The BloodThe Blood

Blood FunctionsBlood Functions Transport oxygen, Transport oxygen,

and nutrients to and nutrients to body tissuesbody tissues

Remove CO2 and Remove CO2 and metabolic wastes metabolic wastes from body tissuesfrom body tissues

Regulates bodies Regulates bodies Ph levels and ion Ph levels and ion concentrationsconcentrations

Maintenance of Maintenance of body temp (absorbs body temp (absorbs and distributes and distributes heat)heat)

Restriction of fluid Restriction of fluid loss at injury sites loss at injury sites (initiates the (initiates the clotting process)clotting process)

Defense against Defense against toxins and toxins and pathogens pathogens White Blood Cells White Blood Cells

(WBC) fight (WBC) fight infectionsinfections

Antibodies fight Antibodies fight specific pathogens specific pathogens or organismsor organisms

Blood CompositionBlood Composition

Plasma: Liquid part Plasma: Liquid part of bloodof blood Slightly thicker than Slightly thicker than

waterwater Formed Elements:Formed Elements:

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells PlateletsPlatelets

Formed Elements Formed Elements (RBC/Erythrocytes(RBC/Erythrocytes))

Biconcave disks (see Biconcave disks (see pic.)pic.)

Contain HemoglobinContain HemoglobinHeme: Contains iron Heme: Contains iron

and binds O2and binds O2Globin: Binds CO2Globin: Binds CO2

Most abundant of the Most abundant of the formed elementsformed elements

4.8 million/mm3 of 4.8 million/mm3 of blood in femalesblood in females

5.4 million/mm3 of 5.4 million/mm3 of blood in malesblood in males

Formed Elements: RBCFormed Elements: RBC

Live 120 daysLive 120 daysWear and tear of transportWear and tear of transport

Erythropoeisis is the formation Erythropoeisis is the formation of RBC’s (within RED Bone of RBC’s (within RED Bone Marrow)Marrow)

Broken down in spleen and liverBroken down in spleen and liverIf destruction and creation aren’t If destruction and creation aren’t

equal = Anemiaequal = Anemia

Iron Deficient AnemiaIron Deficient Anemia

Anemic Blood Normal Blood

Formed Elements: RBCFormed Elements: RBC

Hemoglobin:Hemoglobin:Broken into heme and bilirubin (yellow Broken into heme and bilirubin (yellow

pigment)pigment)Jaundice: Can’t metabolize and excrete Jaundice: Can’t metabolize and excrete

bilirubin efficiently.bilirubin efficiently.Get a build up of yellow pigment within the Get a build up of yellow pigment within the

bodies tissues (skin and eyes primarily)bodies tissues (skin and eyes primarily)

JaundiceJaundice

Icterus: Jaundice of Sclera

Formed Elements: White Blood Formed Elements: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)Cells (Leukocytes)

Six different types Six different types of leukocytesof leukocytes

All function to All function to protect the body protect the body against infection against infection (immune system)(immune system)

Produced in the Produced in the White Bone MarrowWhite Bone Marrow

Formed Elements: WBCFormed Elements: WBC

Leukocytes are destroyed and Leukocytes are destroyed and replaced dailyreplaced daily

5-10 thousand/mm3 of blood 5-10 thousand/mm3 of blood (normal)(normal)

>10,000 = Infection>10,000 = InfectionLeukemia is an excess in WBCLeukemia is an excess in WBC

<5,000 = Leucopenia (can’t fight <5,000 = Leucopenia (can’t fight infections)infections)

Formed Elements: Platelets Formed Elements: Platelets (thrombocytes)(thrombocytes)

Membrane bound particles that Membrane bound particles that house enzymes for clotting. house enzymes for clotting.

Formed Elements: PlateletsFormed Elements: Platelets

Number: 250-400,000/mm3 of bloodNumber: 250-400,000/mm3 of bloodProduction: Red bone marrowProduction: Red bone marrowStructure: Disc shaped with no Structure: Disc shaped with no

nucleusnucleusFunction: Blood clottingFunction: Blood clottingLifespan: 5-9 daysLifespan: 5-9 days

Formed ElementsFormed Elements

HematocritHematocrit

The percentage of The percentage of a blood sample a blood sample that is made up of that is made up of formed elementsformed elements 46% in men46% in men 42% in women42% in women Upwards of 55% in Upwards of 55% in

athletes who are athletes who are blood dopingblood doping

Hemostasis/Blood ClottingHemostasis/Blood Clotting

3 Phases3 PhasesVascular Phase: Vascular spasms at the Vascular Phase: Vascular spasms at the

site of injurysite of injuryLasts for 30 minuets after injuryLasts for 30 minuets after injuryBlood vessels constrict (restrict blood flow)Blood vessels constrict (restrict blood flow)Platelets begin releasing local hormones Platelets begin releasing local hormones

causing endothelial cells at injury site to causing endothelial cells at injury site to become stickybecome sticky

Spasm is a reflex triggered by pain Spasm is a reflex triggered by pain receptors at injury site receptors at injury site

HemostasisHemostasis

Platelet Phase:Platelet Phase:Platelets begin to stick to endothelial Platelets begin to stick to endothelial

and collagen fibers exposed by wound and collagen fibers exposed by wound More and more platelets arrive and stick More and more platelets arrive and stick

together forming a “platelet plug” (not a together forming a “platelet plug” (not a clot yet)clot yet)

Begins within 15 seconds of injuryBegins within 15 seconds of injury

HemostasisHemostasis

Coagulation Phase:Coagulation Phase:Begins 30 seconds after injuryBegins 30 seconds after injuryFibrinogen within plasma is formed into Fibrinogen within plasma is formed into

insolubleinsoluble fibrin. fibrin.Fibrin forms into “mesh-like” network Fibrin forms into “mesh-like” network

that catches passing blood cells and that catches passing blood cells and platelets.platelets.Blood Clot is formedBlood Clot is formed

Blood Clot FormationBlood Clot Formation

Clotting DiseasesClotting Diseases

Hemophilia:Hemophilia:Inherited diseaseInherited diseaseLack of clotting factors (chemicals)Lack of clotting factors (chemicals)Blood cannot clot properlyBlood cannot clot properly

Clotting DiseasesClotting Diseases

Sickle Cell Anemia:Sickle Cell Anemia: Production of Production of

abnormal abnormal hemoglobin,hemoglobin, resulting resulting in “sickle” shaped in “sickle” shaped red blood cellsred blood cells

Low oxygen carrying Low oxygen carrying capacitycapacity

Most predominant in Most predominant in African AmericansAfrican Americans

RBC tangle together RBC tangle together and form clots within and form clots within the bodythe body

Blood TypingBlood Typing

Blood type is determined by Blood type is determined by ANTIGENS on the surface of RBC’s.ANTIGENS on the surface of RBC’s.Blood type refers to antigens that are on Blood type refers to antigens that are on

your RBC’syour RBC’sThere are over 50 surface antigensThere are over 50 surface antigensWe predominantly use 3We predominantly use 3

AABBRh factorRh factor

Blood TypingBlood Typing

Surface AntigensSurface AntigensIf you have an antigen on your RBC’c If you have an antigen on your RBC’c

you do not have the antibody.you do not have the antibody.Ex. Type A: Ex. Type A:

Has A antigensHas A antigensDoes not have B antigensDoes not have B antigensDoes not have A antibodiesDoes not have A antibodiesDoes have B AntibodiesDoes have B Antibodies

Antigens are on RBC’s, antibodies Antigens are on RBC’s, antibodies are in the plasmaare in the plasma

Blood TypingBlood Typing

If both antibodies and antigens are If both antibodies and antigens are present present agglutinationagglutination occurs. occurs.This is the “clumping” of blood when the This is the “clumping” of blood when the

antibodies and antigens combine.antibodies and antigens combine.Ex. Type A blood has A antigens, if Ex. Type A blood has A antigens, if

combined with type B blood or AB blood, combined with type B blood or AB blood, agglutination occurs because type B blood agglutination occurs because type B blood has type B antigens.has type B antigens.

Blood TypingBlood Typing

Type A Blood:Type A Blood:

Type B Blood:Type B Blood:

Type AB Blood: Universal receiver (no Type AB Blood: Universal receiver (no antibodies to cause agglutination.antibodies to cause agglutination.

Type O Blood: Universal donor (no Type O Blood: Universal donor (no antigens for receivers antibodies to antigens for receivers antibodies to agglutinate with)agglutinate with)

Blood TypingBlood Typing

Rh factor: Rh factor: Rh– :no antibodies unless previously Rh– :no antibodies unless previously

exposed to Rh factor through injection, exposed to Rh factor through injection, pregnancy, etc…pregnancy, etc…If mom has a second Rh+ baby, second If mom has a second Rh+ baby, second

baby’s blood will agglutinate as a result of baby’s blood will agglutinate as a result of mom’s Rh antibodies, which were formed mom’s Rh antibodies, which were formed when mom was exposed to her first child’s when mom was exposed to her first child’s Rh+ blood.Rh+ blood.

Cannot cross Rh- and Rh+Cannot cross Rh- and Rh+

Blood TypingBlood Typing

Type A: 40%Type A: 40%Type B: 10%Type B: 10%Type AB: 4%Type AB: 4%Type O: 46%Type O: 46%Rh+ : 85%Rh+ : 85%Rh- : 15%Rh- : 15%

What are the overall most common and What are the overall most common and least common blood types???least common blood types???