The bodily structure of a plant or an animal or of any of its parts.

Consists of 206 bones, of which almost ½ are in our hands and feet

Although bones are rigid, the skeleton as a whole is very flexible and allows a wide range of movement

Skeletal muscles attach to our skeleton

It also protects vital organs

Each bone is made up of: ◦ A hard compact exterior

◦ A spongy, lighter interior

◦ The long bones of the arms and legs contain bone marrow

◦ Made up of Calcium, Phosphorus and collagen

◦ Female bones are smaller and lighter than male, and the female pelvis is shallower and wider.

Long Bones Longer than wide Function as levers during body movement Eg, Humerous, radius, ulna

Short Bones

Somewhat cubed shaped

Found in confined spaces where they transfer force

Eg. Carpals, tarsals.

Flat Bones: Broad, dense surface For muscle attachment Protection for vital organs eg.. Cranium, ribs, pectoral girdle

Irregular Bones

Varied shape

Used for muscle attachment and movement

Eg. Vertebrae, Skull, Pelvis

Support ◦ Rigid framework,

which tissues and organs are attached to.

Protection ◦ Skull and Vertebrae –

brain and CNS

◦ Rib Cage – Heart, lungs, spleen

◦ Pelvis – Pelvis Viscera – colon, reproductive organs etc.

Body Movements ◦ Skeletal muscles

attach to bone ◦ Bones act as levers

for movement

Mineral Storage ◦ Calcium and

Phosphorus – rigidity ◦ Calcium for muscle

contraction, blood clotting

◦ Potassium used for DNA

◦ If diet does not provide these minerals, the body takes from the bones

Hemopoiesis ◦ Red bone marrow

produces WBC, RBC and Platelets in adults

◦ 1 Million RBC’s are produced every second, to replace the ones worn out and destroyed by the liver.

Cranial bones – are firmly attached to each other to enclose and protect the brain and sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, mouth)

Facial bones – form the face and support the teeth. The facial bones with the exception with the mandible, are firmly interlocked together.

The skull contains several cavities to lessen the weight of the skull. They are called sinuses

The Hyoid and ear ossicles are not considered part of the skull, but are within the axial skeleton.

There are 8 cranial bones ◦ Frontal

◦ Parietal

◦ Temporal

◦ Occipital

◦ Sphenoid

◦ Ethmoid

There are 14 Facial Bones ◦ Maxilla

◦ Palatine

◦ Zygomatic

◦ Lacrimal

◦ Nasal

◦ Inf. Nasal Conch

◦ Vomer

◦ Mandible

Maxilla ◦ Forms the upper jaw

and supports the teeth

Nasal ◦ Small rectangular

bones that join to form the bridge of the nose

◦ Common facial injuries include fractures of these bones (broken nose)

Mandible ◦ Only movable bone of

the skull

◦ Supports 16 teeth

Hyoid ◦ U-shaped bone

located in the neck just superior to the larynx (voice box)

◦ It is suspended by muscles and ligaments

◦ Several neck and tongue muscles attach to the hyoid

Has two main functions ◦ Serves as a protective

surrounding for the spinal cord

◦ Forms the supporting backbone of the skeleton

Consists of 24 separated and differently shaped bones, with a curved triangular bone (sacrum) at the bottom. At the end, there is a small tail like structure, called the coccyx.

Between each pair of vertebrae is a disc of cartilage that cushions the bones during movement.

The top 2 vertebrae are called the ◦ Atlas – rotates

around the stout vertical peg of the Axis. This allows the skull to move freely up and down and side to side.

1. Support the head and upper extremities while allowing free movement

2. Provides attachment for muscles, ribs

3. Encloses and protects the spinal cord and allows passage of the spinal nerves

Cervical Vertebrae ◦ 7 vertebrae

◦ Flexible framework for head and neck

◦ Atlas and axis location

◦ Nodding of the head

Thoracic Vertebrae ◦ 12 Vertebrae

◦ Serves as attachment of ribs and form the posterior anchor of rib cage

Lumbar Vertebrae ◦ 5 vertebrae

◦ Heavy bones

◦ Allows attachment of powerful back muscles

Sacrum ◦ 4-5 fused vertebrae

◦ Fused at age of 26

◦ Strong foundation for the pelvic girdle

Coccyx ◦ Otherwise known at

the tailbone

◦ 4-5 fused vertebrae.

Clavicle

Aka, collar bone

Most common fractured bone in the body.

Usually from a blow to shoulder or fall

Scapula

Aka, shoulder blade

Large, triangular flat bone lays posterior over the rib cage

15 muscles attach to it

Anterior View Posterior View

Consists of the Sternum – Long flat

bony plate Ribs ◦ True Ribs (1-7) ◦ False Ribs (8-10) ◦ Floating Ribs (11-12)

Costal cartilage Thoracic vertebrae –

attachment to form the rib cage

Manubrium – shield like plate

Xiphoid Process – tip at bottom

Formed by 2 hip bones (Os Coxa) united with the symphysis pubis (anterior) and the sacrum (posterior)

Supports weight of body

Supports and protects lower internal organs

Aka, Arms and hands

Consists of 60 bones

Upper arm

Lower arm

Hands

Bones of importance

Humerus (2)

Ulna (2)

Radius (2)

Carpals (16)

Metacarpals (10)

Phalanges (28)

Anatomical position 27 bones 37 muscles Connected by tendons

Consists of 60 bones ◦ Femur (2) – largest

and heaviest bone of the body

◦ Patella (2) – develops in response to strain in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

Tibia – articulates proximally with femur at knee joint to bear weight of the body

Fibula – long, narrow bone that is used for muscle attachment, not support

Anatomical Position

26 bones 33 muscles More than 100 ligaments

Using all that you know, you are going to 1. Create, Floyd – a

partner created, hang from the ceiling, full skeleton.