:# aX!a:ot# ()ta=oi'2

3 A COMMENTARY ON DANIEL

the latter12 literal error in con2tr)in* the la2t term a2 *en" to the7re?ce'in* one2" @ Ti n! Cla22ical He("


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li=e1 lian# &aria hi2toria# i# .3# BaatXe= 1A7ra e7 ?r Bl ala =o[:iaaiXe=oL ? P" C)rti)2# =i# 8# 1T) re> Ale>an'er 7er7et)a :e?licitate :lorea21 an' the 7hra2e


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168/522

8" L)"l! 7re:" 1an'#1 a*ain2t )2a*e# c:" =="1? i # .\? 3 "@ ".iNol'"#GGA 3// # 7" 3953# a77ear2 to ha=e (een the :ir2t to 2)**e2t that thi22ho)l' (e 7ointe' a2 7er:"# 1i thi2 i2 2)(2tantiate' (y the 7i"7hra2e

Zii++n13 ) :i=e time2 in cc" 5" .# only once ncNi 1y ? " The2)**e2tioni2 :ollot emen'ation2# an' in'ee' (oth con2tr)ction2 a77earin cla22ical !yr" @ nc>i # i*nore' (y B P Hi77 al" 53 # 2)77%e'(y Or$ thi2 amen'ment in2erte' (y L)" a:ter XaX!a:otW" @ Nnro Kt"#

I:W Kr" !o *enerally ()t incon2e )ently in i!l in treatment o:*en?tilic2# 2" Ka)"# J33# i# (" The


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tra'ition o: inter7retation# am7le o:#1 a2 r'*" I 1$I11 >a7 +!etyQAa"For the 7hra2e c:" 5 Mac" i1 ,i"i,?: >otT ::a=T2 # o2" A >=# /# 7L2Xiailli ;hy> c# o: Hero'12 7enaltie2 " @ $. 1n. *yr" a2


170/522

re7)l2i=e#1 i2 not concl)2i=e" The el'e2t inter7retation i2 that o:-#a=aXT :UOT a2To\ )QX I = >a )>a7>o=ra eS[ ? h $a tU=Q>" = 3 E2'"

. 1 !T i " )OT ::!Tac E r" 1 >h >a>1 ;,L; TC9Qi: i aeTatQ " B)t iti2 7re:era(le to i'enti:y it 'irectly


171/522


172/522

the Le>>" an' *rammar2# an' e27ecially Torrey12 2)r=ey an' critici2m#Note2# I# 77" 588 ::" Nol'e;e12 an' !ta'e12 =ie< that it la?hinnaSc:"Ara("# o( haec he 7ro7erly 2)( ect2 to the con'emnation that inAram# Chan*e :romim7=" o: &"1 e>7re22e2 a77ro7riate h)mility [!# :ollo 7 1O: a 2)rety1 the a' " al2o =" # . #"

C:" ar7 7 =" 1" @ 7 5r 7n 2 mr 8 >at7(= )Qiei l ayo7iil 2Te c:"Col" 1# ?)(= y"oti7(= i oLyo*a1C# Q "eyoi E7h" 211" JU here 1yo)a2; :ortime#1 !yr" to the E77" 1()yin* yo)r o77ort)nity1 S;er2a [Y">i7 "!ince Geier the 'i2tinction (et"# 39 8" Mar" alone o:thecomm" note2 the re=i2ion ()t 'oe2 not re=i2e hi2 te>t accor'in*ly"Torrey# Note2# I# 7" 58 # o( ect2 to re*ar'in* ::l12 'i=i2ion a21erroneo)21()t there i2 no e=i'ence o: 2)ch 'i=i2ion in the &!!# an' the laterten?'ency


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tehel a"2 [t)haita a*ain2t thi2 7o2ition Broc;"# &G 3# J3.6# Anm" . "!imilar in2tance2 are :o)n' in Rec;en'or:# Ara(" !ynta># 7" 553" @n !o7 !o 0ith &!! 1(eca)2e1 Be=" e:t" Aram# n o in n !o7! SCI! ii#no"3 # 3" 5 2o )2)al mn*" o: the 7hra2e# or 1accor'in* a2#1 ==" ? #e>?

ce7t 8 #


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the He(" 2e*holate :ormation" They are+ i :o)n' in a(2" not incon2t"m? DV n" n "=7 " 7"7 5 in a(2" an' con2t" 51 . a(2" "con2t# l1 W

# con2t" == a77ear2 in . 1 ? o: the ima*e# ()t?W in nii > '!> . 1 o: the ;in*12 :ace# a*ain a77arently anarti:icial'i2tinction" It may (e o(2er=e' that mo2t o: the2e no)n2 are al2o *oo'He(re


175/522

7ertinent ca2e2 in the 7a7yri hi2 Nachtr'*e# 77" .48 " For thetran2la?tion o: A$O 7a7" 8 # 3" I 2ee my note OL 343 5# 8. " Here -e>7re22e2(y a 2in*"# aYyeXoc # c:" .11?1# an' 2o the eaOa>e7 o&et Or >a>e=a=?)t to)to) a::i>e' to the *lo22:rom

7l)2 o: -#


176/522

al2o a :a=orite con2tr)ction in Mi2hna# 2" Be=" at ="1 " Behr" e:t"the)2e o: thi2 =(" in Tar*" on" i # Ni nN1W n n'!># 1the 2hi7


177/522

Del"# !chr" a2 !)m" tri?a;ii# 12er=ant o: Moon1 thi2 'eri=ation i2char?acteri e' (y immern# KAT . 6# a2 1a)22er2t )n2icher"1 In any ca2ethe name ec)tioner21 1()tcher21 i22im7lean' a77ro7riate eno)*h here 2" $r"# citin* )2e o: the root in A;;" 1e>ec)te#1 an' 2o Kon"# Hii1h" Thi2 cor72 i8T *# the latter !yr" )2e o: i2n# 1(e 2hamele22"1 B)t# 'e27iteDr"12ar*)ment :or thi2 mn*"# here S )r*ent i2 not 2tron* eno)*h # the


178/522

)>27:::> 21 ? III Talm" the root mean2 al2o 1(e ener*etic1 Critici2m:rom Dan" that the 2entence t2 i*nore thi2 im7ortanttra'itional =ariation o: 9" H om" 1Daniel"1 @ X.WD 7 L)" Q>? a?

aiXia 1A7t# a77arently a *lo22 to *i=e a rea2ona(le 2)( ect to1a2;e'"1 @ ay Many m22 n? 5# a2 i2 in=aria(ly the r)le :or = 6 =(2" in the

7a?7yri in thi2 ca2e the 27ellin* 5# i2 a re2ol)tion o: the'o)(le .?(eat mea2)re ! .? O the2e metrical 2ection2 2" Int"#J4" 59" The 2aint 7rai2e2 the Name o: Go'# i"e"# Go' in hi22el:?re=elation# :or hi2 omni2cience an' omni7otence# attri()te2re=eale' in h)man hi2tory# =" Hi2 7ohi(ite' in hi27ro=i'ence o=er 1time2 an' 2ea2on2#1 Mo::"# 1e7och2 an' era2#1an' in hi2 2o=erei*n 'etermination o: all 7olitical chan*e2" Inthi2 e>7re22ion lie2 a challen*e to the :atali2m o: the Ba(" a2tralreli*ion# a :eat)re


179/522

=o)ch2a:e2 to 12a*e2 an' *no2tic2"1 The2e *lim72e2 o: hi2 7re?2cience in h)man a::air2 re=eal the :act that


180/522

7a7yri" The title 'i' not ari2e )n'er the in:l)ence o: the $er2"reli*ion#()t the e>i2tent Aram# term (ecame in the )2e o: the $er2" chancellerya remar;a(le reco*nition o: the e22ential content o: the eo*io h otlnc?co " @ 93 iNir a? Not e>cl)2i=e# Dan"an' hi2 :rien'2 alone to (e e>ce7te' :rom the 7enalty# ()t they a27e'ient to 'i2*)i2e notmerelya 27ellin* ()t a 7ron)nciation


181/522

'oc)ment" E=en in the o2tra;on Li' " in'icate2 a Canaani2m in the2ame line he 27ea;2 o: eine Koine# 'ie 2tar; ')rch 'a2 Kanaanai2che(eein:i)22t >" an' comm" e>c" Mar"i*nore or mi2inter7ret thi2 7hra2e e"*"# a:ter oc;"# Mein"# ni2 anem?7hatic re7etition o: 7rece'in* n# an' 2o GB# re:errin* to there')n'ant)2e o: 'e in !yr" Or n i2 ta;en a2 )ia


182/522

53" n ti' C:" :oil" m nD" @ N?1 cn X1? i ? Grr" >ctt7o)2 ""X$1 o Wan' 2o *enerally the 2ame e )i=alent2 el2echan*e2#on *ro)n' that a77ointment 7rece'e2 'i2mi22al OrW re2tore2 corrector'er" A*ain2t M1 5 c:" 11$" "# all e>am7le2 *i=en (y Ka)"# 7" 6 #$o'>7)c7a" @ 4 n no =" 1# E r" :or a(2ence o: 'a*"in:ollo


183/522

l)tion#1 an' in:" 8 ? i1 the =(" 12ol=e ri''le2"1

5." 111W .N !o e''" e>c" Bar" 1O1 # on 2%*ht a)thority"@ 1]T iBet?ter 7er2onal# 1citement" There a77ear2 to (e an incon?cinnity in the term2 o: Arioch12 intro')ction


184/522

:rom re=erence (e:ore Go' cellent note+ An e>7re22ionaa>a 'i' it rea'


185/522

1'i2may#1 ha2 al2o that o: 1h)rry#1 an' 2o here# . ! # an' NHe(" @! nFor na2al 'i22imilation in Aram# 'ialect2# 2" Ka)"# J33# # ( Nol'"#MGJ / Dalm"# Gr" J63# " The 7henomenon i2 2till more 7rono)nce' inthe 7a77"# 2" the no)n2 li2te' A$O 5 5# an' :or the :orm2 o: thi2 =("

" $ In'e>" @ nn tt n A2 a*ain2t Ka)"12 2)**e2tion 7" 36 that theHa:elhere i2 7ro7erly $eal 2" Be=" the Ha:" al2o in the 7a77" For the=ocali?ation# A (orro


186/522

an' e:t" II"# ii" 59# o: the 'ream *o' 2tan'in* 1o=er the hea'1 o:A*a?memnon 2o >>iii# /# etc" @ >in n ?i !in*# (y attraction to:ollo


187/522

.3? 8" The 'ream an' it2 inter7retation" For 'i2c)22ion o:the 2ym(oli2m# 2" Note at en' o: the cha7" .3 " The =" rea'2 =ery%m7in*ly a2 )2)ally tran2late' an' inter7rete'" Both an' ha=e 2im7ler :orm2 ne=erthele22# ! contain2 all the element2 o:3Z" The almo2t )ni=er2al con2tr)ction o: the ="# :ollo O: theGrr"Or alone il # 2i? " a Q?Z? Q>2YiX?r [ ^ tioXXt # ]W e:y"


188/522


on t 2" Coram" - ha2 a((re=iate' :orm# n53 in n'1 > an' con?tin)in* n nt nrr 5t.T it may once ha=e rea' .a 5?,# i"e"# o)r >i i53" @'1W> OAram" in the Nera( In2cr" o: a car=e' 'e2i*n# then o: a12tat)e#12o in A;;"# o: a *o'?ima*e $r" Ara(# anam 1i'ol#1 a2 e7h" tr"it!ym"# a=o7tiW 2tat)a" @ in $ractically in'e:" art"# 2o 1 # ?11# E r"1 2o occa2ionally nn> in He("# e"*"# /1? 11 2" Le>>" 2imilarlytiW in

Helleni2tic Gr" @ 8 V 6? ? 51 i2te# rather than cellent#1 i"e"# 1e>cellin*1 2" Dr"#an' hi2 A''" Note# 7" .5# on the )2e o: thi2 ol' En*li2h traor'inary"1

@ 1 n I"e"# ra1)Urai) c " tt1Ni Uriii 2" Be="# Broc;"# &G i# 7"54."

.5" .." The 'etail2 o: the Ima*e" The Ima*e i2 (loc;e' o)tin :i=e 7art2# the la2t t


189/522

hea' i2 o: :ine *ol' the che2t lit" 1(rea2t21 o: 2il=er i thea('o?

1 C:" Hero'ot)21 acco)nt o: the *ol'en 2tat)e o: Bel at Ba(ylon 2"Note at en'o: cha7# an' Int" to c" ." Com7are the 2tat)e2 o: *ol' an' 2il=er

recor'e' (y $liny#Hi2t# nat"# >>>i=# 3/"

5.5" .. 86

men an' the hi72 o: (ra22# more e>actly (ron e the le*2 o: ironan' the :eet 17artly o: iron# 7artly o: clay?:a(ric1 The


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191/522

9 :" 7lication#=" # that it c" Or$ & 5.. Hi77 ::i


192/522

ne22 o: o2"# A X# 39# # alle*e' (y Cha"# i2 7recario)2# a2 hecom7re22e2the 2tory" @ n! n 1that?o:?not#1 2" at ="11 the 2ame in !yr"# Aram"n!21# i"e"# 1oCiW el h >iXo " Thi2 'o)(let r'*" a77ear2 in -1Q*ro)n' them XoW" The ace" may ha=e (een 27onta?neo)2ly re2tore'"

.8" $l The =ocali ation 'eman'2 a rt" 7n ZZ to rt" 77 in n7in# ()t" Li' "# Altaram"%r;"# 3 #


193/522

:in'2 a month 7iN# 1Tennenmonat1 in hi2 o2tra;on" I re:er to my noteon certain 2econ'ary inten2i=e :ormation2 in the !emitic# in AO!#345 # 77" 8 ?8/# :or a 'i2c)22ion o: BAram" tin# i7y# i'2 an' n)mero)2no)n2# e27" in the Aram"# ( >X: GoW >oO>=2i t "a>o[ # i"e"# r'*" T iH# 2" at ="1 J] i2 'e7en'ent on 9# 1an'too; thema# 5# I# *i=e2 an ori*inal ren'erin* o: the 7a22a*e+ /Xo= T(=> at io=X


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the a::irmation (ein* ma'e in =" 11+ Thoti art the hea' o: *ol'"!o ri*htly the Grr"# the rhetoric olo*y o: the Lor'12 $rayer# Mt" e:" the 2imilar a2cri7tion to the !on o: Man (elo


195/522

here+ actly * e& ir'ar tt o%o= >e=r " B)t the :ir2t con?2tr)ction *i=e2 a (etter clima>" The (ea2t2 o: the :iel' He("

mtiTI HTI# e"*"# Gen" 5 # etc" # 7ro7erly the


196/522


./" !oai om"# con "# con2tr)in* l Toiry _B a2 n O Ken" i/o 83 # - r'*" n nn =oy an' T! a(ro;en con2tr)ction# et omnia in )i(ii2 ha(itant :ilii homin)m et -al2oa con " (e2iiae a*ri iiol)cre2 )o )e coeli 'e'it in man) t)a" iHa77ar"con2tr)e2 n +1 [ " " ! i a2 a 2entence" For the 7hra2e c:" o2" i1c:"=" 1 # Tar*" inN !..# $r" 36 it may (e a He(rai2m" @ nNi Kt"#nil Kr" !o *enerally e>c" N c>7 Kt" an' Kr" 6 c:" Ka)"# J 8# .# i#J33# I# an' Kam7" Nol'" in hi2 re=ie< o: Ka)" e:t" the Ara(# re7re2en?tation o: y 7re22ion 1lo


197/522

mtr 1!arah"1 ! om" HXXr (y ha7l" " 2"="# 1in:eri)2 in:ra te#1 thee>7lanation o:the a'=er(ial :orm (ein* :ir2t *i=en (y Ha=" @ nti 1!7 Kt"# nNnU!nKr"!ee Ka)"# J33# i# (" The chan*e o: U to n in')ce' chan*e o: n to n "

@nnN 5 Re')n'ant# 1yet another1 c:" 6 om"

9" The &" i2 'i::ic)lt


198/522

character o: thi2 cla)2e" @ 1U1 , [tirro1# 2" Ka)"# J # .# a" @ Aten' o:=" X" aei::OT aeirat >aaa ?: yt " Cha" acce7t2 1the t)re1 o:the t


199/522

2traine' item# har'ly a*reein*


200/522

re*ar' 1:l a2 7otter12 1clay#1 com7arin* :ahh'r# e )ally 17otter1ace"to Nol'"# MG 7" 359# n" 5 o: Aram# :ormation an' ori*in # an' 7otter121=lay#1 e" "# Koran# 88# 3. an' 2o )n'er too' the


201/522

=ocali ation 2" Ka)"# J 8# 7" 6 $o>"# e"*"# $re)2chen act)ally :or*in* a ne< mn*"#1 ermalmen#1 :ollo


202/522

2)77lementary an' in2erte' carele22lyW @ .3 h!n E>actly# GreatGo'#12o Grr"# ( 'eh i i a E0# Kran"# Keil# 'En="# Mein"# $r"# ahnc:" He(" ain!># Aram" U 111,7 7nW> # etc"# 1holy Deity#1 al2o $2"/1#.3 i!' Miy>c# B>2C;2' o: the $er2" ;in*2 =" 2)7" at =" " The ar*)?

ment o: Behr"# al"# :or the in'e:inite 1a *reat *o'#1 i2 har'ly 2eemlytoDan"12 )n2ce7tion to thi2'at)m# a2 er" cite2 here the latter re oin2


203/522

ne=er"

" ]1niD X ! W The no)n# al2o in the 7a77"# i2 a ')al# c:" Nol'"#GGA3// # 3934# a*ain2t Ka)"# J88# " ! >aQ "a an e>e*etical 7l)2" @i ' Cha7" . o: al e)to!:acal"e))7toW >)7S i = >" aatX2)i Qt


204/522

/" 4" There i2 an hi2torical 7ro(lem here# a2 to


205/522

a2 the royal chancellery" He 7iytia>a# :rom =" "@ naW? V Forthea77ar" e)*matic )2e c:" r+ [ 3 " nnn hy may ha=e (een a nominal7hra2e# c:# Nin nay 1Tran27otamia#1 >i7ct= >o) 1lo7!'=o) Yle7ciiocal2o the Gr" ol i , l o)ata!a ina Cor?rectly the Grr"# - i= >: $otatXr ":i aCiX # I= >: ot)A ?)oO1 aaC;i c# an'AE " note2 that it


206/522


207/522

cence2 o: the 2tory o: o2e7h" The 2ettin* o: the 2ta*e i2 in'ee' the2ame+the $a*an ;in*12 'ream iety" B)t )nle22


208/522

the Bi(lical treatment o: the mo')2 o7eran'i o: re=elation an'critici2m o:the 'ream ha2 it2 cla22ic e>7re22ion in er" 5. ]" That thi22tory


209/522

Bert# note2 that thi2 2)**e2tion


210/522


211/522

iron"1 In the Cla22ical


212/522

hi2tori2ch


213/522

o: thi2 la2t 2ta*e o: the


214/522

7l)ral 1they 2hall min*le them2el=e2#1 =" 1 =" a' loc # re:er2nece22arily (y7role72i2 to the 2)(2e )ent 1;in*2#1 an' treatin* it im7er2onally"Thi2 con?tention o: Keil12#11 an'er in Ba(ylon#


215/522

etc" A 2imilar =ie< i2 that o: A)(erlen oc;"# 7" /8 #


216/522

ce7tion o: one line o: rationali2tic i'enti:ication


217/522

2tone t2 i2 :o)n' in e


218/522

it2 Millenarian a'herent2 e=er 2ince"?1

11 For the2e =arietie2 o: =ie< 2" CBMich" at =" =Len*"# 77" 4/ :"Kran"# 77"335 " oc;"# 7" // Kna("# 77" 46 "

CHA$TER .# $REFACE 3 4.

CHA$TER ."

THE GOLDEN IMAGE AND THE THREECONFE!!OR!"

i 3?6" Ne(" erect2 a *ol'en i'ol an' re )ire2 that all hi22)( ect2 2hall e2" Bert"# 7" 5 9#call2 attention to the 2tatement o: Dio'or)2 !ic)l)2# ii# 4# con?cernin* the three *ol'en ima*e2 on the to7 o: the Bel)2 tem7le#3.


'e'icate' to e)2# Hera an' Rhea# the :ir2t o:


219/522

Colo22)2 o: 69 c)(it21 hei*ht i2 2)::icient to 2ati2:y the 2ee;er o:reali2m in :iction an' i: thi2 >i=# * ::"# may (e con2)lte' n"(" hi2a22ertion# J3/+ A)'aciae inn)mera 2)nt e>em7la" Mole2 )i77e

e>co*itata2 )i'em)2 2tat)ar)m# )a2 colo22o2 )ocant# t)rri()27are2" Al2o =ery clo2e to o)r 2)( ect?matter i2 Ne2tle12 inter?e2tin* an' ori*inal note# Mar*"# .8# on a *ol'en ima*e o: A7ollo2imilar to that o: the Olym7ian e)2# erecte' (y Antioch)2E7i7hane2 at Da7hnae# a2 recor'e' (y Ammian)2 Marcellin)2#>>ii# 3.# I" Ne2tle hol'2 that thi2 an'er $olyhi2tor# citin*the e


220/522

Thi2 2tartlin* inno=ation may ha=e moti=e' in 7o7)lar tra'i?tion a 2tory o: 2)ch an o)tra*eo)2 action a2 i2 here attri()te'to Ne("

Ace" to Hi77"# ii# 38# the i'ea o: 2)ch an ima*e


221/522

'aean21 2" re::" in Dr"# 7" .8# n" i# an' tr" in L" Gin (er*# Le*?en'2 o: the e


222/522

2 )are o: (ric; con2tr)ction :o)n' in 2it)# 3 metre2 2 )are (y hi*h# i2 the 7e'?e2tal o: Nc("12 ima*e"

1In the matter o: local color thi2 'e'ication ceremony i2 correct atthe 2ame

time 2)ch a ceremony o)c >Ta >ai!eUt To)


223/522

1For the or*ani ation o: the $er2" em7ire 2" Rachan*e the *eo*ra7hicallya77ro=e' 1D)ra1 :or the theory o: 0et 2tein Delit 2ch# e2aia # 693#cite' (y Mar" that the [X" yXcoaaat # 7ro(" a *lo22 to O!12 2)mmary >" 1 ? ,oi[i =" " @1 1l ll 1DWW#1!atra721 :or ori*in 2" Le>>" an' c:" Meyer# GA .# 7t" i# 77" 83 ":or it2tran2literation2" In A;;" the


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l eT7'?iTT t in 5 at 1[ i2 :o)n' aai7a?Kct A )ilanic " /e>actly12atra72"1 For the =ariant )2e o: the a[ # atermo: the $tolemaic a'mini2tration" @ 1 I V # A2 a $er2" o=Ta t" i , >"Y=)::2To)>oW o: the $er2" co)rt# Xeno7hon# Cyro7"# =ii# .# 3 # etc" The


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(e 2)**e2te' that o)r 7er=erte' Nnai re7re2ent2 ni'c)" An'rea21 e>?7lanation o: the # an' Ti2'all# PR 536 :"# 2)**e2t a 7o22i(le ati?7ati1o=erlor'#1 ()t the mn*" i2 too *ran' :or the o::ice" An el'er 'eri=a?tion# e"*"# lEm7"# CBMich"# connecte' it ot a2 here" @ ;h' n';':or 2ynco7e o: ; c:" ;t'! ="11# i''! E r" 1 :or 2imilar ca2e2 in the7a7yri#2" !acha)# A$O 7" 5 ." @ na n The root i2 not otherT aa= o,7oye:7oLQXQ "i=oi )7a==ot Q>eyiXoi# =" # 2eem2 to re7re2ent thein2er?tion o: a ne< ren'erin* o: >nai a2 Nn # 2e=en term2 (ein* th)2achie=e'" The ori*" con'ition o: may a77ear in the 7l)2 o: A io #X" a)=?: O: ac = ol To>'7> t Q "" ta>T >etaa= " @ The :inal 1 n Di7nn i2" *i=en (y !# omitte' (y 9# 2)77lie' (y OrC 5 3 6 ha=e a 'o)(le*lo22"The three:ol' occ)rrence o: thi2 7hra2e


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it i2 (etter to :ollo< the e=i'ence o: an' 8"

?6" $roclamation i2 ma'e (y the royal heral' that at the:an:are o: the orche2tra all 7re2ent# @ a2 e>7re22e' in 'i7lomaticlan*)a*e Ha=" # @ all nation2# tri(e2# ton*)e2 2hall :all 'o in2tr)ment2 t" . not 7 GB e:t" >7'a>2!o= U Tar*" Nicon2 al2o n"h#N.aD# &" # an' 11W 1"W[ K7T >a" For a t c " nn >a7ao2 i 1 1 nnW "an' n"h" $hoen" i'' He(" lar Li' "# NE 5 / " The innU1 For the 2tron* :orm 2"Ka)"#


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Gr"# 7" 45# n" I# J88# 8 in !yr" the 2ame# nc' 1# alon* oLThe (a2i2 o: the :ollo


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&" The :ir2t re::" to the 2ym7hony a2 an in2tr)ment act)ally occ)r inanec'ote2 o: Antioch)2 E7i7hane21 li:e# $oly(" >>=i# 39# an' >>>i# #cite' at len*th (y Dr"# accor'in* to =" 58# )):ii7co=:a# Ba*7i7e#1 ar*)e' :or thi2 mn*" G"F"Moore re7lie'# BL 3498# 3 ?368# 'enyin* the e>i2tence o: ancienta)thority :or thi2 tra'ition" Barry co)ntere' in BL 349/# 44?356"!ome ha=e 2)**e2te' that the Gr" at1y


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N% an' Ara(# i# Nil+# e"*"# a 2imilar ca2e in He("# E>" 5 # an' 2" in*eneralGK J3 # I" Ho" i thecommon!yr" n'12in al2o 2o na?> )" " @ r1W 1?1 !o 7Niin =" in allotherca2e2 Kt" 7re2er=e2 ori*" y# ?ytn 2" Ka)"# J33# i# (" @ 7ni>i7 i! nAl2o" The 7hra2e 1eat the 7iece2 o:#1 i"e"# 1*na< at1 Behr" e:t" Lat"

ro'ere hence 1cal)mniate# 2yco7hanti e a*ain2t"1 Thi2 inter7retationi2 :ar more li;ely than that o::ere' (y Le72i)2 in Der Chri2tl"Orient#3/46# 385 cite' (y Mar" to the e::ect that the 7hra2e mean2 to eatthe ta(le 7ortion2 a22i*ne' to a ma*nate12 client an' 2o to re7lacehimin the *reat man12 :a=or" The 7hra2e i2 ancient A;;" an' >"# e27" GB" N"(" !yr" N!i71WoN

. ? 1 598

( !t'$oXo " I note that the 7hra2e ha2 2)r=i=e' in the criminal ar*oto: $ari2# ace" to &ictor H)*o in hi2 'i22ertation on that 2)( ect inLe2Mi2era(le2# $art # B;" 6# c" 5 1man*er le morcea)1 1'enoncer"1 Forthe antici7ati=e 7ron" (e:ore the :oil" *en" a )2a*e a77arentlyi*nore'(y Ka)"# Mar" 2" Nol'"# !G J598# C" For 1 9# =ar" 1ii or 1 R Tar*"2" Bar" @ 4" nDNi ty B al" om"# Or ?c (ToXa hy? 2 A )Tro a?X =T2[ 12)(ornin*1 2l>a=" @ 39" oi 1 !o correctly m22# al2oMich"#


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He(rai in*# 1" @ 1U W Denotation other


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they a'mit that he may not inter:ere# ()t ne=erthele22 they


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3" 398" !imilar i2 the He(" nr nc# Aram"# n nn# 2)7" 5 1# etc" InTar*"#!yr" thi2 com(ination contin)e2 in mann)# etc" :or thi2 em7ha2i in*)2eo: enclitic M attache' to =ario)2 7art2 o: 27eech# 2" Nol'"# !G J553Dalm"# G&" J34" @ 7.+aTi\1 i !" Le>>" :or thi2 :orm o: A;;" ori*in#

rt" 5r "In He(" .iy 1lea=e alone#1 an' 2o in !tem I o: A;;"# ()t in HI# i#ii2e i(# it ha2 the 2en2e o: 1lettin* *o#1 an' 2o 1'eli=erin*#2a=in*"1 Thi2'e=elo7ment e>7lain2 the 'i::ic)lty enco)ntere' in the la< o: E>" 5. +1I: tho) 2ee2t thy enemy12 a22 cro)chin* )n'er hi2 ()r'en# tho) 2haltre:rain :rom lea=in* him alone1 1[1W 1W+ 1W there :ollo


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. 1 594

ay ainn 5 2imilarly 5Y : in He("


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3


the army ec)tioner2# =" " The Con:e22or2

them2el=e2 7re22e' =ery 7o2iti=ely (y Torrey# Note2#I# 5 # an' at len*th (y M" !7ren*lin*# A !L .6# 3.5?3.8"

34" ""U1 For thi2 =2" #W =" 1# etc"# the )2)al con2tr)ct :orm# (yanar(itrary 'i2tinction# 2" on i!' 5 1> here 1:a2hion# c)t#1 o: the:ace"In 8 # etc"# I1"1 in 7i" i2 2o )2e' # )2e' o: heatin* (ath2 inTar*"#Talm" :or 2ynco7e o: n 2" on nh' ="?" @ 1 yy in I"e"# 3X6 thi2m)l?ti7licati=e e>7re22ion i2 :o)n' in an A$O 7a7" i# I# .# : !> nn 1atho)2an'time2"1 I :in' it al2o in !yr" in *U to thi2 (;" at ii ? #


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remini2cence o: recitation o: m)lti7lication ta(le2 2" Hil7recht# BE59#

34?5. 533

7t" I# 77" 3 "# :or Ba(" m)lti7lication ta(le2# >":or2imilar )2e2 o: n>i" H Con2iie)erat i2 7ractically e )i=alent# a'o7te'(yG E&&+ 1it "inKa)"# I"e" The 2ame :ormation in 2tron* =(2" a77ear2 2i> time2 in A$O#2" 7" 569# all


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1helmet#1 :o)n' in the Na;J?i?R)2tam In2cr" o: Dari)2 I# J.0ei22(ach#Die Keilin2chri:ten 'er Achae:neni'en# /4 # al2o in late A;;" te>t2 a27ro(" 1hat21 Mei22ner# !)77lement# 89 " 0ith thi2 a*ree2 the mn*" inTalm" an' !yr"# 1ca71 an' 1coc;12 com(#1 a2 imitatin* the 7ointe'$er2"

ca7" O77crt# on Dari)21 in2cr"# Recor'2 o: the $a2t# !er" i# i># 6 #con?necte' the Archaeolo*o2 c" 3/9 a"'" e'" Be;;er# =ii# 8/ + Ile7a >ii=!oaMe'ian )77er *arment >al '=a )7; le*?*ear >al >t'7a# r = >otl>)7 aa(= >aXoOat" $oll)># en2)ite# cite2 the 7oet Anti7hane2# oXa:# a>IXeat# Tta7ott" Coo; i*nore2thi2 2)(2tantiation o: l 12 or'er" @ B)t the tra'ition2 o: the &!!ha=ecom7licate' the 'e:inition2 o: the term2" ! ha2 only tata#Tta7at all three# aa7' a7ot# >ti7at# 6+27t>=T8 i#S. [ H hraccae#iiarae# calceamenta - al2o the three# the :ir2t t


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1ca71 or 1mitre#1 2o a*reein* t o: H may (e =in'icate' :rom the &!! an'the r'*2" o: the latter e>7laine'" @ The hi2tory o: inter7retation o:2ar?(elah may 'e2er=e 7artic)lar notice" 912 2ara(ara 7laine'(y !)i'a2 a2 a $er2" *arment# an' it


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(e com7are'" In 7a77" ,,?ii !yr" a77ear2" @ For the Gr" te>t2 o:=="V5(" 5. # in:ra" @ & 1 Rt" 71 D# 2" Ka)"# J # (" For the7ro*re22i=e a2?2imilation o:


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the ;no


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.5 ?.9 536

7a7" /# 33" " 5. ()t 5 i2 2)77orte' (y 812 inter7retation" C8 herean'&" ol 4 Xoc# c:" 81 e>al7ot :or in)oi i # i"e"# a2 :rom UWW1a22ociate"1

The (enai lea=eW#&" !)=iia>at# >)7a==ot# 1 )i)aTot" d2m* a2 N iinn 1lea'er2#1attri()te' to attri()tion 7ro7erly )e2tione' # an etymolo*y a2

tho)*h :rom i.t 2o Fiel' the tr" may (e A "12 an' 2o !a"# ;m oOaat >" aatX a ) i#=o)=> L = a)>"# the com7lement OrC in the re=i?2ion o: 9 the :a)lt aro2e :rom ha7lo*" o: i[ 6, ="? # an' nh =" "

58" ? W 1 i 1 >i & ' X" e;e= 7aa" He>" 7l)2 ,l< eyci"In te>t2 B 2ol)2 ha2 !e Rom" e'"# !!e !7cOeii el>e=>" :!oiey' " O: the2e


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IUnWN na literatim ! ayy Xo) Oeoi Sc:" =" 1 A " )1tiT O2oG T:ilio Dei !ym" on er"12 a)thority Qo7iota )1l


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t2 a'' ane>ten2i=e 7l)2 at en'# mo2t o: them


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# 3# # an' in 2horter :orm#in hi2 Chronicle only 7re2er=e' in Armenian 2" e'" !choene#I# 5 the :ormer te>t al2o in Miiller# Fra*" hi2t# *r"# # 5/5 "E)2e(i)2 2ay2+ I :o)n' al2o in the (oo; o: A(y'en)2 on theA22yrian2 the :ollo


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o(2er=e' an' =ario)2ly a77reciate' (y 2t)'ent2" One i2 the


oracle recei=e' on the roo: o: the 7alace# the other the 7an2ion o: the le*en'amon*the e


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CHA$TER # $REFACE 55.

re''it am(i*))m a)t o(2c)r)m# in'icate2 that he reco*ni e'a 'i::ic)lty ()t co)l' not relie=e it" !ome


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C" .# .3?.. C" # 3?. " The encyclical e7i2tle i2 intro')ce'oi#a:re " 7hra2e in Gr" Bi(le# 2" Thayer# Le>"# 2"=" a? 1 2lo= :or re::" @ ay i 1A2 Torrey ha2 o(2er=e'# Com7o2ition an' Date o: Act2# ./# thi2 i'iomocc)r2 in hi2 Cilician Aram# in2cri7tion S AO! .8# .69 # in !yr"# an'al2o i2 re7re2ente' in the Gr" o: Act2 3 # 38 i2 2imilarly )2e'inHe("# e"*"# Dt" 3 " @ m7 lor # the 7hra2e in Act2 :orthe7re7" 2" 5 ? " @ .." rW The 2ame a'=" in !yr"# e"*"# $e2h" Mt" 6c:"2imilar W in He("@ om" :or (re=ity 1hi2 2i*n2#1 1hi2


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rhymin*" All the cla22e2 o: the


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!1? ?# in all # al2o in a 7a7" in A$# no" /3# 3" 338" All other ca2e2 in

7a77#ha=e ?no" @ 7yi The *reen tree i2 :i*)re o: 7ro27erity# :or theri*hteo)2 $2" 45 8?# :or the " 2"=", in Ra((" alon* t2 2" 7" ! li2t2 the>Uii[nn


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there i2 no trace o: it in 8" a)=e>ci7a a=# i"e"# a2 a =(" nnin#


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Man" The e< here 27ea;2


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an' (y L)"# *rammatically con2tr)in* in ace" 7i" )TO2# )7i1a" There i2 no rea2on to amen' theten'e' 'i2c)22ion o: the


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!o Bar# 2" hi2 note Gin" om" 'a*e2h the 2ame =ariation in =" " Forn!' 2" at 5 " Bert# ri*htly note2 that - al2o B 'i2tinctly *i=e2 thetr)e inter7retation# 1:oo' :or all e*etical 1an' holy#1 to 2ec)re the

5.5 A COMMENTARY ON DANIEL

i'enti:ication

the book of daniel montgomery

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