Monday 26th Feb 2018

The Body – Anatomy and Physiology

Lesson 4 – Skeletal System

Functions and Structure

Muscular System

Muscular System

Skeletal System Extension – What

are the roles of

tendons, cartilage

and ligaments?

Skeletal System Extension – What

are the roles of

tendons, cartilage

and ligaments?

Skeletal System

Extension – What are the roles of tendons, cartilage

and ligaments?

Tendons – Are found on either end of the muscles

and connect them to bones. When the muscles

contract (shorten) it pulls on the tendons which pull

the bones to move.

Cartilage – Are found between the bones inside the

joints. They are cushions which stop the bones

rubbing together.

Ligaments – Are found at joints. They connect bones

together and prevent them

1) moving the incorrect way, and

2) coming away from each other (dislocation)

Circulatory System

R LExtension –

What is

cardio-

hypertrophy?

Circulatory System

Extension –

What is

cardio-

hypertrophy?

Circulatory System

Extension

What is cardio-hypertrophy?

Cardiac hypertrophy is the enlargement/ thickening of the

heart walls as a result of training. The heart is a muscle,

so once trained through aerobic exercise for a prolonged

period of time, it becomes bigger and stronger just like

any other muscle.

As a result the heart

becomes more efficient

as it can pump more

blood per beat (increased

stroke volume) and

therefore it doesn’t

have to beat as much

(decreased heart rate).

Respiratory System Extension – how

and where does

the oxygen enter

the blood stream?

Respiratory System Extension – how

and where does

the oxygen enter

the blood stream?

Respiratory System

Extension – how and where does the oxygen enter the

blood stream?

The air passes from the nose/ mouth down to the

lungs and into the bronchioles.

At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called

alveoli.

Surrounding each are capillaries (tiny blood vessels).

The walls between the

alveoli and the capillaries

are only one cell thick

which means the oxygen

and carbon dioxide can

pass through easily

(diffusion)

The structure and functions of the musculo-skeletal system

Learning objectives

To be able to describe the functions of the skeleton.

To be able to recognise and label a skeleton.

To understand the different joint classifications.

To be able to describe and analyse the different types of joint movements and how they are used during sporting movements.

To be able to label the voluntary muscles in our body

To explain the term ‘antagonist pair’ and provide examples

Bones

The adult skeleton has 206 bones and provides the framework for all movement.

Bone names

Cranium

Vertebral column

Head/Neck joint

Bone names

Scapula

Humerus

Shoulder joint

Bone names

Ribs

Sternum

Chest region

Bone names

Humerus

Radius

Elbow region

Ulna

Bone names

Femur

Pelvis

Hip joint

Bone names

Patella

Tibia

Knee joint

Femur

Bone names

Fibula

Tibia

Ankle joint

Talus

The skeleton performs many functions in the body -

3. Movement – Muscles are attached to the bones and once contracting allows movement.

2. Protection –The skeleton protects delicate parts of the body (organs)

1. Support –The skeleton supports the muscles.

5. Mineral storage – vital minerals such as Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones.

Functions of the skeleton

4. Structural shape and points for muscle attachment – The skeleton gives us our shape/size and creates levers.

6. Blood cell production –blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

It gives the body support, enabling us to stand. The bones of the body are held together by ligaments.

The skeleton provides a framework for the muscles, which are attached to bones by tendons.

1. Support

Bone=?

Joint=?

Bone=?

Bone=?

Muscle=?

Some of our body parts, such as the brain, are very delicate and need protection.

Bones can protect body parts from impactsand injuries.

2. Protection

Which bone/s protect the following major organs –

Brain –

Heart –

Lungs –

Spinal Cord -

Cranium

Sternum/Ribs

Ribs, Scapula

Vertebrae Column

Bones come together at joints which is where movement occurs.

Muscles are firmly attached to bones via tendons forming levers to allow for sporting movements. The shape and type of the bones determine the amount of movement that occurs For example-Short bones in fingers enable finer controlled movements Long bones in arms and legs enable gross movement

3. Movement

The skeleton acts as a framework and gives the body its shape.the skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles – when muscles contract they pull the bones

4. Structural Shape & Muscle Attachment

The minerals in your bones serve two main functions.

Minerals transform spongy bone matrix into a rigid structure

and in turn increase density and strength.

Your bones also function as a mineral storage depot,

releasing dissolved calcium, phosphorus and magnesium

into your bloodstream if needed.

5. Mineral Storage

6. Blood cell productionThe ends of long bones and some other bones including the ribs, humerus, femur and even vertebrae bones, contain red bone marrow.

This is where the red blood cells are produced which carry oxygen.

A joint is….

“A joint is a place where two or more bones meet”

Structure of the skeleton

The skeletal system has a number of joints which are responsible for the huge range of movement.

There are several different types of joint in the body which allow different types of movement.

We are concerned with freely moveable joints OR Synovial Joints

Bones are divided into a number of different categories all with different roles in the body.

Structure of the skeleton

Type Description Example Function

Long Long thin shape FemurHumerusTibiaMetatarsals etc

Responsible for a lot of movement – act as levers.Red Blood Cell production.

Short Light, small and very strong

Carpals in the wristTarsals in the foot

Support lots of weight and allow balance

Flat Thin flat bones – lot of surface area

ScapulaCranium PelvisSternum

Protection of organs/delicate body parts, large surfacearea allow large connection for musclesIrregular Specially shaped for

a particular purpose

VertebraePatella

Homework – in books – TITLE – Synovial Joints

1) What is a Synovial Joint?

2) Draw an image of a typical synovial joint and label the key features including - Bone, Synovial Membrane, Synovial Fluid, Joint Capsule, Cartilage and Ligament.

3) List at least 5 synovial joints found in the body and for each list the bones which form the joint.