The Birth of Philippine Nationalism

Table of ContentsWhat is Nationalism?The Road to NationalismFrailocracyThe Secularization MovementVisitation ControversyPedro Pelaez1872Carlos Maria de la TorreGomBurZaLa Algarada Caviteña

What is Nationalism?Coined by Johann Gottfried von Herder (nationalismus) during the late 1770s.Involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms.The belief that the state is of primary importance, or the belief that one state is naturally superior to all other states.It emphasizes collective identity - a 'people' must be autonomous, united, and express a single national culture.

The Road to Nationalism

There are many events that contributed to the rise of nationalism in the Philippines.Most of these events are either national or international that affected the Philippines. These are:

The different rebellions in the Philippines British Occupation of the Philippines The rise of Nationalism in America and Europe Latin American War of Independence Spanish Constitution of 1812 Carlist Wars of Spain Age of Enlightenment Industrial Revolution Scientific Revolution

Revolts in the Philippines

For 300 years, Spanish authorities in the Philippines had to quell numerous revolts in the Philippines.Most of these revolts are caused by the following:Personal reasonsInstitutional reasonsReligious reasons

Revolts due to Personal ReasonsThis type of revolts are reactions against their disenfranchisement of their political and economic powers in the community.Others simply do not like the Spaniards and only by rebelling can they regain their goals.Most of these type of rebellions are lead by former datus, rajahs, and babaylans.Sometimes, even gobernadorcillos and cabeza de barangays led some of these rebellions.

ExamplesFrancisco DagohoyDiego and Gabriela SilangJuan dela Cruz PalarisRajah SulaymanPedro LadiaDagamiMagalatPedro AlmazanTondo Conspiracy or Conspiracy of the Maharlikas

Institutional ReasonsThis type of rebellion are mostly a reaction against institutions imposed by Spain in the Philippines.The reasons of this type of rebellions are: Land Taxation Bandala Encomendero Polo y servicio

Examples

Juan Ponce Sumuroy (polo y servicio)Francisco Maniago (polo y sevicio & bandala)Andres Malong Kapampangan Revolt (encomendero)Ambaristo Revolt (taxation of basi)Dingras and Cagayan Revolts (taxation)

Religious ReasonsThis type of rebellion is a reaction against Roman Catholicism.The main causes of this rebellion are mainly of the monopoly of Roman Catholicism in the matters of faith and the abolition of the old ways and customs of the native Filipinos.The babaylans were the primary leaders of these rebellions, later on even laymen who were reacting against the Roman Catholic Church.

Examples

Tamblot (babaylan)Bangkaw and Pagali (old practices)Tapar (old practices)Isneg resistance (Mandaya revolt)Igorot resistanceMuslim resistanceApolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule)

Why Did These Rebellions Fail?There was no unity within the community.These revolts were mainly due to emotional extremes without proper planning or execution whatsoever.The aims and objectives of these rebellions were personal or regional in nature NOT national.There was no lingua franca – a common language that unites the population.Most of these rebellions end with a betrayal, death of the leader, or violently subdued by Spanish authorities.

The British Occupation of the Philippines

The British Occupation of the Philippines was part of the British Campaign against Spain during the Seven Year’s War.The British was successful in occupying Manila, Cavite, parts of Ilocos and Cagayan.

The Signing of the American Declaration of IndependenceIndependence Hall

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

American Revolution

The US Declaration of Independence

Signed by the Representatives of the 13 colonies in the America.

The Storming of the BastilleJuly 14, 1789

French Revolution

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the

Citizen

Louis XVIExecuted by guillotine on 21

January 1793.

He was the only king of France ever to be executed.

Latin American War of Independence

Lasted from 18th and early 19th centuries.Haiti became the first colony to rebel against France and became independent in 1804.Soon after, Mexico, Brazil and the rest of South America gradually gained their independence.This weakened Spain and Portugal as they are depended with their Latin American colonies for raw materials.

Battle of San DomingoHaiti

Battle of CaraboboVenezuela

Battle of BoyacaColombia

Independence of Brazil1822

Liberatores

Simon BolivarPeru

Central South America

Jose de San MartinArgentina

Bernardo O'HigginsChile

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Mexico

El Grito de Dolores

François-Dominique Toussaint L'ouverture

Haiti

Spanish Constitution of 1812

Also known as Cadiz Constitution, was made by the Liberals of Spain during the Peninsular War.The Cortes of Cádiz worked feverishly, and the first written Spanish constitution was promulgated in the city of Cádiz on March 12, 1812. The Constitution of 1812 is regarded as the first example of classic liberalism in Spain, and one of the first worldwide.

During the early nineteenth century it served as a model for liberal constitutions of several Mediterranean and Latin American nations.Liberal deputies were in the majority, and they wanted: Equality before the law A centralized government An efficient modern civil service A reform of the tax system The replacement of feudal privileges by

freedom of contract The recognition of the property owner's right

to use his property as he saw fit.

Carlist Wars1833 to 1876.This splintered the country into two factions known as the Cristinos (or Isabelinos) and the Carlists. The Cristinos were the supporters of the Queen Regent, Isabella II and her government. The Carlists were the supporters of Carlos V, a pretender to the throne and brother of the deceased Ferdinand VII .

Reina Isabella IIDaugther of Fernando VII

Infante Carlos, Conde de Molina

Brother of Fernando VII

Industrial RevolutionEconomic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation.

Age of EnlightenmentThe era in Western philosophy and intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority.At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals, and a strong belief in rationality and science. The Enlightenment is held to be the source of critical ideas, such as the centrality of freedom, democracy, and reason as primary values of society. This view argues that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the market mechanism and capitalism, the scientific method, religious tolerance, and the organization of states into self-governing republics through democratic means.

Scientific RevolutionA period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of modern science.The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell.New discoveries and inventions were established during this period such as the Spinning Jenny, Cotton gin, and steam power led to the Industrial Revolution.

FrailocracyRule of the Friars – Marcelo H. del Pilar.This was due to the control of huge tracts of land by the friars, and this aggravated aspiring middle-class landholders, of which the ilustrado were a part.Also, the friars' near-complete control over education well into the nineteenth century hindered the advancement of Filipinos of all classes. Foreign languages as well as scientific and technical subjects were excluded from the curriculum until 1863, when a liberal Spanish government radically overhauled the system of public education, opening new opportunities for higher education.

The Secularization MovementThis movement was caused due to the issue of holding parochial churches in the Philippines.Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines. These were the regulars and the seculars.

Regular priests They belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity. They were the Franciscans, Recollects,

Dominicans, Jesuits, and Augustinians. Secular priests They do not belong to any religious order. They were trained specifically to run the

parishes and were under the supervision of the bishops.

Visitation ControversyConflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by regular priests. It was their duty, they argued, to check on the administration of these parishes. But the regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were not under the bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.

In 1774, Manila Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa Sancho de Rufina decided to uphold the diocese’s authority over the parishes and accepted the resignations of the regular priests. Since there were not enough seculars to fill all the vacancies the Archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars.A royal decree was also issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the transfer of parochial administration from the regular friars to the secular priests.

Pedro Pelaez

He became ecclesiastical governor of the Archdiocese of Manila in 1861.He sided with the natives and the secularization of parishes.He died in an earthquake that destroyed the Manila Cathedral in 1863.

1872“There was no Philippine history prior to 1872.” – Teodoro AgoncilloThis was because prior to 1872, the history of the Philippines was written by foreign writers not by native Filipinos.According to most historians, this is the beginning of Philippine Nationalism.This also gave way for “indios” to become “Filipinos”.

Carlos Maria de la Torre

1869 - 1871He was one of the most liberal Governor – General of the Philippines.He ushered numerous liberal ideas such as freedom of expression, and scientific ideas.He became very popular among insulares, native Filipinos, and the ilustrado class.Because of his liberal views, the friars and conservative Spaniards in the Philippines were quick to move against him and removed him from office.

GomBurZaAfter the death of Pedro Pelaez, Jose Burgos took over as the leading figure of the secularization movement.Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora are also among the advocates of the movement.1864 He wrote an anonymous

pamphlet was published in Manila, criticizing the prejudice in the Church, and providing rebuttals against several attacks against the native clergy.

La Algarada CaviteñaThe Cavite Mutiny of 1872An uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising.The GomBurza was implicated in the mutiny by Zaldua, claiming he was ordered by Burgos to recruit people on the mutiny.

An invitation of Zamora’s friend was also used by the Spaniards as evidence against the three priests. The invitation contained “Powder and Munitions” in it.Despite inconsistencies of witnesses’ accounts and shady evidences, the three priests were found guilty and sentenced to death by garrote.Rafael de Izquierdo, then the Governor-General, approved the execution and asked Gregorio Meliton Martinez, then Archbishop of Manila, to defrock the three priest.

Archbishop Martinez, sympathetic to the three priests and the secularization movement, refused to defrock the three priest, citing they did not violate any Canon Law.The execution was carried out on February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan Field in Manila with hundreds of Filipinos and foreign correspondents witnessing the event.Archbishop Martinez ordered the churches of Manila to ring the death knell in their honor.

An Execution by GarroteOld Bilibid Prison, 1900s

GomBurZa MemorialLuneta Park

GomBurZa BurialPaco Park

“That doesn’t matter! You ought to offer yourself as they did in ’72; they saved themselves.”

“Yes, that’s what was done by Padre Burg—”

But he was unable to finish this name, for his wife ran to him and slapped her hand over his mouth. “Shut up! Are you saying that name so that they may garrote you tomorrow on Bagumbayan? Don’t you know that to pronounce it is enough to get yourself condemned without trial? Keep quiet!”

- Capitan Tinong and Capitana Tinchang

Chapter LIXPatriotism and Private Interests

Noli Me Tangere